luminary 5of3
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8/6/2019 Luminary 5of3
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 11111
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 22222
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 33333
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 44444
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 55555
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 66666
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 77777
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 88888
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 99999
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 101 0101 010
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 11 11 11 11 1
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05 / 18 / 11
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 121 2121 212
2
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 31 31 31 31 3
13
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 41 41 41 41 4
4
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 5151 51515
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 161 6161 616
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 7171 71717
17
tarpk twGuf arG hae hqkrGef2011 / ZGefv / 19 &ufae hwGif usa&mufaom 66 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae hrSonf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 81 81 81 81 8
8
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 1 9191 91919
19
vGefqefEd kifjcif; r&S daom aojcif;w&m;u tpd k;;r&pG mjzif h ESpfOD;wefcl;avESif htwl
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jynfolcspfwJ h tEkynmorm;awG uG,fvGefawmh wd kif;jynftwGuf epfemr_wckvd k h qd k+yD;
usaemfwd k htm;vH k; pdwfraumif;jzpf=u&+yD // wjznf;jznf;eJ h wjzKwfjzKwfa=uGoG m;vd kuf=uwmEk&mu&if h / &if h&mu rSnf h / rSnf h&mu a=uG qd kovd k ocF g&w&m;ud k ausauseyfeyfvufcHvd kuf=uyH krsm;ajymygw,f h h h b0rSmvkyfcsifwmud kvJ vkyfcJh+yD;+yD // vkyfoif hwmawGud kvnf;vkyfoG m;=u+yD ykcH k;ajymif; vufajymif;,l&rJ h rsdK;quf awGtwGuf q&mwd k hwm0efausyGefcJ hav+yD
q&mwd k h&J h pmay / q&mwd k h&J hvH k;v / q&mwd k h&J h tm;xkwfr_awG twGuf b,ftm%m&SifurS todrSwfjyKonfjzpfap / rjyKonfjzpfap wd kif;jynfu todtrSwfjyK+yD;om;yg // pmayavmuwGif rSwfwd kif / rSwfausmufrsm;tjzpf wifusefaecJ hrnfom jzpfonf// rysufpD; / raysmuf
ysufatmifxdef;odrf;&rnfrSm usaemfwdk h pmayavmuom;awG&J hwm0efyJr[kwfygvm;//“““““aumif;&m ok*wd“““““qd kwm twWvGefuJwJ h vl,kwfrmawGeJ h rtyfpyfovd k q&mwd k htwGufawmif;p&mrvd kwJ h qkjzpfw,f vd k hcH,l&if; aemufqH k;*g&0jyKvd kufygonf//
rif;rif;odef;
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 202 0202 020
0
uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;armifjrih faemif/ uavmifopf/ eDeD/ armifwifat;/ rkvm'if/ at;eD/ jrih fauoD/ vSjrih f/ ausmufwk dif/rk d;aZmf[def;/ ysHv$ m;/ rSefajymif;opf/ pdeftk d;pnf/ bG J@jzL/ aumif;jrwf/ Zifaomif;/ a¶$pif/ rif;&mausmf/ rvdc(rif;ausmfESih fwG Jvsuf) aumvd,?
ukd,fa&;jzpfpOfpma&;q&m ewfEG,fud k tb OD;b0rf;/ trd a':apmvHkwd k@rS 1933 ck ESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGifjrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒ Y arG;zGm;cJ honf? trnf&if; vSjrif h jzpf+yD; i,fpOfu jrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒ apmif;zef;txufwef;ausmif;/ rEœav;+rdKŒ Ak'<omo emhEk*~[ txufwef;ausmif;ESih f &efukefwuUok dvfwk d@wGifynmoif=um;cJ honf?pk Haxmufr*~Zif; t,f'Dwm/ t,f'DwmcsKyf/ vS sKdŒ0Sufonf;zk dr*~Zif;wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwm/ trsKd;om;owif;pmwGif bmomjyeft,f'Dwm/ rk d;a0r*~Zif;wGif t,f'DwmcsKyfESih f EG,feDr*~Zif; t,f'DwmcsKyf tjzpfvkyfud kifcJ honf?1950 jynh fESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufae@xkwf [Hom0wDowif;pm r*~Zif;u¾wGif ‘ausmif;olr’ uAsmjzih fpmayavmuok d@ a&mufcJ honf? r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;wGif aqmif;yg;/ 0wK/ a0zefpmESih f bmomjyefrsm;tajrmuftjrm; a&;cJ h+yD; vk H;csif;0wKESih f bmomjyef vk H;csif;0wKrsm;vnf; (100) ausmf a&;om;cJ h onf?‘rk d;aZmf[def;’ trnfjzih fvnf; bmomjyef vk H;csif;0wKrsm; a&;om;cJhonf? rif;ausmfESih fwG J+yD; ‘rvdc’
uavmiftrnfjzih f jrefrm0wKt!$ef;rsm; a&;om;cJ honf?a&;om;jyKpk xkwfa0cJ haom pmtkyfrsm;
1² u kaÉ ukÉm odef;oef; wefawmhw,f - 1997 ckESpf2² ukok dvfwyJ i&Jwydom - 1969 ckESpf3² auo&mZm - 1974 ckESpf4² urB mywfvnf &uf&Spfq,f - 1960 ckESpf (Round The World in Eighty Days)
5² urB majrtES@H - 1961 ckESpf
6² urB m&ef - 1968 ckESpf7² urB mh0wKt!$ef; - 1996 ckESpf8² usGefrtouf oajycuf - 1974 ckESpf9² usm;rsufvk H;eJ@ a=umifrsufES m - 1975 ckESpf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2 12 12 12 12 1
21
10² ausmfaZ,sESih f oHuGefcsm ckepfxyf - 1975 ckESpf11² ausmufbDvl; - 1964 ckESpf12² cspfolESih f wc%/ rkef;olESih f wb0 - 1973 ckESpf13² cspfol&S daom+rdKŒ - 1960 jynh fESpf14² cspfaoma=umih f - 1956 ckESpf15² *gr%d - 1978 ckESpf16² jirf; - 1978 ckESpf17² aiGvuk djrif =u,fpifr[kwfbl; - 1978 ckESpf18² pdwfxJrS m wurBm - 1974 ckESpf19² pdefac:yG J - 1987 ckESpf20² aZmfrk d;[def;ESih f eef;oufrGef ausmuf¶kyf - 1981 ckESpf21² aZmfrk d;[def;ESih f odef;av;q,f rm,m - 1982 ckESpf
22² Zmwfortv,f - 1961 ckESpf23² naps;wef;tp - 1961 ckESpf24² nDtpfrrsm;ESihf vlpdrf;rsm; - 1982 ckESpf25² wauG@awmh awG@=uOD;rnf - 1966 ckESpf26² wck difeef;rk d@ vGrf;vJh&nf - 1978 ckESpf27² wq,f (10) (ewfEG,f/ rkd;a0) - 1964 ckESpf28² wae@r[kwf wae@ - 1965 ckESpf
29² wyifuk d ESpfyif,Sufw,f - 1974 ckESpf30² wrifoufouf - 1961 ckESpf31² w0Jvnfvnf - 1961 ckESpf32² wuUok dvfESih f jyifyurB m - 1967 ckESpf33² wzefjyefI rEk d;aom a0'em (Coma) - 1983 ckESpf34² wa,mufu rm,m - 1973 ckESpf35² wdwfwqdwf - 1961 ckESpf
36² wdrfpG,frS m uG,faomae - 1981 ckESpf37² 'ufZ,fvm - 1987 ckESpf38² '¾m&D - 1978 ckESpf39² aeuef@vef@um vy0g - 1975 ckESpf40² aemufqkH;wae@ aemufqk H;urB m - 1976 ckESpf41² eEN0efok d@tjyef - 1972 ckESpf42² eef;pHy,fESih f wa,muf+yD;wa,muf - 1972 ckESpf43² eef;oufrGefESih f rsufES mpdrf;rsm; - 1973 ckESpf44² EG J@0g - 1976 ckESpf45² ESraxG;r,h fuk d vk dvS sif - 1961 ckESpf46² ESpf}uD;orm; - 1957 ckESpf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 222 2222 222
2
47² EG,feDEk difiHwum tbd"mef - 1994 ckESpf48² EG,feDtm&S ESpfcsKyf (1994) - 1994 ckESpf49² EG,feDtm&S ESpfcsKyf (1995) - 1995 ckESpf50² aygufyifupdrf; aus;updrf; - 1979 ckESpf51² yOPrHtonf; yOPvuftjyHK; - 1979 ckESpf52² yk¾u - 1980 jynh fESpf53² jymjymndKa&mif r_ dif;vJ hvJ h - 1975 ckESpf54² b0[lonf (My Life) - 1991 ckESpf55² b,f,drf;nmEG J@ b,fjyefEG J@ - 1977 ckESpf56² ruG,faomae@u a=uGaomyef; - 1984 ckESpf57² rae@wae@u ¶G mwJ hrk d;58² r+yD;qk H;ao;aomn - 1975 ckESpf
59² roEœ m rodyg - 1973 ckESpf60² rD;ck d;rqk H; rk d;rqk H; - 1967 ckESpf61² rk d;njzLjzL - 1962 ckESpf62² rk d;xJavxJ - 1954 ckESpf63² rk d;jzLrpJ rk d;rnf;r¶G m - 1979 ckESpf64² rk d;rS mpae avrS m&m[k - 1975 ckESpf65² armifESihfomtwl - 1961 ckESpf
66² armifESih fomtwl urBmajrtES H@ - 1973 ckESpf67² rsuf0g;xifxif - 1956 ckESpf68² rkef;yifatmufrS m cspfol&S m - 1976 ckESpf69² rsufawmifaumheJ@ rsufxm;ndK - 1972 ckESpf70² rsufES mrS mtjyHK; rsufvk H;rS m a'go - 1973 ckESpf71² jroZif - 1966 ckESpf72² ajratmufoZif - 1959 ckESpf
73² jrefrmjynfajrmufyk dif; (twG J - 1) - 1966 ckESpf74² jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif; (twG J - 2) - 1967 ckESpf75² r_cif;pk Haxmuf ukd,fawG@rSwfwrf; (Diary) - 1962 ckESpf76² ,kZermvm - 1980 jynh fESpf77² &wemvk d%f*l - 1960 jynh fESpf78² &mrn - 1978 ckESpf79² a&mru rdef;rysuf (Woman of Rome) - 1964 ckESpf80² &efolw&m rdwfaqGwa,muf - 1973 ckESpf81² &SufpzG,f (Shame) - 1961 ckESpf82² a¶$ESih f,k d;rS m; yef;pum; - 1970 jynh fESpf83² a¶$zvm;ESih f rk d;cg;a& - 1961 ckESpf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2 32 32 32 32 3
23
84² vuG,fae@n - 1968 ckESpf85² avupm; =uG m;wvlvla0 - 1977 ckESpf86² vif;t¶k%fOD; - 1985 ckESpf87² 0uFyg - 1963 ckESpf
88² oDwmckepfwef awmifpOfckepfxyf - 1972 ckESpf89² opfwkH;rSefvS sif qefvdrh frnf - 1982 ckESpf90² onfacwfESihf onfarmifESrrsm; - 1972 ckESpf91² onfawmifwef;rS m armifxrf;ac:yghr,f - 1983 ckESpf92² oEœ muGsef; (Coral Island) - 1960 jynhfESpf93² od*ôw0uf a¶$w0uf - 1974 ckESpf94² ok H;ESpfok H;rk d; (Three Years) - 1990 jynh fESpf95² tauG@waxmif
96² tcspfavSavmif;eJ@ acwfa&pD;a=umif; qefwufr,f (y-wG J) - 1989 ckESpf97² tcspfavSavmif;eJ@ acwfa&pD;a=umif; qefwufr,f ('k-wG J) - 1989 ckESpf98² teD;ta0; tedrh ftjrih f - 1965 ckESpf99² taemufrk d;ukyfpuf0k dif; - 1960 jynh fESpf100² tysHoifp - 1960 jynh fESpf101² tjym - 1956 ckESpf102² tjymESih f t0g - 1971 ckESpf
103² tjym t0g - 1967 ckESpf104² tjyifrS maiGv &ifxJrS m aeq,fpif; - 1983 ckESpf105² tjzLa&mif opP myef;wyGihf (yxrwG J) - 1988 ckESpf106² tjzLa&mif opP myef;wyGih f ('kwd,wG J) - 1988 ckESpf107² trsm;ESih fwa,muf (Fever) - 1983 ckESpf108² t0g - 1960 jynhfESpf109² t&dyfok H;yg; em;rvnf -1980 jynh fESpf
110² t¶kyfe*g; t¶kyfusm; - 1974 ckESpf111² ta&SŒpl;pl; taemuf,Gef;,Gef; - 1969 ckESpf112² ta&SŒrk d;aumif;uif trSwf (1) - 1965 ckESpf (Baltic Skies)
113² ta&SŒrk d;aumif;uif trSwf (2) - 1965 ckESpf (Baltic Skies)
114² tvnfvmwJ h rdef;uav;&,f - 1974 ckESpf115² tvGrf;. tvGrf; - 1981 ckESpf116² tÀm0gjyifrS m xifaomv - 1981 ckESpf
117² ÁENmeDvm oEœmykvJ - 1977 ckESpf118² tk H;tk H;usGufusGuf - 1965 ckESpf119² wHcGefwk dif armifESrrsm; - 1972 ckESpf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2 42 42 42 42 4
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udk;uG,frS_awG acwfpm; aejcif;[m tm%m&Sifpepf v$rf;rdk;aewJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf aemufxyfaES mif}udK;wck xyfwd k;vmjcif;om jzpfygw,f?wefcd k f;&Sifqd kwJ@ bd k;awmfawG r,fawmfawG[m tm%m&SifeJ@yl;aygif;+yD; wd kif;jynfud k acsmufxJ wGef;cscJ@wJ@ tjzpftysufawG ord kif;rS m txift&S m; &S dygw,f?
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'Dae@ jrefrmEd kifiHrS m [pfwvmacwfu *smreDEd kifiHeJ@ Zmbk&ifacwfu &k&SEd kifiHvd k@ bd k;awmf r,fawmf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 262 6262 626
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Ak'<bmom0ifqd koltwGuf rdrd&JŒ b0vrf;n$eftjzpf 'Do&%*H koH k;yg;uvG J+yD; wjcm;r&S dygbl;?wjcm;qn;fuyfp&m &S daeao;&if o&%*H k ysufwm jzpfwJ@twGuf Ak'<bmomtjzpfrS tvd kvd k qH k;&S _ H k;oGm;ygw,f?Ak'<bmom0ifqd kol[m w&m;udk udk;uG,folyg? w&m;udkyJ ud k;uG,fr,fvdk@ oEMdÏmefcsxm;wJ@olyg? Ak'<bmom0ifawG ud k;uG,f&r,f@ Ak'<bk&m;uvnf; w&m;ud k &S mazGawGŒ&S da[m=um; oG m;oljzpfygw,f? wefcd k f;tm%mjywJ@ zefqif;&Sifbk&m;rsKd; r[kwfygbl;? wefcd k f;tm%meJ@ vlawGudku,fwifapmifrr,f@ olrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmom0ifawG ud k;uG,f&r,f@ &[ef; oHCm[mvnf;w&m;ud k usif@}uHa[mn$ef aeolawG jzpfygw,f? wefcd k f;tm%maemufud k vd kufaewJ@olawG r[kwfygbl;?'ga=umif@ w&m;ud k ab;z,fxm;+yD; wefcd k;tm%mud k y"mexm;wJ@ bd k;awmfr,fawmf ud k;uG,frS _awGjyKvkyfaewJ@olawG[m Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfygbl;?
Ak'<bmom&JŒ ord kif;rS m wefcd k;tm%maemufud k vd kufoG m;wJ@twGuf qif;&J'kuQa&muf&olawG
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'gayrJ@ wefcd k;&S dol a'0'wf[m wefcd f k;jy+yD; tZmwowf&JŒ ya&m[dwfjzpfatmif vkyfEd kifcJ@ygw,f?tZmwowfuvnf; tm%m ief;ief;wufol jzpfwma=umif@ wefcd f k;jyEd kifol a'0'wfud k q&mwifcJ@&mrS maemufqH k; zcifud k owf+yD; tm%mvkwJ@txd rd kufrJcJ@ ygw,f? 'Dvd k }uD;rm;wJ@ trS m;t,Gif;awGud k
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2 7272 72727
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ewfq&mawGud k ud k;uG,f qnf;uyfae=uygw,f? 'Dvd kvkyfjcif;[m jrwfAk'<ud k ausmcd kif;+yD; a'0'wfud kuk d;uG,faejcif;om jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umihftZmwowfrif;om;&JŒ qif;&JylyefrS _rsKd;udkyJ &&Sdae=uwmjzpfygw,f?Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEd kifiHom;awGtaeeJ@ onfvd k tm%m&SifawG&JŒ aemufu twkvd kuf+yD;wefcd k;tm%m ud k;uG,frSKyJ vkyfaer,fqd k&if [pfwvmacwfu *smrefEd kifiHom;awGvd k /Zmbk&ifacwfu
&k&SEd kifiHom; awGvd k b0qd k;xJrS myJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfae&vdrf@r,f? tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)Ak'<bmomrS m qnf;uyfp&m oH k;yg;qd kwJ@ o&%oH k;yg; &S dygw,f? bk&m; w&m; oHCmyg?
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2828282828
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2 9292 92929
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 303 0303 030
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 3 13 13 13 13 1
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ukefcJhwJhq,fpkESpftwGif;u ppftpkd;&taeeJ@ w¶kwfeJ@tdEdN,t=um;u jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒo,HZmwawGeJ@ywfowf+yD; +ydKifqd kifae=uwmud k vdrR myg;eyfpG m tcGifhaumif;,lcJ h+yD;awmh Ed kifiHESpfckud kwdkufay;cJhw,f?w¶kwfu wyfrawmfukd a':vmoef;wpfaxmifausmfzdk; ppfvufeufypPnf;awGa&mif;csay;cJhwmrsdK;&S dovdk/ tdEd N,zufuvnf; avmavmvwfvwfESpfawGrSm vufeufawGa&mif;cswmrsdK; &S dvmygw,f?(11 Lalit K. Jha˜ ‘International Pressure Building on Burma’˜ Irrawaddy (Thailand)˜ 28 Sept, 2007. Mr Gambari was allowed to meet
Aung SanSuu Kyi but could not visit sites where the violence occurred12 Statement by the President of the Security Council’˜ UN doc² S/PRST/2007/37 of 11 Oct, 2007
13 Mungpi ‘At Last India Voices Concerns over Burma Turmoil’˜ Mizzima News (India)˜ 26 Sept, 2007.)
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2008ckESpf ESpfOD;yd kif;rS mawmh 2007ckEpf qENjyrSKrS myg0ifcJ hwJ h acgif;aqmifawG tm;vH k;eD;yg;[mtusOf;uscHcJ h&ovd k tcsdKŒuvnf; tdrfeD;csif;Ed kifiHawGuk d xGufajy;yH k;a&S mifae=u&ygw,f? tifwmeufuzD; awGeJ@ bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;awGud k apmifh=unf hcHae&rSKawGudk wd k;jrSifhvmovdk qENjyyGJawGuk d
pk¶H k;wJ hae&mawGxJu wpfckjzpfwJ h r*~ifbkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;ud kawmh ydwfypfcJ hygw,f?&v'fuawmh jrefrmEdkifiHom;tawmfrsm;rsm;u aemufwpf}udrf vlxktm%mzDqefa&;vSKyf&S m;rSK topfawGud k acgif;aqmifrSKay;r,f holawG ay:aygufvmzd k@qd kwmud k r,H kEd kifavmufatmifjzpfae&ygw,f?wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;ol tzGJŒi,fuav;awGuawmh vSKyf&S m;rSKawGud k jyefvnftouf0ifvmapr,f h enf;vrf;awGud k &S mazGae=uygw,f? 2007 ckESpfaemufyd kif;rSm ausmif;om;tzGJŒawGjzpfwJ h‘Generation Wave’ vd k tzG JŒawGu yd kpwmawGeJ@ ‘Change new Government’ eJ@ ‘Freedom From
Fear’ qdkwJ h pmom;awGygwJ h vufurf;pmapmifawGud k jzef@a0cJ hovd k oHCmawmfawGe J @wpfom;wnf;jzpfa=umif; oauFwtaeeJ@ azmfjyzd k @ vlawGud k olwd k@&JŒt0wftpm;awGrSmoHCmawG&JŒouFef;tyd kif;tpud k wG J+yD;csnfaES mif=uzd k@ wd kufwGef;wmrsdK;awG vkyfcJ hygw,f? 19
( 16 According to Amnesty International˜ ‘Myanmar: Arrests Increasing Four Months On’˜ 25 Jan, 2008. over 700 people arrested in
connection with the 2007 demonstrations were still in prison, along with over 1˜100 political prisoners incarcerated earlier.17 Human Rights Watch˜ Crackdown: Repression of the 2007 Popular Protests in Burma˜ Dec² 2007. documents many cases˜ 87 8.
18 ‘Monasteries Raided Since September 26. Assistance Association of Political Prisoners Burma (Thailand)˜ www.aappb.org.19 Ko Dee ‘Sporadic Movements Defying Junta’˜ Mizzima News˜ 7 Nov, 2007; Ko Dee˜ ‘Activists Group Urge People to Revive ‘‘Saffron
Revolution’’ ’˜ Mizzima News˜ 27 Nov, 2007.)
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 3 9393 93939
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 4 5454 54545
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 464 6464 646
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 4 7474 74747
47
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 4 84 84 84 84 8
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 4 9494 94949
49
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 505 0505 050
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5 15 15 15 15 1
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 525 2525 252
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5 35 35 35 35 3
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5 45 45 45 45 4
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5 5555 55555
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usaemf. xl;qef;aom uavmifemrnfESif hywfoufI ar;jref;vmorSsukdt=udrfa&rsm;pGm &Sif;jy&mY '*kefwm&m.“jrjrvef;pif” 0wˆKukd }udKufonfrStp&Si ftke f ;nd K. *gxmajcmufq,fys K d Œxd&Sif;jy&ygonf? usaemf. yxrqk H;yk HES dyfpmrS m“wm&m/ 'kd&m/ arESif h wdrfck d;rS sif”? Tum;
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wu,fawmh '*kefwm&monfvnf; tcspfESif huif;+yD; pmqk dcJ hol r[kwfyg? w[DwDoG m;&atmif/aiGavSay:u terf; ponf h emrnfausmf cHpm;r_uAsmrsm;ukd tawG;opf ta&;opfjzif h zG J@oDcJ holyif?ol@vrf;a=umif;uk d csJŒxGifpyfonf h =unfat;/ cspf'gvD/ aemif ponf h vli,frsm;. wacwfyif ¶_r0r*~Zif;rSxGef;um;cJ hao;onf? ok d@aomf '*kefwm&monf ppfrjzpfcifuyif avmutrGefvk d qk d&S,fvpfuAsmrsKd;jzif h'*kef-acwfprf; tkyfpkrS cG JxGufvmcJ honf? rwfvawmfvSefa&;u pmayopftp[k qk dEk difonf? OuUvmy/
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 565 6565 656
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tk db,fhokcrdef tok d@enf;/ rdrduk d,fuk d rJZmokd@ yk d@jcif;/ rkef;rS u,fvDzk d;eD;,m;ok d@ ponf h ,ae@txdzG J@pyfvmorS s uAsmrsm;wGifum; +idrf;csrf;a&;/ nDnGwfrS swa&; cHpm;csufwk d@u yk duJaeonfuk d pmzwfolrsm;od=uygonf? '*kefwm&m. uAsmonf tm¶k Ha=umysufjym;onf h uAsm/ vdifpdwWZx=uGI r&Sufra=umufn}uD;rif;}uD;xk dif+yD; zG J@onf h =umjcnfbm0rsm; r[kwfyg? (i,fi,fu &J&Jawmufoavmuf }uD;cgrS
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[k dwavmu vlxkpdef0if;u wk dif;jynfwckuk d xlaxmifawmhr,fqk d&if oabmw&m;ygwJ h0wK}uD;awG vlawGzwfp&m &S d&w,f/ ckacwf pmayawGrS m 1950 ausmfu vuf0J0wK}uD;awGvk drsKd;vlxkuk d v_ H@aqmfEk difwmr&S dawmh[k aqmf=oonfuk d zwfvkduf&onf? TacwfwGif tef*sDtkdvkdif;csywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;0wK/ vli,fynmay;/ awmobm0 raemtxmusavmuf a&;wwfvS sif=uufqlawmtv,f aZmfqGJEkdifatmif pmayu acwfysufae&m Aef;armfwifatmif/ ocifjroef;/ewfEG,fxm;bd/ armifxif/ *sme,fausmfrrav;/ cifESif;,kavmufyif vlolav;yg; av;pm;p&mu touf60 atmufwef;awGrS m rusefvSawmhyg?
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EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac: &otzGJ@ avmutjrif tqifhjrifhjrif h a&;cJh=uonf h wacwfESifh xkdacwftp
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5 7575 75757
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wm&mr*~Zif;zcif '*kefwm&m. aus;Zl;uk d txl;atmufarh&awmhonf?ol@0wKawGu ay;onf h teD;ta0; ork dif;jzwfoef;r_ um;csyfawGuvnf;,ckacwfxd csdefxk d;tuJjzwfvk d@&ao;onf? uk dif;aeaomaygufyifrsm;/vufvufavm a&$a&mifavm/ q,faEGq,frkd;/ ocif=uufaoG;.
usqkH;cef;/ yk dpwmuyfol/ aoewfoH? 1950-60 wGif; urBmhppfat;*,ufESi f h vuf0Jvufsmt+yd Ki f =oZmvkcs de fr k d @ pmayonftEkynmtwGuf vk dif;uvnf; y&dowfuk d v$rf;rk d;Ek dif&ef ajymifajrmufaomtEkynmrsm; xkwfvkyfcJ honf? armifxif/ cifESif;,k/ aomfwmaqG/ xifvif;/pdefpdef²² ? [k dwkef;u ¶_r0ygwum;?
'*kefwm&monf EkdifiHa&;rvkyfaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;aoG;=uJolr[kwf? acwftqufquf tcsKd;tauG@rsm;wGif “rSefeef;tok H;cH” tjzpf
Ek difiHa&;oDv ajymufusm;cHcJ holvnf; r[kwf? q&mr_ dif;pum;ESif hqk dvS sif“uGse f0,f&m oltqpfrygc J h”? E k di fi Ha&;wGif pmay. u¾ukdajymifajrmufapcJ hol/ pmayu EkdifiHa&;aemuf+rD;qG J r[kwfbJ acwfuk dvrf;n$efEk difcJ hol ywfum;pma&;q&m/ &JabmfA[def;. opP m&S dvSpG maomcspfaqG?
ork dif;onfrqkH;orkdif;onfrqk H;ork dif;onfrqkH;orkdif;onfrqk H;ork dif;onfrqkH;
rEœ av;wGif olESif h zkef;ajymavh&S dpOfu [k dw,fr,fu q&mhuk d,fawG@vm;²²²“'Dvk dar;jref;a&;&wmayghAsm [J[J”/ b,f0wKu b,fZmwfaumif[mtjyi fr Sm b,fol @uk d =unf ha&;wm r[kwfvm; ponf jzi f hvl}uD;oabmaumif;oavmuf pyfpkrdvSsif olu +yHK;jrjrESifh “cifAsm;awmfawmfodwmyJ” [k jyefajymwwfyk Huk d ckxd c%c% owd&aerdonf?
vli,fawG acwfuk d odatmiftm;xkwfonf h &S m;yg; jrefrmvl}uD;wa,mufxHrS vl}uD;awG jzwfoef;cJ hyk Huk d odvkdpdwfESif hzvS,frdjcif;om jzpfonf? &efolr&S d rdwfaqGom&S d[k a&;ajymaeus ol@xHrS
jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;ESif h xyfwlcHpm;wwfonf h tjrifpum;awGuk dvnf;=um;zl;onf?
a=omf arhvk d@? ql;iSufxHrS =um;zl;aom '*kefwm&myk Hjyifwckuaumvdyf*sifema&;wGif OuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; vmar;pOf jyefcgeD; ol@uk d “cifAsm; rkqk d;0wKawG a&;ao;vm;As” [k E_wfqufoG m;onf qk donf?tkdb,fh '*kef(Ak dvf)wm&m? &mausmfouf&Snf+yD; jynfol@&ifckefoHqENjynf h0atmif tm;ay;ygOD;?
(ar 10 '*kefwm&m 92 ESpfjynf hok d@)
‘ar’ 0wK rl&if;a&;ol t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m/
jyZmwfq&m bDAmvDepfukd;(beverley-nichol)
'*kefwm&m. ‘ar’ (pwWKxt}udrf1973/ tzk H; - yef;csDOD;b&ifav;)
1960 ausmf csufuk dpvkdAufuD;,m;y&m[m;+rdKŒxkwf EsL;tk d&D&if hr*~Zif;rSjroDwm. jrefrmpmayta=umif;aqmif;yg;yg pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;
bk dbk dvef;pif(www.mizzimaburmese.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5858585858
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jrefrmhumwGef;q&m}uD; OD;b*srf;onf 1926 ckESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;b0Yaumvdyfr*~Zif;xJwGif umwGef;pwifa&;qG J&mrS umwGef;q&m}uD; jzpfvmoljzpfonf? OD;b*srf;.yxrqH k;yH kES dyfazmfjycH&onf h umwGef;yH krS m aumvdyfabmf'gaqmifY xrif;auG s;onf htcg [if;zwfenf;+yD;t&nfrsm;aeonf h ta=umif; a&;qG Jxm;onf hyH k jzpfonf? xd k@aemuf q&m}uD;onf paumufac:
uif;wyftzGJ@u xkwfa0onf h ‘bm;rm;bGKdif’(Burma boy)
r*~Zif;ESif h u0drsufrSef r*~Zif;rsm;YumwGef;rsm; qufvuf a&;qG JcJ honf?&efukefaumvdyfY tdkifattxufwef;txd ynmoif=um;+yD;aemuf ausmif;xGufI
twGif;0ef¶H k; (aemif 0ef}uD;rsm;¶H k;)wGif wv 90 usyfjzif h pma&; 0ifa&mufvkyfud kifcJ honf? od k@aomftcsKyftjc,f rcHcsifaoma=umih f tvkyfrSxGufvd kuf.?
q&m}uD;u h h h h“yef;csDq&mwd k@/ umwGef;q&mwd k@[m pdwfeJ@ywfouf+yD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aecsif=uw,f/
csKyfcs,fr_ud k wpdwfuav;rS cHcsif=uwmr[kwfbl;” [k aemifwGif oltvkyfrS xGufcH&yH kud k ajymjycJ honf?
xd k@rS sru emrnfausmf=um;vmaomtcg zqyv tpd k;&u &mxl;}uD;}uD;ay;+yD; cef@xm;onfud kvnf;jiif;y,fcJhavonf? “tpdk;&tvkyf rajymeJ@/ q&myifwdkif umwGef;qJGaewJh owif;pmwdkufuvcpm;cef@onfud kyif rvkyf[k” qd konf?
jrefrmhumwGef;0dZ… m
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q&mOD;b*srf;onf tEkynmorm;yDyD tcsKyftcs,fud k r}udKuf/ vGwfvGwfvyf aexd kifwwfovd k/ ol@uavmifud kuef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_udkvnf; rcHcsifay?
TonfE Si f h ywfoufI umwGe f ;q&mOD;baxG;. “umwGef;OD;b*srf;ESifholwdk@tjrif” pmtkyfY“ppftwGif; *syefacwfwkef;u ud kb*srf;eJ@ yef;csD ud kb=unfu jyef=um;a&;XmerSm 0ifvkyf w,f?q&muawmh *syeftpd k;&xkwf Armhacwfowif;pmrS m vcpm;umwGef; q&mtjzpf
eJ@ umwGef;qG Jw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u oHjzLZ&yfrS m azmufaewJ h ,d k;',m;-jrefrm rD;&xm;vrf; twGufv_@HaqmfwJhumwGef;yHkwyHkudk OD;b*srf;[m qGJay;w,f? tJ'D acGs;wyfxJ0if&if vc/ &duQm/ t0wf/aq;0g;aumif;aumif; &Edkifr,fqdkwmawG ygw,f? wae@rSm udkb*srf;[m blwmbufa&mufvdk@acG s;wyfom;awG t0wfrjynf hpH k/ tpm;csKdŒiJ h/ aq;0g;vnf;r&S dbJ 'kuQa&mufaewmawG awG@&awmh pdwfxdcd kuf+yD;qufrvkyfawmhbJ anmifwkef; jyefaew,f? aemuf ppf+yD;rS &efukefjyefvmw,f”
“+yD;awmh zqyv tpd k;&u ol@ud k &mxl;}uD;ay;+yD; cef@ygr,fqd kcJ hzl;wmjzpfayr,f h q&mOD;b*srf;uzqyv tpd k;&ud kvnf; ol@umwGef;eJ@a0zef/ zqyv&JŒ jynfawmfom pDrHudef;qd kwm}uD;ud kvnf;oa&mfvkyfcJ hwmyg? tJ'Dvd kyJ twd kuftcHawGud kvnf; tvGwfray;ygbl;? olu yk*~Kdvfa&; roa&mfbl;?acwfud kom oa&mfwm/ olu owif; pmzwf/ wd kif;jynfrSm bmjzpfaeovJqd kwm tuJjzwf+yD;awmhumwGef;a&;wmyJ/ ol r}udKuf&if a&;cd kif;vd k@ r&bl;/ ol ,H k=unfwmud k qef@usif+yD; b,fawmhrS ra&;bl;?azmfvHvnf; rzm;bl;” [lI rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 5 9595 95959
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q&m}uD; umwGef;OD;azodef;uvnf; ol. “pme,fZif;umwGef;ord kif; pmwrf;” wGif“tEkynm&Sifwa,muftaejzif h OD;b*srf;. txl;jcm;qH k;*k%ft*F grS m aiGrrufjcif; jzpfonf? OD;b*srf;onfaiG&&eftwGuf umwGef;qGJonf r[kwf/ olonf wdkif;jynftwGuf umwGef;qGJaeonf[laom,H k=unfcsufjzih f a&;qG Jaejcif;jzpfonf” [k a&;om;xm;avonf?
td k;a0OD;ndKjruvnf; q&mOD;b*srf;ESif hywfoufI TuJ hod k@ aumufcsufcscJ hyg onf ?“q&mOD;b*srf;[m pdwfoabmxm; El;nH haysmhaysmif;olwa,mufyg? 'gayr,f h ol@oduQ mud kxdyg;vm&ifawmh qwfqwfxd rcHwwfygbl;? rmevnf;}uD;ygw,f”
wzef umwGef;OD;ausmfqef;(uq) uvnf; -“tJ'Dtcg q&mOD;b*srf;[m umwGef;ud k pufeJ@vSnf hxkwfovd k a&;aewJ htcgaygh/ q&mu
umwGef;uk d [d kjyif'DjyifvkyfwJ hwd kufudkawmh umwGef;ray;bl;? wcgvnf; owif;pmwd kuf}uD;wwd kufuEd kifiHtzG J@tpnf;wckud k aqmfwJ humwGef;wcka&;yd k@zd k@ OD;b*srf;ud k csOf;uyfw,f? ay;aeus umwGef;c 25
usyftpm; 50 ay;yghr,fvd k@vnf; ajymw,f? tJ'Dawmh OD;b*srf;u 50 r[kwf/ 5000 ay;vnf; ra&;bl;?usKyfqDu umwGef;&zd k@vnf; rarS smfvif heJ@awmhqd k+yD; tJ'Dwd kufud k umwGef;jzwfxm;vd kufw,f? +yD;awmhq&mOD;b*srf;u usaemfwd k@ud k pmrsm;rsm;zwfzd k@ wd kufwGef;avh&Sdw,f? wzufom; epfemoG m;atmifra&;bJ [moaESm+yD; cHomatmifa&;zdk@ tjrJajymw,f? "rR"dÏmefusus a&;zdk@vnf; ajymw,f/olrsm;cd kif;wd kif; ra&;bJ ud k,f,H krS a&;zd k@vnf; qH k;rw,f” [lI azmufonfcscJ honf?
od k@uvdk rdrd,H k =unfcsufESif h rdrdcH,lcsufud k twdrf;tapmif;rcH ol@uavmifjzif ha0zefoif honfxifvS sif &J&J0H h0H hwifjych h Jaom umwGef;q&m}uD; OD;b*srf;ud k 1902 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 20&uf=umoyaw;ae@wGif {&m0wDwd kif;/ anmifwkef;+rdKŒ/ 9 vrf;Y tz yd k;ukefonf OD;azmif/ trd a':jrpfwd k@rSzG m;jrifcJ honf? arG;csif; 6 a,mufteuf yOPrajrmuf jzpfonf?
i,fpOfu anmifwkef;+rdKŒ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmomausmif;wGif pwif ynmoif=um;+yD;aemuf&efukef+rdKŒ/ ul&Sifausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$Œum owWrwef;rSpI ynmqnf;yl;&m xdkausmif;rSyifq,fwef;atmifcJ honf? yH kqG Jbmomud k tyd kbmomtjzpf ,lum q,fwef;atmifcJ hjcif; jzpfonf? c&pfESpf1924 wGif &efukefaumvdyfod k@a&mufI td kifat (OyZm 0dZ… m) txufwef;txd qufvufynm qnf;yl;cJ havonf?
OD;b*srf;onf jrefrmumwGef; od k@r[kwf ¶kyfajymifavmuwGif txl;xif&S m;aom umwGef;
q&mwOD; jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrD oHk;av;ESpfcef@rS uG,fvGefonf? 1953 ckESpfwd kifatmifjrefrmEd kifiHwGif tausmf=um;qH k;/ vl}udKuftrsm;qH k;aom umwGef; tEkynm&Sif}uD;jzpfcJ h&m ‘umwGef;0dZ… m’[lI csD;usL;ac:a0:jcif;cH&ayonf?
OD;b*srf;. yxrqH k;a&;qG Jaom umwGef;onf 1926 ckESpfxkwf &efukefaumvdyf r*~Zif;wGifygcJhavonf? &efukefaumvdyfrS xGufaomtcg u0drsufrSefr*~Zif;/ &,f&$ifzG,f tvif;r*~Zif;/&,f&$ifzG,f*sme,f/ &efukefa*Zuf t*Fvdyfowif;pm/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f/ ol&d,/ jrefrmhtvif;/ Armhacwf/[Hom0wD ponf h owif;pmrsm;ESif h '*kef/ ¶_r0r*~Zif;rsm;/ ,k0wD*sme,fwd k@wGif ¶kyfajymifumwGef;rsm;
a&;qG JcJ honf?[mo¶kyfajymifumwGef;rsm;omru a=umfjimumwGef;rsm;/ yH kjyifumwGef; ¶kyfpHkrsm;ud kvnf;a&;qG Jonf? yJa&muf¶kyf&SifwGif yxrqH k; jrefrmumwGef;¶kyf&Sif ‘tol&m’ ESif h ‘=uufawmifuG’ [laomZmwfum;rsm;udk pDpOfa&;om; ¶dkuful;cJhonf? bD*sDpwD'D,dk [laomtrnfjzifh bavmufwdkuf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 606 0606 060
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wnfaxmifcJ honf? ?tjyif/ ‘a&$+r d KŒawmf0wˆKwd kuf’[laomtrnfjzif h 0wˆKrsm;xkwfa0cJ h&m/ O D;b*srf;udk,fwd kifa&;om;aom ‘nDrav;’ 0wˆKonf xdkwdkufrSxGuf&S dcJ honf?
O D ;b*sr f ;onf umwGe f ;¶ ky fa jymi fr sm;a&;qG J&mwGif udef;}uD;cef;}uD;r&S dbJ tvsm; 5 ay/ teH 4ay cef@&S daom pm;yG Ja[mif;}uD;ay:wGif uwfxljym;cif;um
a&;qG JcJ honf? v,f*smpuUL tjymEka&mifud k trsm;qH k;toH k;jyKum a&;qG JcJ honf? w¶kwfrifawmif hud kvnf;aoG;I oH k;wwfonf? ¶kyfyH krsm;ud k ta&mifay;aomtcgrsm;wGif csnfqd k;aq; a&mifpH kwd k@jzif h ay;avh&S donf?
OD;b*srf;onf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rdrdtmabmfjzifh a&;onfhyHkjyifrsm;udk ‘b*srf;’ [lIvufrSwftjynf htpH k a&;xd k;+yD;/ rdrdtmabmfr[kwfbJ tjcm;olrsm;. tmabmfud k o¶kyfazmfay;&aomtcg
bD*sD(B.G)
[lI twd kaumuf vufrSwfa&;xk d;avonf?Ed kifiHjcm;Y ynmqnf;yl;&m tpdk;&u apv$wfrnfqdkaomfvnf; vdkvdkcsifcsif r&d S /jiif;qefcJ havonf? OD;b*srf;wGif ud k,fyd kifZmwfaumifrsm;&S dcJ honf? Armhacwf owif; pmwGif OD;azsmufqdyf/[Hom0wD owif;pmwGif ‘csm&m%oD armifajrZm’ ponfwd k@ jzpfonf? Zmwfaumif OD;azsmufqdyfud k'kwd,urB mppfrwd kifrDu ol&d, owif;pmwGif a&;+yD; ppf+yD;aomtcg ol&d,owif;pmwd kufu r,lIArmhacwfowif;pmwd kufod k@ ajymif;ay;cJ honf?
OD;b*srf;onf yk*~ dKvfa&;t& oa&mf+yD; a&;om;jcif; rjyKcJ hay? acwfESih f p¶d kuf obm0ud komt"duxm; oa&mfcJ honf? ae@pOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;udk zwf¶_um wdkif;jynfwGif; jzpfysufaeaom
ta=umif;udpPwd k@ud k avhvmtuJjzwf+yD;rS umwGef; a&;qG Javh&S donf?“OD;b*srf;pum;ajymvS sif ovdyfuyfoHygonf? pum;ajymvS sif avoHwd k;wd k;jzif h ajymwwfonf?
&,f&$ifzG,f&mrsm;ud k tjrJajymavh&S donf? umwGef;¶kyfajymifrsm; a&;qG JvSsif qG J / rqG JvSsifpmzwfaewwfonf” [lI q&m}uD;ESih f eD;eD;uyfuyfaexd kifcJ haom OD;[defpGef; (1902-1987) u ajymonf?
q&m}uD;onf pmzwf0goemxHkI pmvnf;tvGefzwfol jzpfonf? pme,fZif;rsm;YtcgtcGifhoifhvSsif aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;qG Javh&Sdonf? q&m}uD;onf Av&Sifaq;jym; iH kxm;avh&S donf?ud k,fwk dif"mwfyH k¶d kufwwf¶H kru zvifaq;jcif;/ ul;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;ud kvnf; Ed kifeif;pG m vkyfud kifEd kifonf?
1936 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif yJcl;+rdKŒol a':cif=unfESifh vufxyfcJhonf? q&m}uD;.vufxyfr*FvmyG Jud k &efukef+rdKŒ uGefwifeifw,f taqmufttH kY usif;ycJhonf? q&mOD;b*srf;onfa&S;OD;pG m &efukef+rdKŒ 14 vrf;/ trSwf 48 aetdrfwGif aexd kif+yD; xd krSwqif h 13 vrf; trSwf 37 aetdrfod k@ajymif;a&GŒaexk difonf?
1948 ckESpfwGif ZeD;a':cif=unfonf om;OD;a,muf sm;av; armifausmfnGef@ud k arG;zG m;+yD;aemufr=umrD uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&m q&m}uD;onf tvGefpdwfxdcdkufoGm;&&Smonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;b*srf;.Zmwfvd kufausmf OD;azsmufqdyfonf &aoh0wfajymif;um &aoh}uD; OD;azsmufqdyf jzpfvm&onf?
1953 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif temyqkyfaygufum rusef;rrm jzpfvm+yD;vS sif t&G,faumif;emrnfwufqJtcsdefwGif 1953 azazmf0g&Dv 18 &uf Ak'<[l;ae@wGif uG,fvGefoG m;cJ havonf? OD;b*srf;.=uGif;usefaom ¶kyfuvyfudk wmarG pmqdkawmf ok\efY *loGif;o+*õK[fcJhavonf? xdk@aemufwmarGpmqd kawmf ok\efud k awmfvSefa&;aumfpDacwfY zsufvd kufaoma=umif h q&m}uD;.tkwf*lvnf;
OD ;b*srf ; tkwf *l
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 6 16 16 16 16 1
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ysufpD;oG m;avonf?OD;b*srf;uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf 1954 ckESpfwGif &efukef+rdKŒ *sLAvDa[mY tpd k;&u OD;b*srf;twGuf
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aejynfawmf rif;=wm;}uD; trSefwu,f tem;,loG m;ajumif; aejynfawmf r_L;}uD;rwf&mrsm;uw&m;0if xkwfazmfajymqd k=uonf? jynfy tajcpd kuf owif;Xme tcsdK@url rif;=wm;}uD; tem;,ljcif;r[kwfbJ aemufuG,frS jud k;ud kifaeqJ jzpfonf[k a&;om;r_rsm;vnf; &S donf? xd k@ajumif h rif;=wm;}uD;tem;,l-r,l udpPud k trsm;jynfoltaejzif h od k@avm²² od k@avm jzpfae=uonf?
,aehxkwf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmt&rl rif;=wm;}uD; tem;r,lao;onfud k "mwfyH krsm;eSif hwuG awG@jrif&onf? odk@aomf udk,faysmuf rif;=wm;}uD; toGifaqmifxm;ojzifh "mwfyHkxJwGifrif;=wm;}uD;ud k awG@jrif f&jcif; r&S day?
(Myanma Alin˜ 24 May 2011)
bk&if rif;=wm;. &mZyv†if }uD; tpd k;&xkwfowif;pmrsm;wGif ay:xGufvmjcif;/ orRw OD;odef;pdef.aemufwnf hwnf hrSaeI wefcd k; Á'< dyg'fjzif h ud k,fa,mifazsmufum“ud k,faysmuf rif;=wm;}uD;” tjzpf &mZyv†ifay:wGif rdef hrdef
hjuD; aqmif ha=umif h xd kifaeonfud k "mwfyH krsm;wGif awG@&jcif;wdk@a=umifh rif;=wm;}uD; tem;r,lao;onfrSm trSefyifaocsma=umif;/ jrefrmhta&; tuJcwfrsm;u oH k;oyf=uonf?
aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD; From Burma Strange news blog
(ud k,fwd kifa&;cHpm;r_)
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 666 6666 666
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pify:wufawmom; aejcnf
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h pD ;yG m;a&;eJ hwGufr,f qk d&ifawmh tav;omae w,fqk dwm odxm;=uvk d hbJvk d h xifygw,f??
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'gayrJ hvkd@tcsdefawG=umvd k@ aqG;ajr‡@jyD; aysmufuG,f arS;rS defoG m;wJ htxJyg oG m; ovm;awmhrodygbl;/ acgif;xJu tawG;uk dawmh ckcsdefxd taumiftxnf razmfEkdifao;ygbl;? tJwmxufud kvk dtyfaewJ h avmuD ta,miftaqmifawGuk d ckxufxdjynf hatmif rjznh fpGrf;Ek difao;ygbl;? wvk H;xJ&S dwJ hAkdufvJ rjynfhEkdifao;ygbl;? ukd,fh&J@ vkdtifukd rjznfhEkdifao;ovkd rdom;pkawG &J@ vkdtifukdvnf;rjznf hEk difao;ygbl;? jyefvmawmhvk d@ olwkd@ w*sD*sD ac:aeayrJhvk d@ usrrjyefEk dif ao;bl;av? bmawGrufarmaewmvJvk d@ uk d,f huk d,fuk d jyefar;rdygw,f? 'gayrJ h tajzuawmh xGufrvmygbl;?
Ek difiHjcm;rSmae&wm aumif;w,fvkd@ ajymwJholeJ@/ raumif;bl;vkd@ ajymwJholawGukdr=umc%awG@&wwfygw,f? b,folrSrrSm;bl;vkd@ ajymyg &ap? rrSm;bl;qkdwmuvJ usruqkH;jzwfcsufay;vkd@rS r&wmr[kwfvm;? vlwkdif; tawG;awGukd,fpDeJ@&Sdovkd tawG;awGuvnf;wa,mufwrsKd;qkd ovkd ESpfa,mufqkdawmhvnf; ESpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;wmaygh? olajymwm olrSefw,f?usrajymawmh usrurSefw,fvkd@ ,lqxm;wmqkdawmh usrtaeeJ@ trSef trSm; tqkH;tjzwfay;p&mrvd kr,f rxifygbl;?
Ek difiHjcm;qkdwmu olrsm;EkdifiH/ olrsm;vlrsKd;/ olrsm;"avh/ olrsm;xkH;pH awG/ jyD;awmh
olrsm;pum;awGe J @ olrsm;vlrs K d ;awG trsm;p ktky fp k d ;xm;wJ h ae &myg? ' Dvk dae&mrs K d ;r Smusrwk d@jrefrmvlrsKd;awG[m uk d,feJ@eD;pyf&mtvkyf/ uk d,feJ@oif hawmfwJ htvkyf/ uk d,fwwfwJ htvkyf pojzif htqifajyovk d vkyfuk difae=uw,f? vlrsKd;jcm;/ bmomjcm;/ "avhxk H;wrf;awGrwlwJ h olawGeJ@ twlollwkd@pnf;rsOf;abmiftwkdif; rcspfaomfvJ atmifhumerf;qkdovkdbJ ukd,fh&J@&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf/
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rdom;pktwGuf onf;cHjyD; yifyifyef;yef; &kef;uef ae=uygw,f? 'gayrJ hav b,fae&ma&mufa&muftvkyfuawmh vkyfae& rS mbJ? usrtvk dcsifqk H;uawmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@ tvkyfuk d rck druyfvkyf ae&&ifauseyfjyD?
bmvk d@vJ odvm;? Ek difiHjcm;rS m ae&wm aumif;w,fvk d@ ajymwJ h oleJ@/ raumif;bl;vk d@ ajymwJ hol
pum;uk djyefquf&&ifawmh usrtaeeJ@awmh aumif;w,f? yifyef;wmawmh rSefygw,f? b,frS maeaeyifyef;wmyJ? &G mrSmaewkef;uvJ yifyef;wmyJ? 'gayrJ h vGwfvyfw,f r[kwfvm;? jyD;awmh ek difiHjcm;ujrefrmjynfvk dr[kwfbl;av/ vk dcsifwm0,fvk d@&awmh yifyef;wm uyifyef;wmaygh? rdef;uav;qk dawmhtvSty =uKdufw,f? t0wftpm; =uKdufw,f? jzpfcsifwmav;awG jzpfvk duf&&if yifyef;wmawG c%awmharh oG m;&ygw,f?
r=uKdufwmawGvnf; 'keJ@a';yg? olrsm;Ek difiHrSm vlrsK d;jcm;eJ@qufqH ae&wJhtwGufpdwfysufp&mawG &S dygw,f? olwk d@em;vnfatmif r&Sif;jycsifayrJ h rcHcsifpdwfeJ@ &Sif;vif;ajymjyae&wmuk d
pdwfysufrdw,f? odyfta&;ygwJ h udpPqk d&ifvJ &Sif;jyraeygbl;? olwk d@u ar;wwfygw,f? jrefrmvlrsKd;awGqef aumif;aumif;pm;=u&J@vm;? qefuwrsKd;xJ &S dw,fr[kwfvm;? qefu rm w,fr[kwfvm;? ao;ao;&Snf&SnfawGav- odyfrmwmyJ -qk djyD;/ bm r[kwfwmawGuk d t=udrfrsm;pG mar;wwfw,f? wcgr[kwfbl;?t=udrfaygif; rsm;pGm 'Dpum;uk d ajymw,f/ =umawmhusrvnf; pdwfr&Snfawmhbl;? twwfEd kifqkH;rsufESmukdjyKH;xm;jyD;awmh --- qefaumif;w,f/ raumif; bl;qdkwm ukd,fht=uKdufeJ@bJqkdifw,fr[kwfvm;?
wrsKd;xJ&S dw,f qk dwm awmh 'DrS maejyD; qk H;jzwfwmawmh raumif;ygbl;? igu v,form;om;orD; uarG;vmwJholyg? qefb,fESpfrsKd;&Sdw,fwm igtodqkH;yJ? eifwkd@vlrsKd;u eifwkd@ypPnf;/eifwk d@vlrsKd; aumif;a=umif;/ awmfa=umif;/ wwfa=umif;t&rf; ajymwmbJ/ vlom;t&rf;yDygayw,fvk d@jyefajymvk dufygw,f? bmrS ta&;rygwmuk d pum;=uKHvk d@ajymvd kufwmyg? 'gayrJ h tckvk d a&;vk duf&awmheJeJ ayghoG m;w,f?
b,folrS rrSm;ygbl;? E k di fi H jcm;r Smae&vk d @ aumif;wm/ raumif;wm ajym&&ifukefrS mawmifr[kwfbl;? usrtwGuf aumif;wm&S dygao;w,f? yDyDjyifjyif aumif;w,fvd k@ ajymcsifygw,f?olwk d@vlrsKd;awGu olwk d@vlrsKd; aumif;a=umif; ajymaewm rqef;ayrJ h usrwk d@jrefrmvlrsKd;awG wyg;Ek difiHrS maejyD; ukd,fhtcsif;csif; raumif;a=umif;awG ajymaewmawmh tqef;tus,f ygyJ? txl;ojzifh
Ek difiHa&;vkyfaeygw,fvk d@ ajymae=uwJ h tok dif;t0k dif;rS m jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?usr Ek difiHa&;orm;r[kwfygbl;? pma&;q&mvnf; r[kwfygbl;? omref vlwpfa,mufyg?
usra&;wJ hpmuk d vltrsm;odatmif vk d@ ar;vftkyfpkwckxJ0ifjyD; yk d@vkdufwJ htcsdefupjyD; rodcsifwmawG/rjrifcsif wmawG odjrifvm&awmh pmxyfa&;rdjyefygw,f? tm;wJh&ufqkd&if a&Smhyif xGufr,f?&kyf&Sif=unf hr,f/ pm;aomufr,f/ tdyfr,f? jyD;&if oli,fcsif; 'grSr[kwf rdom;pkeJ@ tquftoG,fvkyfr,f?'gawGu usryk HrSefvkyfaeus jzpfpOfwckygyJ? uGefjyLwm ruG srf;usifayrJh ta0;rSm&SdaewJ h rdom;pkeJ@qufoG,fzk d@ tqifajyqk H;enf;vrf;wck awG@xm;awmh t&rf;tqifajyygw,f? tifwmeuftquftoG,fav;
aumif;aeawmh aiGa=u; tukeftusouf omovk d toHvJ=um;&/ vlvJjrif&awmh tifwmeufuk dt&rf;oabmus w,f? b,folawGu bmtwGuf tifwmeufuk d ok H;ovJawmh rodbl;? usrawmhtifwmeufuk d pG JaejyD? yGif hyGifhvif;vif; ajym&&ifawmh &nf;pm; xufawmif pG JaeygjyD?
ar;vftkyfpkwckxJ 0ifrdxm;awmh tifwmeuf[m aumif;ovk d raumif;bl;vk d@vJ qk d&OD;r,f?
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 6868686868
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tm&yfurBmu tajymif;tvJawG[m tifwmeuf/ tckusrtokH;jyKaewJh az;pfbGwfcfa=umifhatmifjrifr_awG/ t ajymif;tvJawG jzpfukefw,fvkd@vJ od&ygw,f? Ed kifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf awmhvufeufaumif;=uD;wckvk d jzpfoG m;w,fvk d@ awG;rdygw,f? urB m&J@ b,fae&mrS m &S daewJ holuk dbJjzpfjzpf/owif;tcsuftvufawGuk d puUef@yk dif; twGif; today;Ek difw,f/ odapEk difwmod&ygw,f? tm&yfurB mu
usyfwnf; r_awGukd &yfwef@oGm;atmif tifwmeufu vkyfay;vkdufw,f/ tm%m&Sif awGusqk H;oG m;atmif tifwmeuf pGrf;aqmifvk dufw,f pojzif h ek difiHa&; e,fy,fu ajymqk daewmjrifawG@ae&ygw,f?
tifwmeufeJ@ usrwa,muf rdom;pkeJ@ jrifawG@ajymqk dae&vk d@ aysmfaeovk d jrefrmEk difiHa&;orm; awGvnf; ajymvk d@rqk H;atmif jzpfae=uyg w,f? olwk d@awG tm;usrS maygh? tm;usvnf; usp&mygyJ?jrefrm jynfrS mu tjzpfqkd;awG t=udrf=udrfawG@cJ h&jyD; atmifjrifr_rS r&cJ h=uwmr[kwfvm;? tckvk dtifwmeufeJ@ tquftoG,feJ@ atmifjrifr_awG wckjyD;wckquf wk dufvk djzpfaeawmh tm;wufoa&meJ@
tifwmeufeJ@ yk djyD;tok H;csvm =uw,f?jrefrmjynfrS mawmh tuef@towfawG trsm;=uD;eJ@ tifwmeufuk d tok H;jyKae=u&ygw,f?EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfawGuawmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@ okH;pGJae=uwmyg/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ynma&;pwJ h ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;rSm tifwmeufuk d wGifwGifus,fus,f=uD; tok H;csae=uovk d/ tok H;vnf;wnf h aeygw,f? tok H;wnf hwm rwnf hwmawmh tok H;cswJ holeJ@bJ qk difrS myg? aumif ;wJ hae&mrS m tok H;csjyD;tvkyfjzpfaewJ hol &S dovk d/ raumif;wJhae&m rS mok H;jyD; tvkyfjzpfaewJ holawG &S drS myg?
usrtaeeJ@ pdwfraumif;wmu uk d,f hvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;/ uk d,h ftod kif;t0k dif;tcsif;csif;=um;rS mraumif;a=umif;awG/ tykyfta[mif;awG a&;om;/ ajymqkday;ykd@ae=uwm pdwfraumif;p&myg?yk dvk d@qk d;wmu oufqk difolqD uk dom a&;om;/ ajymqk day;yk d@wm r[kwfwmuawmh pdwftaES muft,Sufjzpf&ygw,f? tm;vk H;uk d odapcsifw,f&ifvk d@ a&;om;ay;yd k@w,fqk d&ifawmh &nf&G,fcsuf =uD;rm;w,fvk d@qkd&rSmygyJ? =uD;rm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuftxJrSm awmh aumif;jcif;/ raumif;jcif; tusKd;aus;Zl;awGwoDwwef;=uD; ygaerS m yg? pdwfysufp&m aumif;oavmuf a=umufp&mvJ aumif;ygw,f? tifwmeufukd wcsdK@u ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmtwGuf tokH;csw,f? ukd,fa&;ukd,fwm qkdwmuawmhuk d,fyk diftusKd;pD;yG m;twGuf4if; ygygvdrf hr,f? wcsKd@uawmh tkyfpktwGuf tok H;csw,f? tkyfpk (trsm;)qk dwmuawmh pD;yG m;a&;twGuf ygovk d Ek difiHa&;eJ@ wjcm;udpPawG trsm;=uD;ygw,fvk d@ xifjrifrdygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tifwmeufuk d tok H;csvk d@ atmifjrifr_awG &aewJ htcsdefrS m uk d,f htcsif;csif;xk d;ESufaewm[m tokH;csyk Hrsm; vG JrS m;aeo vm;vk d@yg?
“jrKd@wufvmwJ hawmom; pifay:wifay;vk dufovk dbJ” qk dwJ h pum;wck&S dygw,f? 'Dpum;usrt&rf;rkef;ygw,f? bmjzpfvk d@vJqk dawmh usr [m awmoljzpfaevk d@ygyJ? t&Sufta=umufr&S d/ rjrifbl;/ruk difwG,fbl;wmawG@jyD; tvk dufuef;qk d;rod vGyfvyfcsifwk dif; vGwfvyfaew,fvk d@ 'Dpum;&J@t"dyg,fuk dusrem;vnfxm;wmyg? Oyrmay;xm;uk d r=uKdufayrJ h usr uk d,fwk dif ok H;&ygawmhr,f?
usrav;pm;&wJ h Ek difiHa&;avmurS Ek difiHa&;orm;rsm;wk d@&Sif h/
tifwmeufudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf tokH;cscGif h&wJh ae&ma&mufjyD; tokH;cscGif h&wkdif;tokH;ruswJhenf;vrf;awGrSm tokH;csaewmawmh “jrKd@wuf vmwJhawmom; pifay:wifay;vk dufovk dbJ”qk dwmeJ@ wlaeovk dygyJvk d@ awmol usr aejcnfu ajymyg&ap?rdrd tok H;usjcif;/ rusjcif;eJ@tusKd;&S djcif;/ r&S djcif;[m rdrd&J@ tok H;cswwfjcif;eJ hqd kifygw,f? aejcnf
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 6 9696 96969
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vlwpfud k,ftjrifwpfrsKd;qd kovd k vlwpfOD;ESif hwpfOD;avmuud k¶_jrifok H;oyf&mwGif tjrifcsif;rwlnDEdkifacs? 'gayrJh vlrSef&ifqif;&Jonfjzpfap csrf;omonfjzpfap vl@toufwpfacsmif;pmwefzd k;eJ@nDr#wJh ¶SifoefaewJhb0wpfckudk yd kifqd kifwmuawmhwlnD=uygw,f? 'Dvdkvl@b0udkwefzd k;rJ hpG mjzKef;wD;jypfw,fqd k&if tvGefESar#mzd k@aumif;vSygw,f? usaemfwd k@taeeJ@ rdrdvuf0,f¶S d+yD;om;vl@b0&J@wefzdk;ud k av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;=unf hrd=u&J@vm;// wu,fud k rdrd¶Sifoefr_ud k t"dy g,f¶S d¶S dtokH;csaevm;/xdkufwefatmif vkyfaqmifaevm;qdkwm rdrdudk,fudk wcgw&Hjyefvnfqef;ppf
=unfhoifhygw,f? usaemfwdk@vdk omrnvlr[kwfwJh twkr¶SdwJhjrwfpGmbk&m;¶Sifudk,fawmfuae@pOfqGrf;cH=uG+yD;tjyef ajcaq;zd k@&yfwJ htcd kufrS m-'Dvd krdef@jrGwfzl;ygw,f// tyrma'e bd uQa0 or`ma'x (1) 'kv†abm rk'< Ky ga'g avmu odR H(2) 'kv†abm rEk\w WË d vmabm (3) 'kv†abm (o'< g) or`wW d (4) 'kv†abm yAŠZ…m
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8/6/2019 Luminary 5of3
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 707 0707 070
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 7 17 17 17 17 1
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 727 2727 272
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 7 37 37 37 37 3
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 7 47 47 47 47 4
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tar&duefvGwfvyfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;onf tar&dueford kif;. pmrsufES mopfwpfckjzpfvmvJ havonf?a=ujimcsuf.tESpfom&rS m olwd k@taejzif haemufrqkwfEd kif? 1778ckESpfwGiftar&duefwd k@u t*Fvdyfwd k@tm; e,l;a,muf/qm&mwk d*g wd kufyG JwGifatmifyG JcHvd kufonf? tar&duefajray:rSjyifopfwd k@u ud kvd keDbufrS&efola[mif; t*Fvdyfwd k@ud k0ifwd kufay;onf? od k@aomf wd kufyG JrS mtjywftowf t¶_ H;tEd kif ray:bJ tDaeonf?Tod k@jzif h 1781ckESpfcef@a&mufvmonf htcgwGif t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;Am*sD;eD;,m;/a,mhcfawmif;wGif ydwfrdaeawmhonf? TwGift*FvdyfAd kvfcsKyf}uD; qmuGefa0ghvpfcfvufeufcs&onf? aemufqk H; 1783ckESpf/pufwifbm 3&ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wd k@u yg&DpmcsKyfud k vufrSwfa&;xd k;cJh& avawmhonf? TpmcsKyfrS m tar&duefajray:rS t*Fvdyfud kvd keD 13jynfe,fud k tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[lItodrSwfjyK&onf hpmcsKyfjzpfonf?
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tomapmif h=unf hae+yD;/ olwd k@pepfud kvnf;avhvmaeonf?xd k@aemufolwd k@Ed kifiHwGif onfpepfud ktok H;cszd k@}udK;pm;=uawmhonf? wifarmifjrifhrl&if;- Conflict in the Colonies by Frances Plotkin.
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 7 5757 57575
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 767 6767 676
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 7 7777 77777
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 7878787878
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a[h--q&m? atmf--q&m? OD;pd k;csdefqd kwm cifAsm;vm;? ud kpd k;csdef cifAsm;ES,fAsm? arwW myd k@&Gwfzwf qENjywmxuf/ aoewfu tpGrf;xufw,fAs? odvm;? tJ'DwH k;u aoewfom ygcJ h&if/ol&Jaumif; jzpftH k;rS m? tckawmh arwW m vufeufyJygoGm;wJ htwGuf t!H hcH xGufajy;a&;orm;jzpfvmcJ hw,fAsm? ,H kom ,H kvd kufprf;yg? ,H kvd kufprf;ygAsm? 2006/ 2007 awGu vrf;jycJhwm?
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 8080808080
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“ yd kif&Sif r&Sdao;wJ h aq;vdyfwd k h h hyd kif&Sif 'd k@ jzpfvd kufcsifygw,f ”iH@vif haewJh pdwftdrfxJud k xl;qef;wJ h oDcsif;oH[m em;jywif;aygufuwqifh0ifa&muf
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t+yHK;wpfyGif hudk rxifrSwfbJ vif;vufzdk@ cvkwfES dyfay;vdkufovd kygyJ? 'kwfwpfacsmif;eJ@ tr_ dufyHkud kar$aESmuf&if; tcef;awG&JŒ tjyifbufrSm ol[m oDcsif;qdk&if; tvkyf&SKyfaew,f? u|efawmhftcef;a&SŒta&mufrSm ol@oDcsif;oH[m wdwfoGm;ovdk ol@ajcvSrf;awG[mvJ &yfoGm;ygw,f?ol@t=unf hawGuvnf; u|efawmhf tcef;qD usa&mufvd k@ vmjyefw,f? tcef;em;ud k wd k;uyfvm+yD;oHwd kiftjyifbufu &yfvd k@ twGif;xJu u|efawmf h ud k olu +yHK;jyw,f?
“ tpfud k nu a&mufwmvm;/ 'DrS m tpfud kwd k@vd k a*:awG trsm;}uD;yJ”olu &if;ES D;wJ h avoHeJ@ E_wfquf&if; u|efawmf hud k pum;ajymvmw,f? u|efawmfuvJ
“ [kwfuJ h/ u|efawmf nu a&mufw,f/ 'geJ@ tpfud kajymwJ h a*:qd kwm bmvJ ”olajymwJh pum;xJu u|efawmf em;rvnfwJ h a*:qd kwJ h a0g[m&ud k ar;vd kufrdw,f? olu +yHK;+yD;
“ 'Dvdk udk&JŒ tpfudkwdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;r_eJ@ a&mufvmwJholawGudk taqmifu vlawGua*:Ed kufawGvd k@ ac:=uw,f/ u|efawmf =um;zl;ovd k ajymjyr,faemf/ a*:qd kwmu w&kwfvd k ig;*%ef;ud kac:wmwJ h Ed kufqd kwmu t*Fvdyfvd k nud k ac:wm/ ESpfckaygif;vd kufawmh ig;nayghtpfud k&m/ u|efawmfwd k@ua*:Ed kufvd k@ rac:awmhbJ a*:vd k@ twd kaumuf ac:vd kufwm ”
ol&Sif;jyrSyJ u|efawmfwd k@vd k Ed kifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGtwGuf taqmifaeolawGu ay;xm;wJ h
emrnftopfud k oabmus aerdw,f?“ tpfud k vlopfqd kawmh bmrS ygvmrSm r[kwfbl;aemf/ u|efawmf bm&S may;&rvJ/ vd kwmu|efawmh fud k ajymyg? wwfEd kifoavmuf u|efawmf }udK;pm;&S m ay;yghr,f ”
pawGŒawGŒcsif; ulnDay;vd kaom arwW mpdwfeJ@ ajymvmwJ h ol@pum;oHawGa=umif h pdwfxJuaeol@ud k cifrifoG m;rdw,f?
“ nDav;u aq;vdyfwd k vd kuf&S maewmvm;/ tJ'D twd kawGu bmvkyfzdk@vJ/ a&m*g&r,f/tr_ dufyH kxJu aq;vdyfwdk ud k raomufygeJ@vm;/ tpfud kvJ aq;vdyf }udKufygw,f/ ab;tcef;awGutpfud k@ &JabmfawG ay;xm;wJ h aq;vdyfESpfvdyf &Sdw,f/ a&mh nDav; wpfvdyfaomuf/ rD;oG m;nS dvd kuf/tpfud k aq;vdyfaomufcsifaewm =um+yD/ rD;b,fu &r,frSef; rodvdk@ aq;vdyfaomufcsifpdwfudktwif;atmif hxm;&w,f ”
u|efawmfu aq;vdyfwpfvdyfud k urf;ay;&if; oHwd kiftjyifbuf&S d ol@ud k rD;wd k@cd kif;vd kufw,f?“ tpfud ka& aq;vdyf zifqDcHud k txifrao;eJ@aemf/ tpfud kwd k@vd k a*:awGu u|efawmh fud k
&S mcd kif;xm;wm/ olwd k@vJ aomufzd k@ r[kwfbl;/ ta&;}uD;wJ h udpPwpfck vkyfwmwJ h tpfud ka&/ wefzd k;&S dw,fqd kyJAs ”
u|efawmf hpdwfxJ olajymjywJh xl;qef;wJh pum;awGud k em;axmif&if; tcef;usOf;av;xJ
tawG;yG m;aerdw,f? olu rD;nS d&ef xGufoG m;awmh olajymwJ h aq;vdyfwd k&JŒ wefzd k;ud k awG;awmaerdw,f?“ 'Davmufawmif bmawGrsm; toHk;0ifaeygvdrf h ”
tcef; (2)
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u|efawmfwd k@u 15 rdepfavmufyJ tjyifxGuf&w,f? olwd k@uawmh wpfaeukef tjyifrS maecGifh&w,f? u|efawmfwdk@ tcef;awGa&SŒ oef@&Sif;a&;/ a&tdk;awG a&jznfh/ u|efawmfwdk@ vdkwmulnDzd k@twGuf t+rJwrf; &S daew,f? u|efawmfwd k@ud k olwd k@u a*:awGvd k@ac:+yD; u|efawmfwd k@u olwd k@ud kt+rJqif;awGvdk@ ac:w,f? tcef;wd kif;eJ@ olu &if;ES D;+yD;awmh tcef;xJu vlawG udpPud kvJ rnnf;rnL
vkyfay;w,f? tm;wd kif; ol u|efawmfhtcef; tjyifbufu tkwfcH krS m xd kif+yD; twGif;xJu u|efawmfeJ@pum; awG vmajymw,f?
“ rD;jcpfr&Sdawmh ncif; aq;vdyfaomufcsif&if awmfawmf 'kuQa&mufw,f ”u|efawmfu aq;vdyfwpfwdkudk ESpfa,mufaomuf&if; ncif; 'kuQudk ajymjyaerdw,f?
ol@vufxJrS m tr_ dufyH kaygif;pH ku aumuf,lxm;wJ h aq;vdyfwd kawGud k u|wfu|wftdwf tao;av;xJpkxnf h+yD; ud kifxm;w,f?
“ u|efawmf pOf;pm;ygOD;r,f tpfudk&m/ vl}uH&if tm;vH k;jzpfygw,f? ”
“ rif;rSmvJ 'Daq;vdyfwd kawGeJ@ a wmfawmf tvkyf&SKyfr,faemf/ bmrsm; toH k;0ifvd k@vJ”
olu &,faew,f? aq;vdyfwd kxkyfud k ajrS mufjy&if;“ tzd k;wefawG tpfud k&/ tzd k;wefawG/ tpfudk ajymwm &r,faemf/ c%apmif h ”armifOD;a&vd k@ u|efawmf hvd kaewJ h tcef;xJu toHwpfoHa=umif h olu pum;ud k qH k;atmif
rajymbJ rwfwyf&yfvd kufw,f? u|efawmh ftwGuf aq;vdyfwpfvdyfavmuf &S mcd k fif;wmud kvJ tpfud kajymwm&r,fvd k@ ajym+yD; olxGufoG m;w,f?
tcef; (3)u|efawmf wtH@w=o =unf haerdw,f? olurf;ay;wJ h yvwfpwpftdwfxJrS m vufav;vH k;cef@om &S dwJ h puULav;awG?
“ bmawGvJ nDav;& ”u|efawmfu ar;vd kufawmh tdwfuav;ud k vufnS dK;xd k;+yD;“ tpfud k wpf&Gufcsif; =unf hvd kufav/ tpfud k ar;aewJ h aq;vdyfwd kawGav ”aq;vdyfzifpDcHrS m uyfxm;wJ h owif;pm puULtyd kif;av;awG/ u|efawmfu wtH@w=oeJ@
xl;qef;pG m ai;arm=unfhaewkef;rSm 15 rdepfqif;&ayrJ h ol@udpPudk tjref aqmif&Gufvd k@ +yD;oGm;wJ hbd k;awmfu u|efawmf htcef;a&SŒ vm&yfw,f?
“ +yD;oG m;&if u|efawmf htcef;xJ yd k@ay;aemf ”u|efawmfhvufxJu tpDcHywf owif;pm tydkif;av;awGudk ar;aighjy&if; bdk;awmfu
pum;qdkvmw,f? a&mufcgp vlopfjzpf wJh u|efawmfu xl;xl;qef;qef; em;rvnfEd kifwJ h toGifeJ@ol@ud k =unf hvd kufawmh olu
“ 'Dvd k&S dw,f ud kpd k;&/ u|efawmfwd k@ud k b,furSowif;awG r&atmif 'DaumifawGu enf;rsdK;pH keJ@ydwfxm;=uw,f/ b,fvd kyJ ydwfydwf/ vlawGyJAsm/ &S m}uH&if enf;vrf;uawmh wpfckr[kwf wpfck awGŒwmyJ/
tJ'D owif;pm twd kav;awGxJrS m ud f k,fodcsifwJ h owif;wdkav;awG/ ema&;awG tpH kygw,f? usKyfwd k@odcsifwm wpfckr[kwf wpfckawmh ygvmwmyJ? owif;&zd k@ twGuf aq;vdyfzifpDcHuvJ owif;0ifaygufwpfckyJ? ”
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vlom;awG&JŒ &Sm}uHr_/ awG;awmr_awGeJ@ tcuftcJawGudk jzwfausmfcJ hwmyJav?'DtcuftcJawGud k aemufrS m csefcJ h+yD; topf topfawGeJ@ vl@avmu}uD;u wd k;wufcJ hwmr[kwfvm;?bmr[kwfwJ h wm;qD;uef@owfr_awGud k u|efawmfwd k@ a&SŒuvlawG ausmfjzwfEd k fifcJ h+yD? tckawmh armifOD;wyifwyrf; &S mazGaewJ h aq;vdyfwd kawG[m u|efawmfwd k@ tm;vH k; qmavmifiwfrGwf aewJ h owif;awGud k
ay;aeygvm;?tcef; (4)
“ tpfud k/ ncif;twGuf bmrS pdwfysufp&m r&S dawmhbl; ”0rf;omtm;& trlt&meJ@ tajy;tv$ m; a&mufvmwJ h armifOD;&JŒ vufxJrSm ypPnf;wpfck
ud kifvmw,f? ol pdwfysufp&m r&S dawmhbl;vd k@ ajymaewJ h t&mu ol@vufxJu ypPnf;eJ@ qd kifaeyH k &w,f?“ bmvJuG ” vd k@ usGefawmfu ar;awmh olu ol@vufxJu ypPnf;ud k xkwfjy+yD; 0rf;omtm;&wJ h
rsufES meJ@ u|efawmf hud k
“ tpfud k tqifajy+yD ”ol 0rf;om+yD; ajymaeayrJ h u|efawmf em;rvnf Ed kifatmif jzpfaew,f? ol@vufxJu ypPnf;uvJ
bmrS xl;xl;qef;qef;r[kwf oG m;wd kufwH wpfacsmif;rS som jzpfw,f? olu bmawGrsm; tqifajyatmifvkyfay;rS mygvdrf h? u|efawmh frS m yd k+yD; Za0Z0g jzpfoG m;&w,f?
“ 'Dvd k tpfud k&/ 'DrS m awG@vm;/ oG m;yGwfwHrS m jrSKyfxm;wm a&$As a&$ ”u|efawmf aocsm =unfhvdkufawmh rD;jcpfausmufudk oGm;yGwfwH t&dk;rSm jrSKyfxm;wm
awGŒ&w,f? olu toif h,lvmwJ h b&dwf'g;av;eJ@ tJ'D rD;jcpfausmufud k cwfjyw,f? u|efawmf hud kvJ
awGŒvm; tpfud k qd kwJ h t=unf heJ@ =unf h&if; +yHK;jyw,f? +yD;awmh yvwfpwpftdwfxJu pGyfus,ftuF s Dpwpfpud kvJ xkwfvd kufw,f? iS m;vmwJ h rD;jcpfeJ@ pGyfus,ftuF s Dpud k rD;&S dKŒ w,f? tm;vH k; rD;avmifoG m;awmhyvwfpwpfcGufeJ@ rD;awmufudk tkyfcsvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh olu u|efawmhfudk +yHK;jyaejyef w,f?em;rvnfEd kifwJ h t=unf hawGeJ@ ol@ud k=unf haerdw,f?
“ 'D pGyfus,ftuF s Dtpud k rD;&S dKŒxm;wJ h jympawGu ta&;}uD;w,f? y&kwfqDAl; tcG HxJud kjympawG xnf h&r,f? 'DrS m=unf h ”
olu rD;&SdKŒ+yD; cGufeJ@ tkyfxm;wJh txJu jymawGudk ,l+yD; y&kwfqD Al;cGH ta[mif;xJxnf hay;w,f? oG m;wd kuf aq;wHav;ud k tomud kif+yD; b&dwf'g;eJ@ cwfw,f? atmufu jymcGufav;ud kcHxm;w,f? yGif hxGufvmwJ h rD;zG m;awG[m jymp rS m oG m;uyfw,f? &JceJ jzpfoG m;wJ h jymprS m aq;vdyfwd kud kxd k;pd kuf+yD; trdt& zG mvd kufw,f? ol tm;&yg;& &S d kKufvd kufwJh tqH k; rS m ol@ES macgif;xJu rD;cd k;awG[mtvdyfvd kuf xGufvmw,f? u|efawmfvJ 0rf;omtH@=opG meJ@ ol@ud kaus;Zl;wif aerdawmhw,f?
“ aus;Zl;yJ nDav;&m ”u|efawmf wu,f h &ifxJu vmwJ h toHeJ@ ol@ud k aus;Zl;wifpum; qd krdw,f? olu“ tpfud kwd k@ aus;Zl;awGu u|efawmh ftay: trsm;}uD;/ u|efawmfvd kwm tm;vH k; tpfud kwd k@
b,ftcef;ud k oG m;ajymajym vkyfay;vd kufwmcsnf;yJ/ u|efawmh ftdrfu vmEd kifwm r[kwfbl;/ u|efawmh f
pm;a&;aomufa&; tm;vH k; tpfud kwd k@ &S daevd k@/ u|efawmfjyefvkyfay;&wmu bmrS rjzpfavmufygbl;tpfud k&m ”
tcef; (5)
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ur B mOD;u rD;ud k pwif awGŒ&Sd+yD;aemuf vlom;,Ofaus;r_ wpf&yf[m tcsdK;tauGŒ wpfckod kŒa&muf&S dvmw,fvd k@ qd kw,f? tck rD;ud k u|efawmfwd k@ ud k,fwd kif zefwD; Ed kifr_/ aemuf u|efawmfwd k@ aexd k fifr_b0xJod k@ tqifajyr_rsm;pG m a&muf&S dvm ygw,f? t0wfpawGud k wpfxyf/ yvwfpwpf wpfxyfxyf+yD;vdyfxm;wJ h tvdyfuav;ud k armifOD;u ,lvmw,f?
“ tpfud k vkyfief;pr,f ”15 rdepf qif;cgeD;rS m ola&mufvmw,f? tkwfeDcJ ESpfcJudkvJ tcef;xJud k oGif;vk dufw,f?
olu u|efawmfwdk@udk vdktyfwmawG ulnDae&wmudkyJ aus;Zl;qyfaewmvdk@ ausauseyfeyf}uD;cH,lxm;wm? u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk;uvJ ol@ud k apwem&Sd&S d ay;urf;=uw,f? axmifxJa&muf+yD;&ufyd kif;twGif;rS myJ tdrfu ygq,f ypPnf;awG&awmh u|efawmh ftwGuf tcuftcJ odyfr&S d fvSbl;? ol@eJ@ygrSs+yD; pm;=uawmh olu aus;Zl;wifrqHk;atmif &Sdaew,f? u|efawmfwdk@ vdktyfcsufawGudkvJwpfae&m&mu &atmif &S m}uHay;wwfw,f? u|efawmfh tcef;wHcg;ud k olu zGif hvd kufw,f?
0efxrf;u olvkyf&r,f h tvkyfud k armifOD;wd k@vd k t+rJqif;awGud k cd k fif;xm;w,f? tck armifOD;uu|efawmf htcef;udk zGifh+yD; txJud k 0ifw,f? t0wfpawGudk pkyHk+yD; aq;vdyfrD;udk cyfememzGmw,f?t0wfpawGrSm rD;zGm;awG usoGm;awmh zsmpav;awGeJ@ csdK;+yD;tHkxm;w,f? rD;zGm;udk raoatmifyg;pyfuvJ tqufrjywf r_wfay;aew,f? ol@ud k=unf h+yD; u|efawmf armaew,f? rD;awmufuav;eJeJt&rS m vufwpfqpfavmuf za,mif;wd kifwd kav;eJ@ rD;awmufuav;ud k t&,lvd kufw,f? +yD;awmhtoufudk t0&SL+yD; tarmajzw,f? u|efawmfvJ em;rvnfpG m ol@ud k ai;=unfhaew,f?
ol tarmajy oG m;awmh za,mif;wd kif rD;av;eJ@ yvwfpwpfAl;cG Hav;ud k rD;&S dKŒw,f? yvwfpwpf
tpufav;awGud k t0wfeJ@ vdyfxm;wJ h yvwfpwpfvdyfay:ud k csw,f? wpfpuf/ ESpfpuf/ oHk;puftpufaygif;rsm;pG m tusrSm t0wfeJ@ yvwfpwpf a&mvdyfxm;wJ h tvdyfav;ay:rS m rD;awmufav;wpfck a&mufvmw,f? tkwfeDcJESpfckud k zd kcaemufvdk vkyf+yD; u|efawmfwd k@ xrif;pm;zd k@ ay;xm;wJ h yHkpH'efyef;uefjym;ud k tay:u wifvd kufw,f? rD;awmufuav;u wjznf;jznf; t&S def &vmw,f? yHkpHyef;uefjym;xJud k aomufa&td k;xJu a&ud k ESpfcGuf cyfxnf hvd kufw,f? u|efawmf hud k armh=unf h+yD;
“ a&aEG;ylylav; &r,f ”ol@t+yHK;xJrS m atmif jrifr_awG *k%f,lr_awGud k awGŒvd kuf&w,f?
tcef; (6)“ &S mazGa&;/ &S mazGa&; ”ab;tcef;u tvef@w=um; atmfvdkufwJh toHa=umifh u|efawmf vef@Edk;oGm;w,f?
tcef;tjyifbufudk vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh 0efxrf;awG[m wef;pD+yD; 0ifvmw,f? wpfcef;udkoHk;a,mufE_ef;eJ@ usGefawmfwd k@ tcef;a&SŒrS m vm&yfae=uw,f? axmifxJ a&mufwm r=umao;wJ hu|efawmh ftzd k@ b,fypPnf;[m zGufxm;&r,f/ b,fypPnf;[m ay:wif xm;&r,fqd kwm rodwm trSefyJ?bmrSvJ axGaxGxl;xl; r&S dawmh at;at;aq;aq;yJ? c%aeawmh tcef;wd kif; aomhawG zGif hoH=um;&w,f?u|efawmf h tcef;a&SŒ &yfaewJ h 0efxrf;oH k;a,muf[m tcef;xJ0ifvmw,f? tdyf&mawGud k zGw,f? wpfckpDud k
ud kif=unf hw,f? [if;Al;awGud k zGif h=unf hw,f? 'Dvd keJ@ zsmatmufud k tvSefrS m“ 'g b,fu &wmvJ ”rmrmxefxefeJ@ ypPnf;wpfckud k ud ki f +yD; u|efawmf hud k vSrf;ar;w,f? usGe fawmf
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vSrf;=unf hvk dufrS mawmh b&dwf'g; u|efawmf h twGuf toH k;0ifwJh b&dwf'g;/ 'gud k olu w&m;r0ifypPnf;wpfck vuf0,fxm;&S dwJ h w&m;cHud k ar;wJ h yH kpHeJ@ ar;aew,f? csufcsif;yJ u|efawmfu
“ [d kem;u aumuf&vd k@ odrf;xm;wm ”“ 'g xm;cGifh r&Sdbl; ”
rmrmxefxefajym+yD; ypPnf;ud k odrf;oG m;w,f?tcef; (7)
“ tpfud k bmawG ygoG m;vJ ”olu pd k;&drfw}uD;eJ@ vmar;w,f?“ ta&;}uD;qH k; ypPnf;ayghuG m ”“ bmvJ tpfud k ” ol pd k;&drfwJ h [efeJ@ ar;awmh u|efawmfu“ b&dwf'g; ”
'DypPnf;&JŒ toH k;0ifr_[m u|efawmfwd k@ twGuf b,favmuf ta&;}uD;w,f qd kwm olodw,f?ol wpfcsuf pOfpm;[ef jyK+yD;“ tpfud k u|efawmf }udK;pm;=unf hr,f/ wpfckckawmh tqifajyatmifaygh ”ae@wpfae@vk H;[m rD;cd k;wdwfaew,f? tok H;0ifypPnf; wpfck&JŒaysmufqk H;rSKaemufrS maomuawG/
rauseyfrSKawG jynf haew,f?ntwGufvnf; taz:aq;vdyfwd kav;eJ@txD;usef rS kKawGud k ajz&Sif;vd k@&awmhrS m r[kwfbl;?
rD;&JŒ wefbd k; ud ktckawmh yd kem;vnfovd kygyJ?r=umcif wef;ydwfawmhrS mrd k@ tvkyfu vlawGud kjyefjyD;tcef;awGxJ xnf haejyD ? wef;ydwf oHacsmif;oHud k empGif haewkef;rS myJ armifOD; tajy;uav; a&mufvmw,f?
“tpfud k 'DrS m ygoG m;wJ@ypPnf;vd kyJ ok H;vdk@&w,f twlwlyJ ok H;=unf haemf tqifajyw,f”u|efawmf vufxJ ypPnf;wpfckxnf hay;jyD oltajy;tv$ m; ol @tcef;&S d&mtay:xyf
ud kajy;wufoG m;w,f? u|efawmf wtHŒw=opd kuft=unf hrS mjrifvd kuf&wmuawmh²²tcef;(8)
wu,fygAsm ypPnf;wpfck[m tokH;rvdkol&JŒ vufxJrSm a&$acsmif;=uD;[mvJ tvum;ypPnf;jzpfaerS myg? wu,ftok H;vd k tok H;wnf hol&JŒvufxJrS m td k=urf;uG J ykvif;uG J[mvnf; a&$vd kwefbd k;=uD;rm;aerSm trSefygyJ? armifOD; ay;oGm;wJ@ ypPnf;av;[m todrf;cHvdkuf&wJ@ b&dwf'g; aveJ@
tokH;0ifrSKutwlwl ygyJ ? rD;yGif hw,f aq;vdyf rD;cd k;xGufawmhr,f? u|efawmfauseyf aerdw,f?0rf;omtm;&eJ@ rD;ud kcwfvd kufw,f ? jyD; aq;vdyfud kaumufzG mvd kufw,f? tay:xyfrS m wef;ydwfbk&m;&S dcd k;jyD;vd k@ (38) jzmr*Fvm uAsm ud kawmif&GwfaejyDyJ ?
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 929 2929 292
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bufukdoGm;wm b,fol@ukdrS rodapcsifyg? pdwfxJrSm prf;acsmif;xJ u taumifyavmifawGewfpifeHab;u o&Jwap> awGuk d wu,fra=umufyg? wu,f a=umufwmu arS mifrJrJ jzpfaewmuk da=umufwmyg? 'DavmufarS mifwmuk d qifvnf;a=umufrS mbJ r[kwfvm;?
pm;zd krSL;uk drawG@awmhrS zk d=uD;&J@aemufab;wHcg;ayguf wdwfwdwfav; xGufvmcJ hygonf?ewfpifukd oG m;zk d@om t"dujzpfygonf? ewfpifa&S@a&muf&if ol bmvkyf&rvJqk dwmuk dom awG;&if;
pdwfavmaeygonf? awZajymwJh ausmif;pm zwfwwfzk d@qkdwm acgif;xJpGJaeygonf? bmbJjzpfjzpfewfawGuk d olwwfoavmuf pum;ESif h&S dck d;jyD; vk dtyfwJ hqkawG awmif;&rS mbJ?yg;aewJ h a&mfbmzdeyfuk d tomc|wfvk dufjyD; ok dif;vG,fxm;wJ hvG,ftdwf xJuk d xJ hvk dufw,f?
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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 9 39 39 39 39 3
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axmifeH&H=uD;ESif h prf;acsmif;=um;u jrufyifawGtay:rS m =uGufawGajy; v$ m;aewm jrifEk difygw,f?'Dreufcif;[m odyfom,maeygw,f? trsm;wumvkyf ovkd opfyifrSmyef;ukd =uKd;ESih fcsnfjyD;
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ewfpif[m Ak'<&J@bk&m;pifavmuf r=uD;us,fyg? ewfawG[m rjrif&wJ h arsmufwaumifvk d@olxifaeygw,f? aumifav;rsufpdukdrSdwfjyD; pum;vkH;awG &Gwf zwfwwfzkd@ qkawmif;aerdw,f?bmompum;qk dwm ajymwwfzk d@/ tJ'Dpum;ESif h ewfESif hpum;ajymw,f? ewfqDrS m qkawmif;vk dufygw,f?tarajymcJ hbl;wJ hpum; awGvk dbJ olvnf;ajymwwfatmif ewfqDrS m qkawmif;vk dufw,f?
aumifav;&J@ vnf*kwfukd wa,mufa,mufqkwfukdifxm;ovkd cHpm; vkduf&vkd@a=umufa=umufESif h vef@atmfrdw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umufESif h uk d,fvGwf&kef;jyD; ajy;xGufvk dufw,f?vG,ftdwfxJuav;cGuk d tjrefxkwf&if; ausmufcJwk H;uk d avmufpmtdrfxJxJ hjyD; csdefvk dufw,f? 'gayrJ hypfrSwfuk d awG@vk duf wmESifh ukvm;av; vufawGusoG m;w,f? axmifrSL; uk dvlacsm&J@ rsufES muk d aea&mifxk d;wJ h opf&GufawG=um;xJrS m awG @vk duf&vk d@bJjzpfygw,f?
“ rif;a&ul;wmukd oabmusw,f r[kwfvm;?” ajym&if;ESifh aumif av;wifyg;ukdajcaxmufESif h uefypfvk dufw,f?
odyfrjyif;ayrJ h aumifav; a&ajrmif;xJuk d a&mufoG m;ygw,f?“tckcsdefu rkd;&moDqkdwm rarhESifh? rif;acsmif;xJrSm tat;rdaeOD;r,f?” ajymae&if;
aumifav;ukd cyfjyif;jyif;uefvkdufw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umuf vef@vef@ESif h 'Dtwkdif;jidrfcHaevk dufw,f? 'DwcgxyfjyD; aumifav;&J@ &ifbwfuk d uefvk dufw,f? axmifrSL; vlacsm[memcJ hwJ h'l;acgif;jyefemvmwJhtxd aumifav; ukd uefaewkef;bJ? aumifav; tat;rdjyD; acsmif;qkd;aeoH
=um;vk dufw,f?aumifav;&J@ ykqk d;&,f/ tuF sD&,ftm;vk H; pk d&G JaeygjyD?“uJ h h huJ vm h h higrif;uk d qG Julay;r,f? ighvufuk duk difjyD; tay:uk d wuf ” vk dufvk d@ajym&if;
vufqef@ay;vk dufygw,f? aumifav; ukdvlacsmuk d a=umufvk d@ acsmif;a&xJrS m csrf;wkefaeygw,f?pum;jyefajymzkd@ toHxGufrvmyg? ukdvlacsm a&S@ukdwkd;vkdufwJhtcg aumifav;[m aemufqkwfvk dufygw,f? aumif av; uk dvlacsm&J@aemufukd =unf hvk dufawmh axmifeH&H=uD;ESih f ewfopfyifuk d jrif&w,f? uHaumif;r,fqkd&ifawmh ol@ukd'kuQay;aewJh ukdvlacsmukd wm0efus 0g'g jrifoGm;ygap/
'grSr[kwf&if opfyifu ewfrif;=uD;awG@oG m;ygapvk d@ =udwfjyD; qk awmif;vk dufw,f? qkawmif;ae&if;“usaemf huk d rES dyfpufygESif h ”vk d@ jyefajymvk dufw,f?“ atmf --- =uGufowform;av; a=umufaew,f [kwfovm;? ”
uk dvlacsm tm;&yg;& &,farmvk dufw,f? rif;ukd ig'Dtwk dif; rxm;cJ hygbl;? em;vnfvm;? igbmvkyfvkyf
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vkyfvkd@&w,f? ukdvlacsm[m ta&S@ukdukdif;jyD; aumifav;ukd vSrf;zufvkdufw,f? aumifav;aemufqkwf&if; yufvufvSef vJusoG m; w,f? 'Dwcg a&eufwJ hae&m a&mufoG m;w,f? a=umufa=umufESif ha&ay:uk d jyefay: vmjyD; toufuk dvkjyD; &_vk dufygw,f? jyD;awmh acsmif;a&[m yg;pyfxJ0ifjyD; oD;oG m;w,f?
uk dvlacsm[m acsmif;xJuk dqif;jyD; aumifav;&J@vnfyif;ud k n‡pfjyD;a&xJ uk d ESpfvk dufygw,f?
pdwfxJrS m axmifyk dif=uD;ajymcJ hwJ h“ rif;uk drif; aoaocsmcsm xdrf;xdrf;odrf;odrf;ae”qk dwJ h pum;uk d=um; a,mifrdw,f? 'gayrJ htckae&m axmifeH&Htjyifbufqkdawmh tapmifh0g'gawG vnf; odEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;? aumifav;tok H;rusvk d@ olqk H;rwmvk d@ oabmxm; vk dufw,f?
bDvl;waumifudk acsmif;tv,fxd qif;vkdufw,f? ppfzdeyfESifh aumifav;&J@wifyg;ukdaqmif huefvk dufw,f? aumifav;tuD sFuk d trdt&zrf;qkwfuk dif vk dufw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umufESif h&kef;uefvk duf&if; vGwfoG m;w,f?
a=umufp&maumif;wJ h axmifrSL;uk dvlacsm rsufES muk d awG@vk duf&ygw,f? aumifav;uk d
a&xJuk d ESpfowfaeygw,f? aumifav;[m &kef;uef&if;ESif h xk d;=udwf aeygw,f? vlacsm&J@ uk d,fcE< mxJrS maoG;awGqlyGufovk dcHpm; ae&ygw,f? aemuf qk H; atmf[pfaewJ h aumifav;toH aysmufoG m;w,f?
aumifav; xk d;=udwfaewm &yfwef@oG m;ygjyD? ola=umufvef@r_awG[m =um&SnfrcHEk difawmhyg?a&xJrS m epfaewJ haumifav;[m o&Jwaumifvk d wifpm; jyD;om;jzpfoG m;w,f? a&xJu ckefxGufvmwJ hig;waumifvk d urf;ay:uk d a&muf vmw,f? toufuk d &_vk dufw,f? yg;pyfxJu a&awGtefcsvk dufw,f?uk d,fcE< muk d vS drf hae&if; a&awGtefcsvk dufygw,f?
ukdvlacsm&J@ emusifpGm qJqkdatmf[pfoHukd reD;ra0;u =um;vkdufygw,f? ukdvlacsm
'l;acgif;ukdud kifjyD; vufwzufu jrufyifawGukd qkyfukdif&if; emusifpGm atmf[pf qJqkdaeygw,f?aumifav;yg;pyfuk d vufESif hyGwfjyD; x&yfvk dufw,f? uk d vlacsmajcaxmuf wckckjzpfoG m;w,fxifw,f?uk dvlacsmvnf; =uKd;pm;jyD; x&yf vk dufw,f? aumifav;uk d wk d;wk d;ESif hjznf;jznf;av; ajymvk dufw,f?
“ ukvm;av; --- rif; - ighuk d r&k draovkyfwmawGuk d &yfvk duf&if rif;ukd igemusifatmifvkyfp&mrvkdbl;? tJ'g em;vnfvm;? ”
wu,fqk d&ifvnf; [kwfygw,f? aumif;ygw,f cifAsm;vk d@ ajym&if&wm yJ?“ vmprf; 'Dem;uk d” vk d@ ac:vk dufw,f?
vG,ftdwfxJu a&awG xGufusvmw,f? vk HcsnfESif h tuD s F[m a&awG pk d&$ JaejyD; tom;ay:rS muyfaew,f? acsmif;vnf; “w[Gwf[Gwf” qk d;aew,f? ar;&k d; uk d uk difvk dufw,f? uk dvlacsm xk d;xm;vk d@emusifjcif;u odomvmw,f?
ukvm;av; rif;uk d igar;p&mawG &S dw,f? tJ'g rif;rSefrSefajym&r,f?aumifav; xGufajy;Ek difwJ hvrf;ukd =unf hvk dufw,f? axmif&J@zk d=uD;&,f/ aq;&k H&,f rvSrf;
rurf;rS m awG@&w,f? tcktcsdefrS m ol@ukdb,folrS u,fEk difrSmr[kwfyg? wef;pD; OD;usm;=uD;vnf;u,fEk difr,frxifbl;? uHaumif;wmu wm0efus 0g'g&J@t&dyf uk d vSrf;awG@vk duf&ygw,f?
“rif; 'Duk dvmprf; ukvm;av;? igacsmif;uk d j zwfjyD; rif;uk dqG Jac:&&if rif;' kuQaumif;aumif;a&mufoG m;r,fodvm;? aemufwcgqd k rif;vGwfrS m r [kwfbl;? ratay;av;? 'Dbufuk dvmprf;? ”aumifav; a=umufa=umufESif h
“q&m usaemf huk d a&ESpfjyD; rowfygeJ@” [kajymvk dufw,f? axmifrSL;uk dvlacsmu
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“t&l;av; emuef;aevm;? rif;'Dbufuk dvmvk d@ ighajymaew,fav?” aumifav; a&xJqif;jyD;vlacsm&S dwJ hbufuk d wufvmcJ hjyD; ajcpk H&yfvk dufw,f? yg; ay:usvmrJ h uk dvlacsm vuf0g;uk d rsufpdrS dwfjyD;apmif hqk dif;aevk dufygw,f? wcsdef xJrS myJ yg;&k d;u emusifvmw,f?
“ igrif;ukd ar;p&m&Sdw,f? rif;ighukd ulnDEk difr,fxifvkd@ rif;ukdigar;wm?” wukd,fvkH;
csrf;wkefoGm;&if; axmifrSL;uk dvlacsmrsufESmuk d wcsuf=unfhvk dufjyD; acgif; jyefik H @oGm;w,f?tqufrjywfpD;aewJh acsmif;a&awGuk d t"dy g,frJ hpG m pk duf=unf h aerdw,f?“rif;owd&vm;? jyD;cJ hwJ hvu rkefwk dif;t=uD;tus,fusvk d@ taqmif 2rS m a&awG =uD;cJ hw,f?
” ajym&if; ukvm;av; ykckH;ukd vufESifhn‡pfxm;w,f? ukvm; av;[m emayrJh r&kef;awmhyg?ola=umufaewJ hrsufES muk d uk dvlacsmrjrifwm yk daumif;w,fxifw,f?
“ rif;rSwfrdvm;? tJ'Dae@rSmbJ taqmif 3 txl;aqmifu EkdifiHa&; t usOf;om;awGppfacG;avS miftdrfxJ xJhcJh&wJ haeav? ”
ukvm;av;u “[kwfuJ h rSwfrdygw,f? ”
“ at; -- tJ'DtcsdefrS m rif;b,fa&mufaewmvJ? rif;bmvkyfaevJ?”aumifav;pdwfxJrS m wa,mufa,mufu ol@uk drsm; tJ'Dae@u awG@vk dufovm;qk d jyD; pdwfyloG m;ygw,f?
“ reufyk di f ;r Sm usaemf awmif,mbufrSm ulvkyfay;jy D; ae@cif;r Sm =uGufawGvk duf&S mowfaeygw,f? ”
“ b,fae&mrS m &S maewmvJ? ”“'Dae&mrS mbJ q&m? aemufjyD; taqmif 2bufuk d oG m;ygw,f? a&=uD; vk d@ =uGufawG
trsm;=uD;xGufvm=uw,f? ” aumifav;[m 'Dvk dajymzk d @ tcs de ft =um=uD;uwnf;u
avhusif hxm;jyD;om;jzpfw,f?“wk dufydwftaqmifeJ@ taqmif=uD;em; a&mufao;vm;? usaemft aqmif 2 zufoG m;wkef;u
wcgjzwfcJ hjyD; ntdrftjyefrS m wcgjzwfcJ hygw,f? ” vk Hcsnf uk drjyD; a&awGn‡pfvk dufygw,f? ukvm;av;uo&kyfaqmifaumif; wa,mufjzpf vmw,f? tk dufwifu yDjyifw,f?
“ usaemf zdeyf=uKd;jyKwfoG m;vk d@ wk dufydwftaqmif a&S@bufrS m wcsuf &yfjyD; jyefjyifvk dufygw,fcifAsm? ” tJ'Dae@u rk d;awGt&rf;&G m aeawmh ol@uk d w a,mufa,muf awG@oG m;vnf; jy\emr&S dEk difyg?
axmifrSL; uk dvlacsmu olvk dcsifwJ htajz r&bl;qk dwm odvk dufw,f? aumifav;[m yDyDjyifjyif
o&kyfaqmifEk difcJ hw,f?“rif;ukd igwckajymr,f? rif; qG mrd ukvm;=uD;uk dodw,f r[kwfvm;? oHacsmif;acgufwJ htapmif hav? tJ'D ukvm;=uD; v#mb,fvk djzpfoG m;ovJqk dwm rif ;odw,fr[kwfvm;? ”ukvm;av;u
“ [kwfuJ h ”vk d@ jyefajzvk dufygw,f?“ at; -- olighuk d vdrfajymvk d@ igu v#mjzwfypfvk dufwmbJ odjyDvm;?”axmifrSL;uk dvlacsm tmacsmifwm rsm;oG m;w,f? uk dqG mrdu 'DaxmifxJ ra&mufcifuwnf;u
v#mjywfaewm vlwk dif;odjyD;om;bJ? wjcm;wae&mrS m jywf cJ hwmbJ? axmifxJu "g;a=umif hr[kwfbl;?aumifav;uk d ukwfvk duf&if;
“ q&m usaemfvdrfrajymygbl;? usaemf zdeyf=uKd;jyKwfoGm;vkd@ 'Dae&mrSm wcsuf&yfjyD;zdeyf=uKd;jyefwyfygw,f? 'DrS m =unf hrS m? usaemf h zdeyf=uKd;[m =uKd;eJ@ csnfxm;&wmyg? ”vG,ftdwfxJuzdeyfuk d aoaocsmcsmxkwfjy&if; oufao xlvk dufygw,f?
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axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm[m aumifav;ukd wGef;vk duf&if; --“ ig - rif;&J@zdeyfpkwfukd r=unfhcsifbl;? ig&Smaewmu tJ'Drkefwkdif; uswJh ae@rSm
aysmufoGm;wJhypPnf;ukd vkdcsifaewm? ig&atmif&Smr,f?” aumifav; ukdvl acsm&J@ ppfzdeyfukdpk duf=unf haerdw,f?
“ q&m tvk d&S d&if usaemfyg q&m&S mwJ h[muk d uljyD;&S may;csifygw,f? usaemfu axmifxJrS m
bmrqk daxmif=uD;xJrS m bmrqk d&S mazGwwfwJ haumif jzpfyg w,f? q&mtvk d&S d&if uljyD;&S may;yghr,f?“ 'DrS m ukvm;av;/ acG;rom;av; ih guk d=unf hprf; ”ukvm;av; rsufvk H;t0k dif;=uD;eJ@ jyef=unf hvkdufygw,f? uk dvlacsmu wk d; wk d;av; “ igrif;&J@
v#mukd rjzwfao;bl;? ajymajymqk dqk d aumifav;&J@ ar;aphukd ukd vufeJ@n‡pfukdifvk duf&if; “ rif;vdrfajymwm igodvk d@uawmh v#mrjzwfbJ/ rif; uk d acG;pmau|;r,fodvm;?
“ rif; awZwk dufydwfcef; a&S@u jzwfoG m;wJ hae@u &G@HAGufxJu wckck&S m awG@cJ hw,f r[kwfvm;? ”ukvm;av; “ q&m usaemf bmrS rawG@cJ hygbl; q&m?”
uk dvlacsm ukvm;av;uk d aqmif hwGef;vk duf&if; “ oG m;prf; ukvm;av; rif;&J@ eHapmfaewJ hteH@uk digrcHEk difawmhbl;? xGufoG m;prf;? ”aumifav; vrf;av#mufae&if; vG,ftdwfxJu zdeyfuk dxkwfjyD; ajray: csvk duf&if; wzufpD
pD;vk dufw,f? aemufuk d jyefvSnf hr=unf hayrJ h axmifrSL;uk dvlacsm ol@uk d pk duf=unf haer,fqk dwm odjyD;om;yg?ukdvlacsm emaewJh 'l;acgif;ukd jyefprf;aew,f? ajray:rSm xkdifcsvkduf&if; wHawG;
axG;xkwfvk dufygw,f? opfyifawGuk d rESpfu ckwfypfcJ hvk d@ tyifjrif hjrif hawG r&S dawmhyg? ukvm;av;uk daxmifxJrSm b,folu tm%mt&Sdqk H;qk dwm jyojyD; jyD? 'l;acgif;u usnfqHrSefxm;ovk d emaew,f?emvGef;vk d @ aumifav;tay:uk d awmifvJusbl;w,f? 'g[m 'l;u emvkd@vm;? 'grSr[kwfpdwfv_yf&S m;aecJ hvk d@vm; rodyg?
pdwfxJrS m h h h h “ukvm;av; rif;ajy;vk d@ rvGwfbl;? ”0g'gwcsKd@&J@ ajymjycsuft& ukvm;av;[m awZ&J@wk dufydwftaqmif bufrS m &S dcJ hw,fqk dwmyJ?
ukvm;av;&J@ypPnf;xm;wJh ae&mukd r&Sm&ao;bl;? uk vm;av;zkd=uD;xJu pm;p&mckd;pm;vkd@olrdcJ hbl;w,f? 'gayrJ h axmifyk dif=uD;uk d olwifjywJ htcg axmifyk dif=uD;u vk H;0pdwf r0ifpm;bl;? axmifyk dif=uD;pdwfqk d;jyD;
“ rif;bm awGav#mufvkyfaewmvJ? axmifrSL;av; nGef@a0OD;?”ukvm;av;u rdbrJ hw aumif=uGufjzpfovk d axmif=uD;xJrS m vcr ay;&bJ bmbJjzpfjzpf ck dif;vk d@&wJ htvkyform;wa,mufbJ? olrsm;awG pm;jyD;om; tusefawGuk dbJ pm;wmbJ? olrpm;vJ v$if hypf&r,f?tr_ dufawGbJ r[kwfvm;? aumifav;u ol@bmomol aeygap? bmrS oG m;rywfoufeJ@?”'gayrJ h uk dvlacsmaumifav;uk d 'Dtwk dif; v$wfxm;rS m r[kwfyg? 'Dwcg ukvm;av; ck d;pmwmawG@ &if b,fol@uk drS rajymbJppfacG;avS miftdrfxJ xJ hxm;vk dufr,f?
axmifrSL; uk dvlacsm[m tdwfaxmifxJu w0ufaomufjyD;om; aq; ayghvdyfuk dxkwfjyD;
rD;n‡ dum w&_ duf/ ESpf&_ duf tm;&yg;& &_&_ dufvk duf&if; jyefpOf;pm; aew,f?acgif;xJrS m avmavmq,fq,f &S dwmu emaewJ h'l;acgif;uk d tjrefqk H; oufomvmatmif
b,fvk dvkyfrvJ? oluk d,fwk difvnf; wcgwav tvkyfem;&uf uav;&&if aumif;rS mbJvk d@ pOf;pm;rdw,f? quf vuf azmf jy ay;oGm;ygrnf ? armifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwf
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jroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif h
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jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rSxkwfa0cGif hjyK+yD;aemuf ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wif h . 'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf(armfpDwkef; ESif h w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;
taejzif h vufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESif h cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;ud k pmzwfolwd k h avhvm od&S dEd kifap&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvk dufygonf//
(pma&;ol. rd om;pkESif h quf oG,f a&; cuf cJojzif h tod ay;jcif ; r&S d onf ud kcGif hv$wf ay;yg&ef awmif ;yef tyf ygon f)
od k@&mwGif armf. oabmw&m;a&; &efol/ ,efpdefcsif;u qef@usifzuf jzpfr_ud k jiif;onf?yËdyuQ jzpfaeaom buftoD;oD;onf aygif;pnf;oG m;=uonf[k qd k=uonf? olu xd koabmw&m;ud kESpf taygif; wpf oabmw&m;[k ac:onf? ESpftaygif; wpf oabmw&m;onf/ yËdyuQjzpfr_ud k
jiif;y,fI nDr#r_/ xyfwlxyfr# jzpfr_/ wckwnf;ud kom todtrSwfjyKonf?(,efpdefcsif;onf &k&S m;jyef “abmfv&S DApf” 28 OD;teuf wOD;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf
tifwmae&Sife,f ta&S@zsm;AsK&d kwGif xkwfa0a&; wm0efcH vkyfcJ hzl;onf? &k&S m;bmomaA' yg&*ljzpfonf? 1949 ckwGif yDuif;odk@ jyefa&muf+yD;/ w&kwfjynf tbd"rR m toif;. OuUX jzpfonf?ygwDrwfvDeif0g' oifwef;ausmif; 'kwd, OuUX jzpfonf? ygwDoifwef;ausmif;ESif h armf. usrf;rsm;ud koif&d k;!$ef;wrf;rS jzKwfypfcJ honf? 1957 rS 1946 xd oifwef;ausmif;wGif 'k OuUX jzpfcJ honf?)
armfu yË dyuQrsm;wGif twd kuftcH yË dyuQESif h twd kuftcH r[kwfo!f h yË dyuQ[k xyfcG Jonf?
twd kuftcHr[kwfaom yË dyuQonf wcgw&HwGif/ twd kuftcH yË dyuQod k@ ul;ajymif;oG m;onf [k“jynfolwGif; yË dyuQrsm;ud k rSefuefpG m ud kifwG,fa&;usrf;”wGif azmfjyonf?
yË dyuQ. xl;jcm;r_wGif armfu t"du yË dyuQESif h yË dyuQ. t"dubuf[lIvnf;xyfI cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmao;onf?
“&_yfaxG;aom t&mudpP. jzpfxGef;wd k;yGm;o!f h jzpfpOfwGif/ yË dyuQ tajrmuftjrm;wnf&S d&m/ 4if;wd k@teuf wckonf/ t"duyË dyuQ jzpf&rnf? 4if;. wnf&S dr_ESifh }uD;xG m;r_u tjcm;yË dyuQrsm;. wnf&S dr_ESif h }uD;xG m;r_wdk@ud k owfrSwfonf? od k@r[kwf *,uf&d kufonf?”
“Oyrm t&if;&Sifpepf vl@tzG J@tpnf;wGif ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;ESih f "e&Sif vlwef; pm;[laom yË dyuQjzpfaeo!f h/ tiftm;pk ESpf&yfonf t"du yË dyuQ jzpfonf? tjcm; yË dyuQtiftm;pktm;vH k;ud k/ ,if;t"du yË dyuQu owfrSwfonf? *,uf&d kufonf?”
(“yË dyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twG J 1)jzpfpOfxJwGif&S daom yË dyuQtm;vH k;ud k wef;wlxm;I rjzpf[k armfu ,lqonf? 4if;wd k@ud k
t"duESif h omrn[k ESpfrsdK;cG J&rnf? t"du yË dyuQud k qkyfud kifrd&ef owdjyK&rnf? yË dyuQjzpfaeaom bufESpfbufud k wef;wl oabmxm;Ir&? rnfo!fh yË dyuQwGifrqk d /yË dyuQjzpfaeo!f hbufrsm;onf }uD;xG m;r_ rnDnm? wcgw&H olrom/ ud k,from jzpfovd k&S daeo!f hwd kif ,if;rS m ,m,Dr#om jzpfonf? E_ dif;,SOfr_t&om jzpfonf? t&if;cH tajctaenDnmjcif;r&S d? wzufu t"dujzpfI wzufu omrn jzpf&vdrf hrnf?
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od k@&mwGif xd ktajctaeonf/ rajymif;vJyJ wnf&S daeonfr[kwf? yË dyuQ. t"dubufESif h t"dur[kwfaom bufrsm;onf/ tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJae=uo!f h tavsmuf t&mudpP.vuQ%monfvnf;/ vdkufI ajymif;aeonf? yË dyuQ }uD;xG m;&mY wpHkwckaom tqifhwGift"dubufonf (u) jzpfI/ t"dur[kwfaombufonf/ (c) jzpfonf qk dygpd k@? }uD;xG m;r_tqif hod k@a&mufaomtcg/ (u) ESif h (c) onf/ ae&mcsif; vJoG m;=uonf? (c) onf t"dubuf jzpfvm+yD;/(u)onf omrnbuf jzpfoG m;onf? T ajymif;vJr_ud k jzpfpOftwGif;&S d yË dyuQ bufESpfbufwd kufyG Jjzpfaeo!f h/ tiftm; twd k;tavsmh. twd kif; twmu qH k;jzwfonf? armfu Tw&m;ud kjy&mwGif/ c&D;&Snf csDwufyG J Oyrmud k jyonf? c&D;&Snf csDwufyG J jzpfpOfY/ tpwGif wyfeDawmf.qd k;0g;aom tajctaeonf/ yË dyuQ. t"dubufjzpfI/ aumif;aomtajctaeonf yË dyuQ.omrnbuf jzpfoGm;onf? odk@&mwGif aemufwqifhY aumif;aomtajctaeonf t"dubufjzpfvm+yD;/ qdk;aomtajctae onf omrnbuf jzpfoG m;onf? armfu “t&mudpPwck[m
tqd k;u taumif;ud k ajymif; oG m;Ed kifw,f? taumif;uae+yD; tqdk;ud k a&mufoG m;Ed kifw,f” [kzGif honf?
armfu ppfESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emud kvnf; tEkyË davmrjzif h cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmjyonf?aoe*FAsK[m jy\em/ enf;y&d,m,f jy\emESif h ywfoufo!f h armf.usrf;rsm;onf/ ppfusrf;rsm;oufoufr#omru/ tbd"rR ma&;usrf;rsm;vnf; jzpfaeonf? &kyf0g' tEkyË davmrenf;emud kjyqd ko!f h usrf;rsm; jzpfaeonf?
armf. ppftawG;tac:rsm;onf ppfa&;ppf&mudpPrsm;wGif/ tEkyË davmrud k xif [yf
usih foH k;jy&m tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfonf? w&kwfawmfvSefa&;}uD; atmifyG JcH&mY/ t"du usaomta=umif;&if;}uD;rsm; jzpfonf?
armfu ol@ppfa&; 0dZ… mynmud k olem;vnfwwfu|rf;vmjcif;rSm/ ,G Dcsif; tajccH a'oud kcsefau&S dwfu oH k;}udrfwd kif 0d kif;ywfacsr_ef;a&; xd k;ppf}uD;rsm; qifjcif;a=umif h jzpf onf[k ajymzl;onf?od k@&mwGif ppfaoe*FAsK[mESif h enf;y&d,m,fwGifvnf; tajccH tbd"rR m &S dzd k@ vd konf? wyfeDawmfonfppftzG J@tpnf;oufouf wckr#omru/ Ed kifiHa&; tzGJ@wckvnf; jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;yef;wd kifud kta&mufoG m;r!fh Ed kifiHa&; ud&d,mwck jzpfonf? xd k@a=umif h wyfeDawmf. aoe*FAsK[mESif h
enf;y&d,m,fwd k@u/d k xd k&nf&G,fcsufu jyXmef;onf? yH koGif;onf? Ed kifiHa&;u trdef@ay;&rnfqd konfrS mToabmyif jzpfonf? tpp t&m&mud k Ed kifiHa&;uom OD;aqmif&rnf?
*syefckcHa&;ppfyG Jonf/ omrefppfyG Jw&yfr#omr[kwf? awmfvSefa&;ppfyG Jtm;vH k;. pHerlemw&yfjzpfonf? trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wd kufyG JtoGifjzif h qifE$ Jo!fh vlwef;pm; wd kufyG Jjzpfonf?TppfyG JrsdK;tm;vH k;onf/ urB mh qd k&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;. tpdwftyd kif; jzpfonf[k armfu ajymzl;onf?
“ppf[m wpH kwckaom tqif hud k a&mufvmwJ h yË dyuQrsm;ud k ajz&Sif;wJ h tjrif hqH k;wd kufyGJ yH ko¿mefjzpfw,f?---ppfqk dwm Ed kifiHa&;&J@ tqufjzpfw,f? 'Dt"dy g,ft&qd k&if/ ppf
qd kwm Ed kifiHa&;yJ jzpfw,f? ppfudk,fYu Ed kifiHa&; tjyKtrl jzpfw,f?--'gayrJ h ppfrS m ud k,fyd kifxl;jcm;csuf&S dw,f? 'Dt"dy g,ft&qd k&if ppfqd kwm[m a,bk,s Ed kifiHa&;r[kwfzl;? ppfqd kwm Ed kifiHa&;ud kxl;jcm;wJ h enf;eJ@ qufvkyfjcif;jzpfw,f? Ed kifiHa&;[m tqif hwcktxd wd k;yG m;vm+yD; rlvenf;eJ@
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a&S@udk wdk;roGm;EdkifwJhtcg/ Ed kifiHa&;vrf;ay:u twm;tqD;awGudk z,f&Sm;ypfzd k@twGufppfjzpf&awmhw,f?---twm;tqD;awGud k z,f&Sif;+yD;/ Ed kifiHa&;&nf&G,f csuf txajrmufwmeJ@ppfvJtqH k;owfoG m;vdrf hr,f?--'ga=umih f Ed kifiHa&;[m aoG;rxGufwJ h ppfjzpfw,f? ppf[m aoG;xGufwJ hEd kifiHa&; jzpfw,fvd k@ qd kEd kifw,f?” (“a&&Snfppf” vufa&G;pif usrf;/ twGJ 2)
“ppfyG J. Oya'orsm;” ud k avhvmjcif;onf ody Hynmw&yfjzpfonf? yË dyuQrsm;ud ktajccHo!f h 0dZ… mynmw&yf jzpfonf? ppfyG Jud k ay:aygufapo!f h yuwd tajctaersm; yË dyuQrsm;ud kavhvm&vdrf hrnf? wenf;ajym&v#if Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yG m;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESif h yx0D taetxm;rsm;ud kavhvm&vdrf hrnf? csefau&S dwfudk wd kufcsifv#if/ csefau&S dwfta=umif;ud k avhvm&vdrf hrnf?
awmfvSefa&;ppfyG Jonf/ rnfo!f htcgr# usL;ausmfppfr[kwf? ckcHppfjzpfonf? rw&m;aomppfr[kwf? w&m;aomppfyGJjzpfonf[k armf ,lqonf? xd kppfyG JY jynfol. pdwf"gwfonf y"getusqH k;jzpfonf? w&m;o!f hppfud k wd kufo!f h/ jynfolw&yfonf/ b,ftcgr# r&_H;? vufeufrcs?
ol@bufwGif axmufcHolrsm;&S donf[k pG J+rJpG m ,H k=unfonf? xd ka=umih f xd kppfrsdK;onf obm0tm;jzif ha&&SnfppfyG J jzpf&vdrf hrnf? usL;ausmfolu jynfolrsm;ud k +idrf;csrf;pG m u|efjyKvd konf? odk@&mwGifjynfol@ppfyG Jw&yfY TtajctaersdK;ud k rnfo!f htcgr# &vdrh frnfr[kwf? wd kufyG J. tEd kift&_ H;ud kvufeufu qH k;jzwfjcif;r[kwf? vlu qH k;jzwfjcif; jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;u vufOD;r_ud k &,lonf?ppfyG Jta=umif;ESif h &efol ta=umif;ud k jynfolrsm;u yd kI em;vnfvmonfESif htr#/ vufOD;r_ud k yd kI,lvm=uvdrfrnf?
,iftef;wGif&SdpOf armfonf aoe*FAsK[m cHppf/ aoe*FAsK[m qkwfppfESif h aoe*F AsK[m
wefjyefxd k;ppfwd k@. oabmud kvnf;/ tus,fw0if h aqG;aEG;yd k@csonf? tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmufa&;/ajymufusm;ppfe,f}uD;rsm; xlaxmifa&;/ xd ktajccHa'orsm;ESif h ppfe,f}uD; rsm;ud k cd kifrmatmifvkyfa&;/ajymufusm;ppf/ v_yf&S m;ppfESih f ae&m,lppf po!f h/ ppfyG JoH k;rsdK; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;/ po!f hjy\emrsm;/ jynfol@ppfyG J. pD;yG m;a&; jy\emrsm;/ ud k,fzmom zlvHkaom wyfrawmfw&yf.jy\emrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h acgif;aqmifr_ jy\emrsm;udkvnf; tus,fw0if h a&;cJhonf?
ol. a&;om;csufrsm;tm;vH k;Y armfonf jynfolwd k@. odpdwf&Sdaom aqmif&Gufr_ ud ktav;wif; azmfjyonf? ppfa&;jzpfap/ Ed kifiHa&;jzpfap/ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; tm;vH k;Y/ jynfolwd k@.odpdwf ta&;}uD;yH kud k axmufjyonf? jynfol. odpdwf&S daom/ aqmif&Gufcsuf r&S dyJ bmr# rjzpfEd kif?Tae&mYvnf; armfonf ygwDwGif;u “&k&km;jyef”rsm;. c kcHr_udk }uHK&onf? 4if;wdk@u*syefckcHa&;ppfyG J. ta&;}uD;yH kud k vspfvsL&_=uonf? “ypPnf;rJ h Ed kifiH wum0g'” [laom pum;vH k;jzif hw&kwfjynfwGif csufcsif; vufiif;/ qd k&S,fvpfpepf xlaxmif &ef awmif;qd k=uonf? w&kwfjynfolrsm;.*syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfud k owdarhae=uonf?
“trsdK;om;vGwfvufa&; qHk;&_ H;aewJh jynfolw&yf&J@ awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;[m/qd k&S,fvpfpepfud k csufcsif;xlaxmifzd k@ r[kwfbl;? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wd kufyG J0ifzd k@ jzpfw,f?qd k&S,fvpf0g'ud k usifhoH k;&m wd kif;jynfudk/ tvkcHxm;&wJ htcsdefrS m u|efawmfwd k@[m qd k&S,f vpf0g'
ta=umif;udk ajymawmif rajymtyfbl; ” [k armfu 1936 ckESpfwGif t*~ gpEd k;ud k ajymcJ hzl;onf?1946 ckESpfwGif wyfeDawmfu csefau&Sdwftm; aoe*FAsK[m cHppfqifE$Jaeonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif aoe*FAsK[m xd k;ppf}uD;ud k jyifaeonf? vlxkudk Ed kifiHa&;t& pnf;&H k;jcif;/ vlxk
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vrf;pOfjzif h ynmay;jcif;/ b¾ ma&;ESif h pD;yG m;a&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfjcif;/ ygwDESih f ppfwyfud kavhusif hjcif;/ yx0Dtaetxm;ESif h tcsdeftcgud k avhvm wGufcsufjcif;/ “aus;vufrS +rdK@ud k 0d kif;a&;”rlatmifjrif&ef/ aus;vufwGif tajccH pcef;rsm; aqmufjcif;/ ponfwd k@ud k vkyf&rnf?
Ttqif hwGif ajr,m jyK jyifajymif;vJa&;rSwqif h/ vlxkvrf;pOfudk taumif txnf
azmf&rnf? vlxkvrf;pOfonf atmifyG JtwGuf t"du vd ktyfcsuf jzpfonf? T tqif hyg vkyfief;rsm;ud kausmfroGm;&?
armfonf w&kwfawmfvSefa&; qifE$ J&mwGif aus;vufud k tajccHI/ +rdK@ud k 0d kif;a&; rlud kcsrSwfonf? armfu ppfrwd kufcif Ed kifiHa&;ESif h pD;yG m;a&; vkyfief;ud k vkyfxm;&rnf? wcsdK@ e,fajrrsm;ESif h+rdK@ }uD;ud k pGef@v$wfwef pGef@v$wfrnf? udpPr&S d? od k@pGef@v$wfjcif;jzif h vltm;ud k ac|wm&ma&mufonf?“tqefrygaom”AvmatmifyG Jrsm;udk &zd k@ / vlawG tqHk;&_ H; rcHEd kif? &efol@wyfrsm;udk&efolqef@usifo!f h e,fajrrsm;xJod k@ a&mufatmif r#m;ac:&rnf? &efolqef@usifa&; vlxk
0J*,uf}uD;xJwGif qG JESpfypf&rnf? Tenf;tm;jzif h &efolud k ud k,f vd k&mod k@ ta&mufac:+yD;/ t+yD;wd kifacsr_ef;ypf&rnf[k armfu ,lqonf?
wyfr_;rsm;onf &J&J&ihf&ihf qHk;jzwfwwf&rnf? wyfr_rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkwyfom;rsm;ESif h vlxktm;/ wwfEd kifor# today;&rnf? v#dK@ 0Sufrxm;&? Tod k@ vkyfjcif; tm;jzif hwyfom;rsm; / jynfolrsm;onf tajctaeudk em;vnfoabmaygufum/ udk,fydkif todudk,fydkifOm%frsm; ay;Edkifonf? yË dyuQw&m;rsm;udk tajcwnfI qHk;jzwfcsufudk pkaygif;vkyfaqmif&rnf?
yË dyuQwGif yË dyuQjzpfaeaombufrsm;. jzpfay: wd k;wufr_onf wckESif hwck nDnm jcif;r&S d[k armfuajymcJ honf/ (yË dyuQrsm;. rnDnmr_ oabmw&m;?) wenf;ajym&aomf jzpfay: wd k;wufr _wckY yË dyuQbufrsm;onf/ taetxm; ajymif;vJoG m;Ed kifonf? armf. w&m;onf/txl; ojzif h ppfyG Jrsm;ud k avhvm&mY ydkI xif&S m;onf? ppfyG JY tiftm;}uD;aom bufonft+rJwrf;Ed kifonfr[kwf? tiftm;ao;aom bufonfvnf; t+rJwrf;&_ H;onf r[kwf? “Ed kifiHuav;uEd kifiH}uD; wEd kifiHud k tEk difwd kufEd kifw,f? tm;enf;wJ h Ed kifiHu tm; aumif;wJ h Ed kifiHud k tEd kifwd kufEd kifw,f” [k armfu 1970 arv (20) &uf ausnmcsufwGif axmufjycJ honf? TonfrS m yË dyuQrsm;.
bufajymif;vJr_ w&m;ud k tajccHI armfu axmufjyjcif; jzpfonf?armfu yË dyuQtwGif;u ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_ jzpfpOfud k ppfyG JwGif xif[yf usif hoH k; onf?
“ wpHkwckaom tajctaeY/ t&m0wˆKwcktwGif;u yË dyuQjzpfaeaom bufrsm;onfqef@usifbufod k@ ajymif;oG m;wwfonf? rdrd.bufrS qef@usifbuf tajctaeod k@ ajymif;vJoG m;wwfonf ” [k armfu ajymcJ honf? yË dyuQ. bufwzufrS tjcm; qef@usifbuf wzuf odk@ajymif;vJoG m;jcif;ud k xyfwljzpfr_[k ac:onf? TonfrS m “tEkyË davmrw&m;. tESpf jzpfonf?tEkyË davmrw&m;onf/ qef@usifbufrsm; rnfod k@ xyfwljzpfoG m;=uonfud k jyonf? wckrSwckod k@
ajymif;vJoG m;yH kud k jyonf? qef@usifbuf rsm;onf taoozG,f/ a&G@vsm;jcif;r&S d wnfaejcif;r[kwfa=umif;/ 4if;wd k@onf ,m,Dr#om jzpfa=umif;/ v_yf&Sm; aea=umif;ud k jyonf” [k vDeifuajymcJ honf? xd ktcsufonf ppfyG JwGif ta&;}uD;onf/ ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_twGuf vd ktyfo!f h
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v_yf&S m;r_ud k em;vnfzd k@ vk donf? xdkok d@ em;vnf&ef twGuf wDxGifr_ &S d&OD;rnf? OD;aqmifr_&S d&rnf? armfonf ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_/ rnfo!f h tcsdefwGif ay:aygufrnfud k em;vnfo!f hae&mwGifxl;c|efoljzpfonf? tcsdeftcgud k trdt& zrf;qkyfwwfonf?
od k@&mwGif yË dyuQrsm;. bufajymif;wwfaom oabmudk/ em;vnf&eftwGuf t"du
yË dyuQESif h vufatmufcH yË dyuQud k cG Jjcm;Ed kif&rnf? (yË dyuQrsm;. ajymif;jyefjzpfr_ oabmw&m;?)*syefckcHa&; ppfyG Jumvwkef;u/ t"du yË dyuQonf/ *syefe,fcsJ@pepfjzpfonf? Tt"du yË dyuQud kajz&Sif;&eftwGuf (wdusaom uef@owfcsufrsm;twGif;) csefau&S dwfESif h nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk zG J@cJ h&onf?od k@&mwGif wwd, jynfwGif;ppfumvwGifrl/ w&kwfjynfol trsm;pk}uD;ESif h tar&duefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u/usm;uefay;xm;aom csefau&S dwf ud k,fpm; jyKo!f h vufa0cH "e&Sifvlwef;pm;wd k@=um;u/ yË dyuQ.vufatmufcHrsm; jzpfvmcJ h=uonf? xdk@a=umih f csefau&S dwf qef@usifa&; tiftm;pktm;vH k;ud k/odrf;oGif;pnf;&H k;a&;onf/ vufiif; wm0ef jzpfvmonf? xdkESifhtnD aemufxyf nD!Gwfa&;
wyfaygif;pkwckud k zG J@cJ h&onf? Tonf rS m jynfwGif;ppf Ed kifiHa&;udk armfu yË dyuQw&m;wGiftajccHI cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmyH k jzpfonf?
jynfwGif;ppfumv ppfa&;ud kvnf;/ armfu yË dyuQw&m;wGif tajccHI ajz&Sif;onf?jynfwGif;ppfumv ppfa&;u azmfjyo!fh yË dyuQ bufESpfzufrSm wzufu csefau&Sdwf.ppfwyf}uD;rsm;jzpfI/ tjcm;wzufu uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;jzpfonf? TbufESpfzufwGif csefau &S dwfuvufeuftiftm; aumif;onf? wyfOD;a&rsm;onf? uGefjrLepfwd k@xuf (4) qcG J tm;aumif;onf?uGefjrLepfwd k@u vufeuf!H honf? tiftm;enf;onf? od k@&mwGif avhusih f r_ aumif;onf? ,H k=unfcsuf
&S donf? Ed kifiHa&;tod&S donf? vlxkaxmufcHr_&onf? TyË dyuQ ESpfzufud k bufajymif;vkyfvd kv#if/wenf; ol@ud k tiftm;enf;atmifvkyfI/ ud k,f hbufud k tm;omatmif vkyfvd kv#if/ jy\emud k*&kwpd kuf avhvm&vdrf hrnf? yË dyuQ. tjcm;buf wzuf (csefau&S dwf.wyfrsm;) ESif h vd kufavsmo!f h/ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;udk oH k;&rnf? *syefwyf rsm;ud k wdkufo!fh/ ajymufusm;enf;rsm;udk oHk;Ir&?tiftm;enf;aom ulrifwefwyfrsm;ud k omvGef}uD;rm;o!f htm;jzif h tjyKwfwd kufacsr_ef;ypf&rnf?ud k,f hxuftm;}uD;aom &efol@wyf }uD;rsm;ud k a&S mifuGif;&rnf? 4if;wd k@tm; armyef;aeatmif vkyf&rnf?axmufyH ha&; vrf; a=umif;rsm;ud k jzwfawmufypf&rnf? twGif;rS v#dK@0SufI zsufqD;ypf&rnf?
pdwf"mwf ysufjym;atmif vkyf&rnf?yË dyuQrsm;. bufrsm;/ bufajymif;oG m;yHkESif h ywfoufI---tcsdK@yË dyuQrsm;rS m Tod k@ bufajymif;jcif;r&S d[k/ vltcsdK@u ,lq=uonf? Oyrm
ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkESih f ukefvkyfqufqHa&;wd k@. yË dyuQwGif/ ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pku t"dujzpfonf [kvnf;aumif;/ oabmw&m;ESif h vufawG@wd k@. yË dyuQwGif vufawG@onf t"dujzpfonf [kvnf;aumif;/ pD;yG m;a&;tkwfjrpfESif h txyfxyf taqmufttH kwd k@. yË dyuQwGif pD;yG m;a&; tkwfjrpfonft"du yË dyuQjzpfonf[k vnf;aumif; ,lq=uonf? 4if;wd k@. ae&mrsm;onf tjyeftvSefajymif;vJjcif;r&S d[k qd k=uonf? TonfrS m puf,EW&m; &kyf0g'. ,lqcsuf jzpfonf? tEkyË davmr&kyf0g'. ,lqcsuf r[kwfacs? ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pk/ vufawG@/ pD;yG m; a&;tkwfjrpfwd k@onf a,bk,stm;jzif h/t"duESih f tqH k;tjzwfay;aom tcef;rS yg=uonfrS m trSef jzpfonf? t=uifolonf Ttcsufud k
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todtrSwf rjyKygu/ xkdolonf &kyf0g' orm; rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@&mwGif ukefvkyfqufqHa&;oabmw&m;/ txyfxyf taqmufttH k po!fh t&mwd k@onf/ wpH kwckaom tajctaetwGif;wGift"duESifh tqHk;tjzwf ay;aom tcef;rS yg0if=ujyefonf? Ttcsufudkvnf; todtrSwfjyK&rnfjzpfonf? ukefvkyfqufqH a&;udk rajymif;vJaoma=umif h/ ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pk r}uD;xGm;
rwd k;wufEdkifo!f htcgwGif/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&; ajymif;vJa&;onf/ t"duESih f tqH k;tjzwfusaomtcef;rS yg0if&jyef onf? ‘awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;w&yf r&S dyJ/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&S m;r_ r&S dEk dif’[k vDeifu ajymouJ hod k@ jzpfaeo!f htcgrsdK;wGif/ awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m; zefwD;a&;ESih f jzef@jzL;a&;wd k@onf/ t"duESif h tqH k;tjzwfay;aomtcef;rS yg0ifavonf?ordkif;. wd k;wufr_ wckvH k;wGif&kyfu pdwfudk qHk;jzwfa=umif;/ vlr_a&;wnf&Sdr_u vlr_a&; odjrifr_udk qHk;jzwf a=umif;/todtrSwfjyKxm;ouJ hod k@yif/ pdwfu&kyfud k wkef@jyefEd kifo!f h owW d&Sda=umif;/ vlr_a&; odjrifr_u/vlr_a&;wnf&Sdr_udk wkef@jyefEdkifo!fh owWd&Sda=umif;/ txyfxyf taqmufttHku pD;yGm;a&;
tajccHtkwfjrpfud k wkef@jyefEd kifo!f h owW d&S da=umif;ud kvnf;/ u|efawmfwd k@ tod trSwfjyKonf? TonfrS m&kyf0g'ud k zDvmjyK jcif; r[kwf? puf,EW&m; &kyf0g'ud k a&S mifuGif;+yD; tEkyË davmr &kyf0g'ud k pG J+rJpG musih foH k;jcif; jzpfonf? ( “yË dyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pOfusrf;/ twG J 1)
Ttcsufonf ta&;}uD;onf? r[mypPnf;rJh ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&; jzpfpOf}uD;ud kem;vnfvd kv#if/ Ttcsufud k owdjyK&ef vd konf? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; qd konfrS m/ tay: xyftaqmufttHku/ awmfvSefa&;jzpfonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;u tajccH taqmufttHkudkawmfvSefajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;onf?
,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;onf tawG;tac: ajymif;vJa&; jzpfonf? &kyf0wK ajymif;vJa&;(tajccH taqmufttH k ajymif;vJa&;) twGuf armif;ESifa&;tiftm; jzpfonf?Tod k@jzif h armf h tawG;tac:Y/ pdwf-&kyf ESif h &kyf-pdwf wd k@ tjyeftvSef wnf&S dr_ w&m;onf/
yË dyuQud k ajz&Sif;a&;wGif aomhcsufjzpfaeonf? “avmuY rnfo!f h jzpfay:wd k;wufr_r# wajy;nDpG mrjzpf? nDnmpG m jzpfay:a&;/ nDr#r_ oabmw&m;ud k u|efawmfwd k@ qef@usif&rnf” [k armfuajymcJ honf? armf. tawG;tac:onf +idrfoufr_ oabmw&m;ud k acszsufvd kufonf? wmtk d0g'.nD!Gwfaygif;pyfr_w&m;ud k acszsufvd kufonf? uGefjzL;&Syf &d k;&m0g'ud k acszsufum w&kwf. awG;ac:r_ud k
qef;opfvd kufonf?,iftef;u ausmif;q&m armfhud k avhvmvd kv#if/ ,iftef;wGif a&;cJ ho!f h/ t jcm;ta&;}uD;aom/ usrf;wapmifud kvnf; avhvmoif honf? ,if;rS m “'Drd kua&pDopfusrf; jzpfonf?”'Drdkua&pDopfusrf;onf w&kwfawmfvSefa&;/. c&DpOfud k azmfjyo!f h ord kif; vlr_a&; usrf;wapmifjzpfonf?
armfonf xd kusrf;ud k 1939 ckESpfukefwGif a&;onf? uGefjrLepfygwD. tqif hud k azmfjyonf?uGefjrLepfygwDonf qGef,ufqif. pefrif;0g'udk rvd kufemo!f h rdp> mygwD[k csefau&SdwfupGyfpGJaeonf? ygwDxJu “vuf0J*kd%f;cGJa&;” orm;rsm;uvnf;/ csefau&SdwfESifh nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkzGJ@a&;rludk qef@usifaeonf? 0rfrif;onf ygwDxJwGif wpcef;xvm jyefonf?0rfrif;tkyfpkonf ygwDxJwGif tcdkiftrm uwkwfusif; wl;xm;onf? od k@jzif h csefau&S dwf. pGyfpG Jr_/“vuf0J” tacsmiform;rsm;. wd kufcd kufr_/ 0rfrif;. acgif;axmifxvmr_ wd k@ud k wd kuf&ef/ Tusrf;ud k
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a&;jcif; jzpfonf?w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDod k@ 1935 ckESpfwGif ygwD0if (40000) r# &S d&mrS/ 1940 ck aemufyd kif;wGif
ygwD0ifaygif; (800000) &S dvmonf?ygwD0ifopfrsm;onf ygwDord kif;ud kvnf; rod=u? c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJrwdkifcifu ygwD
ta=umif;ud k aumif;aumif;rod=u? xd k@a=umif h armf.ta=umif;ud kvnf; rod=u? ol@ud k OuUX }uD;armf[k ac:aomfvnf;/ bm OuUXrSef; rod=u? e,fpyfa'o tpd k;&. OuUXvnf; r[kwf? ygwDA[d kaumfrwD. OuUXvnf; r[kwf? ppfaumfr&Sif. OuUXjzpfI/ ygwDxJwGif aygvpfAsK&d k xdyfoD;wOD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_; csef0if&Sef.atmufu ae&onf? xd k@a=umif h xdktcsdefuarmfonf ygwDw&yfvHk ;tay:wGif =oZmrv$rf;Edkifao;? txl;ojzifh ygwD ynmwwfrsm;ESif hoabmw&m;a&; q&mrsm;}uD;pd k;&m/ ygwDpme,fZif;rsm; wGif =oZmr&Sd&H kr#ru/ 4if;wdk@.qef@usi f jci f ;ud kyi f c Hae&ao;onf? armfonf usr f ;*e fE S H @py f o!f h ynm&S d jzp fI/
Om%ftvGe fxuf jrufo!f h y k* ~ d Kv f jzp fo!f hwd ki f / v,form; trltusi f hr sm; ud kwrifxdef;odrf;xm;onf[k t*~gpEdk;u rSwfcsuf csbl;onf? armfonf Todk@ v,form;vdka[ma[m'd kif;'d kif; ajymjcif;jzif h/ b0ifjrih fo!f h ynmwwfrsm;ud k txdwfwvef@jzpfatmif vkyfcsifyH k&onf?armfu Todk@ [efyefawG/ taqmifta,mifawGud k oa&mf+yDqd kv#if / ynmwwfawGtaecufwwf=uonf? omrefvlxkud k “ajcmufvSef@ ” ae=ur!h f “AvH k;AaxG; pOf;pm;olrsm;”“*d k%f;cG Ja&;orm;” rsm;ud k armfu yufyufpufpuf ajymwwfonf? t,ltqa&; t& wae@wGif/pm&if;&Sif;=u&OD;rnf[k tm;vH k;u &dyfrdcJ h=uonf? 1939 ckESpfwkef;u *syefckcHa&; wuUod kvfwGif
yd k@csol q&mrsm;teuf/ vsLa&SmufcsDvnf; ygonf? vsLa&SmufcsDu “yË dyuQ yË dyuQeJ@odyfajymrae=ueJ@? 'gawGajymaerJhtpm;/ a'ojzLtwGuf tvkyfvkyfzdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f ” [koifwef;om;rsm;ud k &_ H@rJ hI ajymzl;onf[k qd konf? armf. “yË dyuQusrf;” onf ,iftef;wGifwcgr# yH kESdyfrcHcJ h&? 1950 ckESpfrsm; aemufyd kif;usrSom/ yH kES dyfjcif;cHcJ h& onf? Tonfud kaxmufv#ifygwD pme,fZif;rsm;ud k armf csKyfud kifEd kifjcif;r&S d[k ,lqzG,f jzpfonf?
“'Drd kua&pDopfusrf;”ud k yH kES dyfaomtcg/ “vuf0J”tvGeftu|H orm;rsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxef 0d kif;I a0zef=uonf? “'Drd kua&pDopf” [laom zGif hqd kcsuf topfawG ygojzifh armfpud kuvnf; }udKqd kjcif; rjyK?
“'Drd kua&pDopf”Y armfu ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;. teuft"dy g,fud k &Sif;vif;pG mzGif hqd konf? ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;wckonf tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;xJrS acgif;aqmif opfrsm;ud karG;xkwfay;vdrf hrnf[k armfu ,lqonf?
1939 ckESpfwGif armfESif h “tjcm;&Jabmf ” rsm;onf/ ygwDoifwef;ausmif;twGuford kif;pmtkyfwtkyfud k jyKpk=uonf? ,if;rS m “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESif h w&kwfjynf uGefjrL epfygwD” qdko!fh pmwrf;jzpfonf? w&kwfjynf. ordkif;ESif h w&kwfawmfvSefa&;ordkif;jzpfonf?'Drd kua&pDopftqif hESif h qd k&S,fvpftqif h ta=umif;ud krl “'Drd kua&pDopf ” usrf;usrS jy!f hpH kpG m
azmfjyxm;onf? “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD ” [lo!f h pmwrf;ud k armfuol@tm; ay;zwfzl;onf[k tar&duef pma&;q&mr}uD; tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;u ajymzl;onf?xk dpmwrf;ud k ygwDxJwGif (8) ESpfausmf vS!f hzwfjy+yD;rS yH kES dyfxkwfa0cJ hjcif; jzpfonf[k rpP pxa&mif;u
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qd konf? w&kwf awmfvSefa&; ta&;edrf hcJ hyHkrsm;ESif h ywfoufI armfu a0zef oH k;oyfxm;&mxd ktrS m;rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdol acgif;aqmiftcsdK@u rauseyf jzpfcJ h=uonf?
“'Drd kua&pDopfusrf;” Y armfu w&kwfjynf 'Drd kua&pD awmfvSefa&;onf (18) &mpk(19) &mpkrsm;twGif;u Oa&mywd kufwGif ay:aygufcJ haom yH kpHa[mif; 'Drd kua&pDrsdK;ud k wnf
axmif&ef r[kwf[k &Sif;vif;cJ honf?----Tod k@aomacwfwGif rnfo!f h ud kvd keD- ud kvd keDwyd kif; Ed kifiHwGifrqd k tu,fI
e,fcsJ@pepfud k qef@usifaom (0g ) EdkifiHwum "e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESif h EdkifiHwumt&if;&Sif pepfud kqef@usifaom awmfvSefa&; jzpfay:vmygu/ 4if;awmfvSefa&;onf/ urBmh "e&Sif 'Drdk ua&pDawmfvSefa&;a[mif; t0ef;t0d kif;wGif t}uHK;r0ifawmhyJ/ t0ef;t0d kif;opfwGif t}uHK;0if vmavonf?4if;awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESihf t&if;&Sifpepf qd kif&m/ urB mh awmfvSefa&;a[mif;.tpdwftyd kif;wck r[kwfawmhyJ/ urB mhawmfvSefa&;opf. tpdwftyd kif; wck (0g ) ypPnf;rJ h qd k&S,fvpf
awmfvSefa&;. tpdwftyd kif;wck jzpfvmonf?----,if; awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;acgif;aqmifo!f h/ t&if;&Sif vl@tzG J@tpnf;ESif h "e&Sif tm%m&Sifpepf usif hoH k;aom Ed kifiHxlaxmif&ef/&nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;a[mif; r[kwf awmhyJ/ ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; acgif;aqmifo!fhyxrtqif hwGif 'Drd kua&pDopf vl@tzG Jtpnf; ud ka&m awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;toD;oD;yl;aygif;I/tm%m&Sifpepf usif hoH k;aom Ed kifiHud kyg xlaxmif&ef &nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;opf jzpfayonf?(“'Drd k ua&pDopfusrf f; vufa&G;pifusrf;/” twG J 2 )
odk@&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;Y ESpfcG vuQ%m &Sdonf? ud kvd keD/ ud kvd keD wyd kif;
E d ki fi Hu/ trs d K ;om; "e& Si f vlwef ;pm;onf awmfvSe faomtcsuf& S do!f htavsmufnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkwGif ygEd kifonf? xd k@a=umihf 'Drd kua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;onf/ tajccH tm;jzih f"e&Sif 'Drd kua&pD awmfvSefa&; jzpf+rJ jzpfaeao;onf? wzufwGif t&if;&Sifpepf xGef;um;a&;ud kvrf;cif;ay;+yD;/ tjcm;wzufwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf jyifqifay;onf/ xdkawmfvSefa&;udkacgif;aqmifo!f h ypPnf;rJ h vlwef;pm;ygwDonf/ Tvkyfief;ESpf&yfud k em;vnf&vdrf hrnf?
'Drd kua&pDopf orwEdkifiHY pD;yG m;a&;onfvnf;/ 'Drd kua&pDopf pD;yG m;a&; jzpfonf?'Drd kua&pDopf pD;yG m;a&;Y/ yk*~vdut&if;ud k jynfolvlxkwd k. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;b0wGif csKyfud kifcGif hrjyKawmh? b%fwd kuf}uD;rsm;ESif h pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;ud k tpd k;&uodrf;,lonf? tao;pm; yk*~vdu vkyfief;rsm;ud k cGih fjyK +rJ jyKonf?
w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDu csrSwfo!f h/ 'Drd kua&pDopf Ed kifiHawmfonf/ 1942 ck ulrifwefyxr uGef*&ufu csrSwfo!fh a'gufwmqGef,ufqif. pefrif;0g' oHk;yg;ESifh udkufnDonf?qGef,ufqif.rlud k y,fzsufolrS m uGefjrLepfygwDr[kwf? csefau&S dwfjzpfonf?
,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;ESif hywfoufI armfu---“arv (4) &ufae@ ta&;awmfyH k+yD;o!f haemuf---w&kwfjynfwGif vH k;0 opfvGifaom
,Ofaus;r_ tiftm;pk ay:aygufvmcJ honf?---vGefcJ ho!fh tESpf (20) twGif; ,if; ,Ofaus; r_opf
wyfrawmf/ OD;wnfwd kufcJ haom ae&mwd kif;Y/ awG;ac:r_t&a&m/ o¾ mef (pmta&; tom; ponfwd k@)t&yg/ tvGef}uD;us,faom awmfvSefr_rsm; jzpfay:cJ honf?---,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;w&yfonf/4if;tusdK;jyKaom Ed kifiHa&;ESif h pD;yG m;a&; awmfvSefr_rsm;. t,ltq a&;&m/ ta&mif&d kufcwfr_
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jzpfonf?” (“'Drd kua&pDopfusrf; vufa&G;pifusrf;/” twG J 2)'Drdkua&pDopf ,Ofaus;r_onf trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_jzpf.? xdk ,Ofaus;r_onf
e,fcsJ@pepf. zdES dyfr_ud k qef@usif+yD; w&kwftrsdK;om;wd k@. *k%foduQ mESif h vGwfvyfr_ud k vd kvm;.?xd k,Ofaus;r_onf u|efawmfwd k@ trsdK;om;yd kifjzpfI/ u|efawmfwd k@ trsdK;om;. xl;jcm;csufrsm;
yg&S donf? xd k ,Ofaus;r_onf/ tjcm;trsdK;om; rSefor#./ qd k&S,fvpf ,Ofaus;r_ESif h vnf;aumif;/'Drd kua&pDopf ,Ofaus;r_ESif hvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygif;vsuf tjyef tvSef twk,lum/ tjyeftvSefzG H@+zdK;atmif vkyf+yD;/ urB mh,Ofaus;r_opf jzpfay:vmatmif twl aqmif&Guf=uonf?---w&kwfjynfonfrdrd ,Ofaus;r_twGuf vd ktyfor#ud k/ Ed kifiHjcm; . wd k;wufaom ,Ofaus;r_rS tajrmuftrsm;cH,l&rnf? ,cifcH,lcJ honfrS m vGefpG myif enf;aeao;.?---od k@aomf u|efawmfwd k@onf Ed kifiHjcm;rSt&mrSefor#udk cH,l&mwGif tpm; tpm pm;ouJhod k@vkyfrS tusdK;&S drnf? tHoG m;jzif h 0g;I/tpmtdrfjzif hacsI/ tm[m&ESif h tnpfta=u;[lI uG Jjym;atmif cG Jjcm;&rnf? tpm tm[m&ud k
pkyf,lI/ tnpfta=u;ud k xkwfypf&rnf?----b,fawmhrS tpdrf;vd kuf rsdKrcs&? vH k;vH k; ra0zefyJvufrcH&? ‘tm;vH k; taemufwd kif;qefa&;’ qd ko!f hrlonf rS m;onf? Ed kifiHjcm; t&mrsm;ud k/ o¾mef0g'usus vufcHcJ hojzif h w&kwfjynfonf t}uD;tus,f epfemcJhzl;onf? ( “'Drd kua&pDopfusrf; ”vufa&G; pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 )
armf. “oif=um;csufrsm;” ud k vl}udKufrsm;onf? olpum;ajymv#if y&d\wfu wa0ga0gyG Juswwfonf? armfonf pum;ajymaumif;ol wa,mufjzpfI/ av;eufo!fh Ed kifiHa&; rdef@cGef;rsm;t=um;wGif yH kwdkywfp uav;rsm; !SyfI ajymwwfonf? aqG;aEG;yG Jrsm; wGif armfonf
nvH k;aygufxdkifonf? armyef;EGrf;e,fyH kr&? tpuuJ hod k@yif vef;qef;aeonf?armfonf “w&m;ao rwf0g'D ” rsm;ud krl jyif;jyif;xefxef wd kufonf? olwd k@u armf.aoe*FAsK[mESif h ywfoufo!f h ydk@cscsufrsm;ud k vufrcH=u? armf. tbd"rR m yd k@cscsufrsm;ud kvnf;r}udKuf? awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfwGif oabmw&m;a&;t&/ omvGefr_ onf ta&;}uD;qH k; jzpfonf?xd k@a=umih f w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDxJY vrf;pOfESpf&yf. wdkufyG Jonf &yfpJonf [lIr&S d? ,iftef;Yarmfonf oabmw&m;a&;t& acgif;aqmifr_&cJhonf? odk@&mwGif vG,fvG,f&cJ honfr[kwf?jyif;xefo!f h ygwDwGif;wd kufyG Jrsm;udk jzwfoef;+yD;rS &jcif;jzpfonf? Tacgif;aqmifr_jzif h armfonfygwDESih f wyfrawmfud k wnfaqmufcJ honf/ rwf0g'udk w&kwfjynf. wdusaom tajctaersm;ESih ftnD usif hoHk;cJ honf? armfonf ,iftef;wGif ygwDwGif;u twd kuftcHrsm;ud k xyfI }uHK&jyefonf?Tjy\emud k armfu vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&S m;r_jzif h ajz&Sif;onf?
1938 ck aemufyd kif;wGif armfu ygwDwnfaqmufa&; ta&;}uD;a=umif;ud k tav;wif;ajymcJ honf? ygwDud k OD;wnfcsuf rSefuefatmif vkyf&rnf? wnf+idrfcd kifrmatmif vkyf&rnf? ygwD0ifOD;a&opf rsm;jym;vmo!f htwGuf jy\emawG ay:vmonf? ,iftef;od k@ ynmwwf trsm;tjym;/a&mufvmo!fhtcgwGif armfu “ygwDtwGuf tvkyform;/ v,form;udk tusdK;jyKo!fhynmwwfrsm;vdkonf? ynmwwfrsm;ESif h ywfoufI rSefuef aom ay:vpDud k usif hoH k;Ed kifv#if
awmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;aom tcsuf w&yf jzpfa=umif;/ ygwDw&yfvH k;u &Jabmfrsm;em;vnfxm;&rnf ” [k ajymcJ honf? (“ynm wwf rsm;ud k rsm;rsm;odrf;oGif;yg ” vufa&G;pifusrf;/twG J 2)
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od k@&mwGif ynmwwfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmo!f htwGuf ygwDwGif jy\emopfrsm; ay:vmonf?wyfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm;u olwdk@ud k r,H kouF m jzpf=uonf? ynmwwfawGu tvkyform;rsm;/ppfom;rsm;ESif h eifvm;/ igvm; ,SOfI/ tvkyf=urf;vkyf&ef aemufcsef=u onf? tacsmiform;0g'ESif hwufvrf;&Sm0g'rsm; ay:aygufvmonf? ygwDwGif;odk@ ulrifwef olv#dKrsm; 0ifvmonf?
pifppfynmwwf[lonf/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm;jzpfonf? Ed kifiHa&;&if husufr_ enf;onf?Tt&mrsm;ud k ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf armfu ygwDwGif; vkyf[ef jyifa&; v_yf&S m;r_w&yf vk dtyfonf[k,lqonf?
1941 ckESpf ZGefvwGif [pfwvmu/ qd kAD,uf ,leD,Hud k 0ifwd kufonf? xd k@a=umih fw&kwfuGefjrLepfwd k@. *syefckcHppfonf qd kAD,uf ,leD,Htzd k@ ta&;w}uD; udpPw&yf jzpfvm onf?cyfapmapmu ygwDwGif;wGif armf. &efolrsm;u/ *syefckcHa&;ppfyG Jud k a&S@wef;wifae jcif;onfEd kifiHwum0g'ud k aemufwef;od k@ yd k@onf[k pGyfpG JcJ h=uonf? ,ck tjzpftysufrsm;u *syefckcHa&;ppf
rnfr# ta&;}uD;a=umif; jyvd kuf+yD? taemufzufwGif emZDu qd kAD,uf ,leD,Hud k 0ifwd kufae+yD?w&kwfjynfud k odrf;+yD;aemu/f *syefonf qd kAD,uf ,leD,Hud k wd kuf awmhrnf? armf. edrdwfzwfcsufaoG;xGufatmif rSefae+yD? [pfwvmu qd kAD,uf,leD,H ud k 0ifwd kufo!fhtcgwGif/ ygwDwGif;uarmf. &efolrsm;onf/ toHwdwfoG m;=uonf? rnfod k@jzpfap [pfwvmu qd kAD,uf,leD,Hud kwd kufjcif;onf ygwDwGif;u armf. &efolrsm;ud k tm;enf;oG m;aponf?
1941 ck 'DZifbmvwGif *syefu ykvJqdyfurf;ud k wd kufojzih f tar&duef ppfxJyg vmonf?tar&dueftzd k@ w&kwfjynf ppfajrjyifonf ta&;w}uD; jzpfvmonf? tar&duef onf csefau&S dwfud k
*syefESif hraygif;atmif wm;&awmhrnf? TudpPY w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDESih f wyfeDawmfonf ta&;}uD;o!f htcef;u ygaeonf? xd k@a=umif h w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. tcef;on/f urBmh twd kif;twmt& ta&;}uD;aomtcef;rS ygaeonf? uGefjrLepf qef@usif a&; vkyfief;rsm;ud k csefau&S dwf qufvkyfaev#if/rdrdwdk@tzd k@ 0rf;enf;zG,f tajctaeqdk; rsm;ESif h }uHKawG@&vdrf hrnf[k tar&duefu csefau&S dwfud kta=umif;=um;cJ honf?
armf. wGufudef; rSefae+yD? urB mhtv,fwGif *syefud k wd kuf&mY t"du tiftm;pk tjzpftodtrSwfjyKcHae+yDjzpfaom/ w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDtzd k@ aemufajcvSrf; vSrf;&awmh rnf? xd kajcvSrf;rS mtm%modrf;a&; ajcvSrf;jzpfonf? tm%modrf;Ed kifa&;twGuf ygwDud k jyefI wnfaqmuf&rnf?vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk qifE$J&rnf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf vHk;0atmifyGJcHa&;twGufjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf? vlxkvrf;pOfud k csrSwf&rnf? vkyf[efjyif& rnf? ygwDazmif;yGaejcif;ud k pDppf&rnf?tacsmiform;rsm;/ &efol@ olv#dKrsm;/ rvdkvm;tyfol rsm;udk ygwDwGif;rS oef@pifypf&rnf?*d k%f;*%rsm;ud k &Sif;ypf&rnf? ygwDord kif;ud k jyefa&;& rnf? Tvkyfief;onf ygwDud k ynmay;a&;vkyfief;}uD; jzpfonf?
armfonf oH k;ESpfjyifqif+yD;aemuf vkyf[ef jyifa&; v_yf&S m;r_}uD;ud k pwifonf? urB mwGift}uD;qH k;aom Ed kifiHa&;ynmay; v_yf&S m;r_}uD; jzpfonf? urB mhuGefjrLepfygwDrsm; xJwGif wcgr#
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22 / 5 /2011 ae hwGif *syefed kifiHwGif xkwfa0aeonfh tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; vywftpnf;ta0;od k hjrefrmed kifiHvH k;qd kif&m ausmif;om;wyfrawmf ABSDF rS taxGaxG twGif;a&;rS l;OD;qefeD rS {nf honfawmftjzpf wufa&mufcJ hygonf??
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15 / 5 / 2011 ae hwGif usif;yaomt}udrf 20 ajrmuf jrefrmh&d k;&m o}uFefyG JwGif tvif;tdrf rS &HyH kaiGaps;a&mif;&mY“0,f,ltm;ay;oH k ;aqmi f =uaom
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