linnaeus handout

Post on 11-May-2015

281 Views

Category:

Education

1 Downloads

Preview:

Click to see full reader

TRANSCRIPT

1

SEARCHING

&

CLASSIFYING

Universal taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus b mathesis universalis ofLeibniz are the ground of Michel Foucault’s conception ‘episteme’

Vasil Penchev, PhD, Assoc. Prof. –

Department “Philosophy of History”,

Institute for Philosophical Research of

the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

E-mail: vasildinev@gmail.com

http://four.fsphost.com/vasil7penchev

$EVWUDFW�‘Episteme’ designates the accepted mode of

acquiring and arranging knowledge in a

given period. An episteme unites the various

discourses and guarantees their coherence

within an underlying structure of implicit

assumptions about the status of knowledge.

The term has gained currency from the work

of the French philosopher Michel Foucault,

especially his Les Mots et les choses (The

Order of Things, 1966; Bulgarian edition:

GZmdZ b badmkl\h, 1990).

$EVWUDFW�

)RXFDXOW�DWWHPSWHG�WR�VKRZ�KRZ�DQ�

HSLVWHPH�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�UHVHPEODQFHV�ZDV�UHSODFHG�LQ�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�E\�D�QHZ�HSLVWHPH�RI�GLIIHUHQFHV�DQG�GLVWLQFWLRQV��ZKLOH�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�LQWURGXFHG�D�IXUWKHU�HSLVWHPH�RI�KLVWRULFDO�

HYROXWLRQ�

$EVWUDFW�##H�GLVSXWHG�/HLEKL]oV�LGHD�RI nPDWKHVLV�XQLYHUVDOLVo b nFKDUDFUFWHULVWLFD�

XQLYHUVDOLVo � pD�SURMHFW�RI�D�JHQHUDO�VFLHQFH�RI�RUGHU��D�WKHRU\�RI�VLJQ�

DQDO\]LQJ�WKH�ZD\�IRU�DQ\WKLQJ�WR�EH�UHSUHVHQWHGq��$OO�WKH�&KDSWHU����

p&ODVVLI\LQJq RI�/HV 0RWV HW�OHV FKRVHVLV�EDVHG�RI�ERWK�WKH�PDLQ�SDSHUV�RI�

&DUROXV�/LQQDHXV� 6\VWHPZ naturae��DQG�HVSHFLDOO\ 3KLORVRSKLH�botanique�

o0DWKHVLVo DQG oWD[RQRP\o7KHUHE\ URXJKO\��WKH H[WHQVLYH�QHWZRUN�RI�HPSLULFDO�NQRZOHGJH�ZDV�RXWOLQHG��WKDW�RI�QRQ�TXDQWLWDWLYH�RUGHULQJV��

0D\EH�D�GLVWDQW��EXW�SHUVLVWHQW XQLW\�RI�D�XQLYHUVDO WD[RQRP\ ZRXOG�EH�

SURPLQHQW�IRU�WKH�HQWLUH�FOHDUQHVV�DIWHU�/LQQ�ZKHQ�KH�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�KH�ZRXOG�EULQJ�WR�OLJKW�WKH�VDPH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�DQG�WKH�VDPH�RUGHU�LQ�DQ\�FRQFUHWH�GRPDLQV�

RI�QDWXUH�DQG�VRFLHW\�

2

VI. �0$7+(6,6� ?L �7$;,120,$�LQ Les mots et les choses E\�0��)RXFDXOW

p. 86-87

p:KDW�PDNHV�WKH�WRWDOLW\�RI�WKH�&ODVVLFDO�HSLVWHPH�SRVVLEOH�LV�SULPDULO\�WKH�UHODWLRQ�WR�D�

NQRZOHGJH�RI�RUGHU��:KHQ�GHDOLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�RUGHULQJ�RI�VLPSOH�QDWXUHV��RQH�KDV�UH�FRXUVH�WR�D PDWKHVLV��RI�

ZKLFK�WKH�XQLYHUVDO�PHWKRG�LV�DOJHEUDq��S����.

“:KHQ�GHDOLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�RUGHULQJ�RI�FRPSOH[�QDWXUHV��UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV�LQ�

JHQHUDO��DV�WKH\�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�H[SHULHQFH���RQH�KDV�WR�FRQVWLWXWH�DWD[LQRPLD��DQG�WR�GR�WKDW�RQH�KDV�WR�HVWDEOLVK�D�V\VWHP�RI�VLJQV��7KHVH�VLJQV�DUH�WR�WKH�RUGHU�RI�FRPSRVLWH�

QDWXUHV�ZKDW�DOJHEUD�LV�WR�WKH�RUGHU�RI�VLPSOH�QDWXUHVq (p. 71).

www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/

foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm

The English translation is from:

VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc

7RPEVWRQH�RI�/LQQDHXV 6\VWHPZ naturae �3KLORVRSKLH�botanique

Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics.

While the underlying

details concerning what

are considered to be scientifically valid 'observable charac-teristics' has changed with expanding knowledge, the fundamental principle remains sound.

3

6\VWHPD naturae In Systema naturae (1735) he presented his classification of plants, animals, and

minerals, and in Genera plantarum

(1737) he explained his system for classifying plants largely on the basis

of the number of stamens and pistils in the flower. Despite the artificiality of some of his premises, the Linnaean system has remained the basis of

modern taxonomy.

%HFDXVH�/LQQDHXV ZDV�WKH�ILUVW�WR�DFKLHYH�D�FRQVLVWHQW�DQG�HIILFLHQW�V\VWHP�RI�QRPHQFODWXUH��ERWDQLVWV�DJUHHG�LQ������WR�DFFHSW�KLV�p6SHFLHV�SODQWDUXPq ���YROV���������DQG�]RRORJLVWV�DJUHHG�WR�DFFHSW�WKH�WHQWK�HGLWLRQ�RI�KLV�

p6\VWHPD�QDWXUDHq �������DV�WKH�RIILFLDO�VWDUWLQJ�SRLQWV�IRU�VFLHQWLILF�

QDPHV�RI�SODQWV�DQG�DQLPDOV�

7KH�6LJQDWXUH�RI�/LQQDHXV

3KLORVRSKLH�botanique7KH�)LUVW�(GLWLRQ�RI

3+,/262),$�%27$1,&$

4

7KH�PDLQ�SULQFLSOHV�RI�/LQQHDXV�WD[RQRP\

*UDGXDOO\ /LQQDHXV DOVR�GHYHORSHG�D�FRQVLVWHQW�V\VWHP�RI�QDPHV��LQ�ZKLFK�HDFK�VSHFLHV�RI�SODQW�DQG�DQLPDO�KDG�D�JHQXV�QDPH�IROORZHG�E\�D�VSHFLILF�QDPH��,W�ZDV�FDOOHG�%LQRPLDO�1RPHQFODWXUH�DQG�

&ODVVLILFDWLRQ�

7KH�&RDW�RI�$UPV�RI�&DUO�YRQ�/LQQé

)UHQFK�'LFWLRQDU\�DERXWles mots et

les choses

(1680)

Les mots et les chosesE\�0LFKHO�)RXFDXOW

/HV�PRWV�HW�OHV�FKRVHV� 7KH�2UGHU�RI�7KLQJV��LQ�(QJOLVK�

Frontispiece

for

Foucault's

The Orderof Things,28.5" x 19",acrylic on panel,1995.Private collection�

Jeffrey Abt

pfOoKRPPH�QoHVW�TXoXQH�LQYHQWLRQ�UéFHQWH��XQH�ILJXUH�TXL�QoD�SDV�GHX[�VLèFOHV��XQ�

VLPSOH�SOL�GDQV�QRWUH�VDYRLU��HW�TXoLO�GLVSDUDîWUD GèV�TXH�FHOXL�FL�DXUD�WURXYé XQH�IRUPH�QRXYHOOHq��S������

5

pePDQ�LV�RQO\�D�UHFHQW�LQYHQWLRQ��D�ILJXUH�QRW�\HW�WZR�FHQWXULHV�ROG��D�QHZ�ZULQNOH�LQ�RXU�NQRZOHGJH��DQG�WKDW�KH�ZLOO�GLVDSSHDU�

DJDLQ�DV�VRRQ�DV�WKDW�NQRZOHGJH�KDV�GLVFRYHUHG�D�

QHZ�IRUPq��S� [[LL��

“$�SDUWLU�GH�TXHO�a priori

KLVWRULTXH�D�W�LO�éWé SRVVLEOH�GH�GéILQLU OH�JUDQG�GDPLHU�GHV�LGHQWLWéV�GLVWLQFWHV�TXL�VoéWDEOLW�VXU�OH�IRQG�EURXLOOé��LQGéILQL��

VDQV�YLVDJH�HW�FRPPH�LQGLIIéUHQW��GHV�GLIIéUHQFHV?” (p. 15)

p:KDW�KLVWRULFDO�D��SULRUL SURYLGHG�WKH�VWDUWLQJ�SRLQW�IURP�ZKLFK�LW�ZDV�SRVVLEOH�WR�GHILQH�WKH�JUHDW�FKHFNHUERDUG�RI�GLVWLQFW�LGHQWLWLHV�HVWDEOLVKHG�DJDLQVW�WKH�FRQIXVHG��XQGHILQHG��IDFHOHVV��DQG��DV�LW�ZHUH��LQGLIIHUHQW�EDFNJURXQG�RI�

GLIIHUHQFHV"q��S��[[LLL�

www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/

foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm

The English translation is from:

VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc

7KH�ILUVW�HGLWLRQ�������

,WV�0RWWR�RI�3DLQWLQJ

6

$Q�,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�LWV�p3DLQWLQJ�0RWWRq -

Velaskez’ “Las Meninas” (1656)

7KH�SDLQWHU�UHSUHVHQWLQJ�pOHV�PRWV�HW�OHV�FKRVHVq��pWKH�ZRUGV�DQG�WKH�WKLQJVq��DQG�WKHLU�FRQQHFWLRQ��QDPHO\�pWKH�RUGHU�RI�

WKLQJVq��ZDV�DV�WKH�KLGGHQ��LQYLVLEOH�DV��WKH�UHDO�IRFXV�RI�WKH�FDQYDV��DQG�ZKDW�LV�PRUH�KH�KDG�GHSLFWHG�KLP�KLPVHOI��WKH�GHSLFWHU��WKH�KLGGHQ�IRFXV����MXVW�DV�D�OHDYLQJ�SHUVRQ��IRUPDOO\ LQ�WKH�EDFNJURXQG��EXW�WKH�WUXH�

OLJKW�FHQWHU RI�WKH�SDLQWLQJ

6FKROLD7KH�UHSUHVHQWLQJ��GHSLFWLQJ��FODVVLI\LQJ��FUHDWLQJ�WKH�GLFWLRQDU\�RI�pOHV�PRWV�HW�OHV�FKRVHVq��LQ RXU�FDVH�� /LQQé��LV�ZKR�KLGHV�KLPVHOI�f�LQWR�KLV�FUHDWLRQ��%\�DQDORJLDHQWLV��ZH�DV�/LQQé PD\�VXJJHVW��WKDW�WKH�&UHDWRU�RI�1DWXUH�KDV�KLGGHQ�+LPVHOI�LQ�VRPH�QDWXUDO�WKLQJ�LQ�VXFK�D�ZD\�WR�RUGHU�

�DQG�KRSHIXOO\��WR�DOORZ�IRU�+LV�&UHDWLRQ�WR�EH�FODVVLILHG�E\�XV��SHRSOH��WKH�OLYLQJ�EHLQJV�

DV�7KHLU�5HDO�)RFXV�

7KH�&UHDWRU�RI�1DWXUH��DQG LQ�SDUWLFXODU�RI�SODQWV��LV�

pQDWXUDOq�WR�KLGH�+LPVHOI�LQ�WKH�pFUHDWLYHq��L�H��

UHSURGXFWLYH�RUJDQV��DQG�E\�ZKLFK�WR�DOORZ�IRU�/LQQDHXV�WR�

FODVVLI\�DOO�WKH�SODQWV�

�0DWKHVLV XQLYHUVDOLV�DIWHU�'HVFDUWHV

UHJXOæ IV

5XOH�,9�WKH�SHQXOWLPDWH�SDUDJUDSK�

“… there must be some general science to

explain everything which can be asked

concerning measure and order not predicated

of any special subject matter. This, I

perceived, was called “Universal

Mathematics”, not a far fetched designation,

but one of long standing which has passed

into current use, because in this science is

contained everything on account of which

others are called parts of mathematics.”

p0DWKHVLV�XQLYHUVDOLVq�DQG�WKH�RWKHU�UXOHV�RI�WKH�5HJXOæ

7

-RKQ�$��6FKXVWHU��'HVFDUWHVo�0DWKHVLV�8QLYHUVOLV�������� ��

In: 'HVFDUWHV��3KLORVRSK\��0DWKHPDWLFV�DQG�3K\VLFV��7KH�+DUYHVWHU�3UHVV��6XVVH[%XUQHV �1REOH�ERRNV��1HZ�-HUVH\��������SS��������

0DWKHVLV�XQLYHUVDOLV�DIWHU�/HLEQL]

&$/&8/(086�p,WDTXH�SURIHUWXU KLF�FDOFXOXV TXLGDP�QRYXV

HW PLULILFXV��TXL�LQ�RPQLEXV QRVWULV�UDWLRFLQDWLRQLEXV ORFXP KDEHW��HW�TXL�QRQ�

PLQXV�DFFXUDWH SURFHGLW� TXDP�$ULWKPHWLFD�DXW $OJHEUD��4XR DGKLELWR�VHPSHU�WHUPLQDUL�SRVVXQW�FRQWURYHUVLDH TXDQWXP�H[ GDWLV�HDV�GHWHUPLQDUL�SRVVLELOH HVW� PDQX�WDQWXP DG

FDODPXP�DGPRWD� XW�VXIILFLDW GXRVGLVSXWDQWHV�RPLVVLV�YHUERUXP�

FRQFHUWDWLRQLEXV�VLEL�LQYLFHP�GLFHUH�F�D�O�F�X�O�H�P�X�Vq �S������

http://www.uni-muenster.de/Leibniz

- BandVI4 - TeilbandA: Seite 1-509

Synopsis libri cui titulus er it:

Initia et Specimina Scientiae novaeGeneralis

pro Instauratione et Augmentis Scientiarum

ad publicam felicitatem

/�(�7��8�6

&�$�/�&�8�/�$�7�(�!p7KHUH�LV�GHOLYHUHG�D�FHUWDLQ�QHZ�DQG�ZRQ�GHUIXO FDOFXODWLRQ��ZKLFK�KDV�UHODWLRQ�WR�DOO�RXU�UHIOHFWLRQV�DQG�ZKLFK�LV�SURFHHGHG�QRW�OHVV�DFFXUDWH�WKHQ�$ULWKPHWLF�DQG�$OJHEUD��$V�DSSOLHG�WR FRQWURYHUVLRQV��WKH\�FDQ�WHU�PLQDWH DOZD\V�DV�WKH\�DUH�VROXEOH�RQ�GDWD�MXVW�E\�SXWWLQJ�SHQ�WR�SDSHU��LW�LV�VXIILFLHQW�IRU�WZR�GLVSXWHUV�RPLWWLQJ�YHUEDO�SOHDGLQJV�WR�VD\�HDFK�RWKHU��OHW�XV��F�D�O�F�X�O�D�W�H�q

INITIA SCIENTIAE GENERALIS.

CONSPECTUS SPECIMINUM

“I. 0DWKHPDWLFD�*HQHUDOLV��GH�0DJ-QLWXGLQH�VLYH�4XDQWLWDWH��HW 6LPLOLWXGLQH�� VLYH�TXDOLWDWH� GHWHUPLQDQGLV��TXD�1XPHURUXP WDP FHUWRUXP TXRV�$ULWK-PHWLFD�WUDGLW� TXDP�LQFHUWRUXP�TXLEXV$OJHEUD RFFXSDWXU��FDOFXOXV RPQLV�QRYLV�DUWLEXV�SHUILFLWXU� DEVROYXQWXUTXH�TXDH�KDFWHQXV YLVD�QRQ VXQW LQ SRWHVWDWHq �S��

����

8

(OHPHQWV�RI�8QLYHUVDO�6FLHQFH

p,��8QLYHUVDO�PDWKHPDWLFV IRU�PDJQLWXGHV��RU�TXDQWLWLHV��DQG�VLPL�ODULWLHV��RU�TXDOLWLHV��WR�EH�GHWHUPL�QHG��DOO�WKH�FDOFXODWLRQV�UHDOL]H�E\�QHZ�PHWKRGV�E\�QXPEHUV�DV�IL[HG��ZKLFK�DULWKPHWLF�VWXGLHV��DV�LQGHIL�QLWH��ZKLFK�DOJHEUD�VWXGLHV� DQG�E\�ZKLFK�ZKDW�VHHPV�KLWKHUWR�LPSRV�

VLEOH UHVROYHV�q

3DUV�,���,QLWLD 6FLHQWLDH�*HQHUDOLV

/LE��,��(OHPHQWD�9HULWDWLV DHWHUQDH �VHX GH�IRUPD DUJXPHQWDQGL TXD�

SHUPRGXP FDOFXOL RPQHV�FRQWURYHUVLDHGHPRQVWUDWLYH WROODQWXU f

/LE��,,��'H�$UWH�,QYHQLHQGL f �S������f

/LE��,,,� &RQVLOLXP GH (QF\FORSDHGLD�FRQGHQGD� YHOXW�,QYHQWDULR�FRJQLWLRQLV�KXPDQDH�FRQGHQGR f �S������

Part I. Principles of Universal

Science

%RRN����7KH�HOHPHQWV�RI�HWHUQDO�YHULW\ f DOO�WKH FRQWURYHUVLRQV VHWWOH�

E\�PHDQV�RI�FDOFXODWLRQVf%RRN����7KH�DUW�RI�GLVFRYHU\ f%RRN����$�SODQ�IRU�(QF\FORSHGLD��IRU�DQ�DFFHVVLRQ�ERRN�RI�KXPDQ�NQRZOHGJH�WR�EH�FUHDWHG�f

.DQWoV�.ULWLN�GHU�UHLQHQ�9HUQXQIW

The first edition The second edition

3K��6ORDQ�DERXW�pWKH�ELRORJLFDO�URRWV�RI�.DQWoV�D�SULRULq

p.HLPHq�DQG�p$QODJHq�DIWHU�.DQW

p�S�������WKH�WHUPV�.HLPH��FRPPRQO\�UHQGHUHG�LQ�(QJOLVK�WUDQVOWLRQV�DV�pVHHGq��EXW�ZKLFK�,�FRQVLGHU�EHVW�

UHQGHUHG�ZLWKLQ�LWV�KLVWRULFDO�FRQWH[W�E\�WHUP�pJHUPq��DQG�$QODJH��XVXDOO\�WUDQ�VODWHG�DV�pGLVSRVLWLRQq��pSUHGLVSRVL�

WLRQq��pDSWLWXGHq��RU�pFDSDFLW\q��,�KDYH�VHWWOHG�RQ�WKH�WHUP�pSUHGLVSRVL�WLRQq�DV�WKH�EHVW�FRQWH[WXDOL]HG�UHQGLWLRQ�”

9

)URP�.DQWoV�.ULWLN�GHU�UHLQHQ�9HUQXQIW �WUDQVO��E\�3K��6ORDQ�

p7KH�IRXQGDWLRQV�>Gründe@�ZKLFK�OLH�LQ�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�RUJDQLF�ERG\��SODQW�RU�DQLPDO��IRU�D�GHWHUPLQDWH�XQIROGLQJ�>EHVWLPWHQ

$XVZLFNHOXQJ@�DUH�FDOOHG�JHUPV�>Keime@�ZKHQ�WKLV�XQIROGLQJ�DIIHFWV�VSHFLILF�SDUWV��%XW�ZKHQ�LW�DIIHFWV�RQO\�WKH�VL]H�RU�WKH�

UHODWLRQV�RI�WKH�SDUWV�WR�RQH�DQRWKHU��,�FDOO�WKHP�QDWXUDO�SUHGLSRVLWLRQV�>natürliche

Anlagen@�q

)URP�.DQWoV�.ULWLN�GHU�UHLQHQ�9HUQXQIW �WUDQVO��E\�3K��6ORDQ�

p,Q�ELUGV�RI�WKH�VDPH�FSHFLHV��ZKLFK�KDSSHQ�WR�OLYH�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�FOLPDWHV��OLH�JHUPV�IRU�WKH�XQIROGLQJ�RI�D�QHZ�OD\HU�RI�IHDWHUV��LI�WKH\�OLYH�LQ�FROG�FOLPDWHV��ZKLFK�ZLOO�EH�VXUSULVHG�ZKHQ�WH\ UHVLGH�LQ�WHPSHUDWXUH�

>FOLPDWHV@f�q

p&KDQFH�RU�JHQHUDO�PHFKDQLFDO�ODZV[algemeine mechanische Gesetze] FDQQRW�EULQJ�EHLQJ�IRUWK�VXFK�DGDSWDWLRQV��7KHUH�E\�ZH�PXVW�FRQVLGHU�VXFK�RSSRUWXQLVWLF�XQIROGLQJ[Auswickelungen] DV�SUHIRUPHG [vorgebildet].

(YHQ�WKHQ��ZKHUH�QRWKLQJ�SXUSRVLYH�LV�GLVSOD\HG, WKH�EDUH�FDSDFLW\ [vermögen] WR�SURSDJDWH�LWV�VSHFLDO�DFTXLUHG�FKDUDFWHU�LV�

DOUHDG\�GHPRQVWUDWLRQ�HQRXJK�WKDW�D�SDUWLFXODU�JHUP�RU�QDWXUDO�SUHGLVSRVLWLRQ[Keime oder natürliche Anlagen] IRU�LW�KDV�EHHQ�GLVFRYHUHG�LQ�RUJDQLF�FUHDWLRQ�q

7UDQVODWLRQ�E\�3K��6ORDQ

(op. cit. p. 240)

Immanuel Kant. Kritik der

reinen Vernunft (Hamburh: Meiner, 1980), S. 433-435.

Editor: Jens Timmerman

.DQWoV .ULWLN GHU�8UWHLOVNUDIW

S. 424

“Wenn man dagegen an dem Verteidigerder Epigenesis den großen Vorzug, den erin Ansehung der Erfahrungsgründe zum Beweise seiner Theorie vor dem ersteren

hat, gleich nicht kennete: so würde die Ver-nunft doch schon zum voraus für seine Er-klärungsart mit vorzüglicher Gunst einge-nommen sein, weil sie die Natur in Anse-hung der Dinge, welche man ursprünglich

nur nach der Kausalität der Zwecke sich alsmöglich vorstellen kann…”

10

“ … doch wenigstens, was die Fort-pflanzung betrifft, als selbst hervor-bringend, nicht bloß als entwickelnd,

betrachtet, und so doch mit dem kleinst-möglichen Aufwande des Übernatürlichen alles Folgende vom ersten Anfange an der

Natur überläßt (ohne aber über diesen ersten Anfang, an dem die Physik

überhaupt scheitert, sie mag es mit einer Kette der Ursachen versuchen, mit welcher

sie wolle, etwas zu bestimten)”�

$FFRUGLQJ�WR�.DQW��WKH�WKHRU\�RIHSLJHQHVLV�FRQVLGHUHG�QDWXUH�QRW�RQO\�DV�GHYHORSLQJ��EXW�DOVR�DV�

VHOI�JHQHUDWLYH�QDWXUH

.DQWoV .ULWLN GHU UHLQHQ�9HUQXQIW

S. 128

“Folglich bleibt nur das zweite übrig(gleichsam ein System der

Epigenesis der reinen Vernunft):daß nämlich die Kategorien von

seiten des Verstandes die Gründeder Möglichkeit aller Erfahrung

überhaupt enthalten.”

7UDQVODWHG�E\�-��0��'��0HLNOHMRKQ

p&RQVHTXHQWO\��QRWKLQJ�UHPDLQV�EXW�WR�DGRSW�WKH�VHFRQG�DOWHUQDWLYH��ZKLFK�SUHVHQWV�XV�ZLWK�D�V\VWHP��DV�LW�ZHUH��RI�WKH HSLJHQHVLV RI�SXUH�UHDVRQ���QDPHO\��WKDW�RQ�WKH�SDUW�RI�WKH�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�WKH�FDWHJRULHV�GR�

FRQWDLQ�WKH�JURXQGV�RI�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�DOO�H[SHULHQFH�q

www.ilt.columbia.edu/academic/digitexts/kant/

pure_reason/pure_reason.txt

.DQWoV .ULWLN GHU UHLQHQ�9HUQXQIW

S. 84

11

Der transzendentalen Analytik

Die Analytik der Begriffe

p:LU�ZHUGHQ DOVR�GLH UHLQHQ�%HJULIIH�ELV�]X�LKUHQ�HUVWHQ�.HLPHQ XQG�$QODJHQLP�PHQVFKOLFKHQ�9HUVWDQGH�YHUIROJHQ��LQGHQHQ�VLH�YRUEHUHLWHW�OLHJHQ� ELV�VLH�

HQGOLFK�EHL�*HOHJHQKHLW GHU (UIDKUXQJ�HQWZLFNHOW XQG GXUFK�HEHQGHQVHOEHQ�9HUVWDQG��YRQ�GHQ�LKQHQ DQKäQJHQGHQ�HPSLULVFKHQ�%HGLQJXQJHQ�EHIUHLW��LQLKUHU�/DXWHUNHLW�GDUJHVWHOOW�ZHUGHQ�q

Translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn

p:H�VKDOO�WKHUHIRUH�IROORZ�XS�WKH�SXUH�FRQFHSWLRQV�HYHQ�WR�WKHLU�JHUPV�DQG�

EHJLQQLQJV�LQ�WKH�KXPDQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ��LQ�ZKLFK�WKH\�OLH��XQWLO�WKH\�DUH�

GHYHORSHG�RQ�RFFDVLRQV�SUHVHQWHG�E\�H[SHULHQFH��DQG��IUHHG�E\�WKH�VDPH�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�IURP�WKH�HPSLULFDO�FRQGLWLRQV�DWWDFKLQJ�WR�WKHP��DUH�VHW�IRUWK�LQ�WKHLU�XQDOOR\HG�SXULW\�q

&RQFOXVLRQ�

XVII century, the century of Linnépassed under the sign of classification. It was sanctioned by a leaving His Creation

Creator, however yet remaining the focus of things, the order of thing as a specific part of the world allowing for people to

classify all the plants and animals…

Two centuries later, Michel Foucault attempted to classify analogically all

the knowledge not by its correspondence to things, but by its coherence with itself. The hidden

focus of his notion of “epistema”, of that coherence of words with

themselves, turned out Linné’sprinciple of classification…

top related