laura david, roselle borja , upmsi
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Laura David, Roselle Borja, UPMSI
ML San Diego-McGlone, Ph.D.
Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptability Assessment Tools
Faith Varona, TAO-Pilipinas
Mike AtrigenioAdopted from L. David’s and P. Alino’s PresentationsUP Marine Science Institute
Climate Change and its effects on the integrity of the coastal system
The COASTAL ZONE
Is the interface between land, sea and atmosphere.
It contains natural systems that provide more than half of the global ecosystem goods (e.g., fish, oil, minerals) and services (e.g., natural protection from storms and tidal waves, recreation).
In addition, 14 of the world’s 17 largest megacities are located along coasts and most of them (11) are located in Asia’s fastest growing economies.
http://www.loicz.org/about_us/index.html.en
Dynamic Environment – Changing Space through Time :
Daily changes with TIDE
Seasonal changes with STORMS
Long-term changes- sediment transport
F. Siringan
So when we talk about Climate Change effects to the coasts we are talking about
• changes that affect the the frequency and intensity of these natural cycles or
• changes beyond these natural cycles
• More intense storms due to increased SST • Sea Level Rise
When we talk about Climate Change effects to the coasts we are also talking about Impacts to system function that have consequence to human activities:
The problem of climate change is the increase in frequency of bleaching events which do not allow for RECOVERY TIME
with just a 0.3C increase per decade the number of bleaching incidents are expected to almost double
Examples on impact to coastal resources: increase in ocean temperature leads to coral bleaching
Eroded reef/ low diversity/ less fishReef/ healthy cover/ more fish
Photos: Mike Atrigenio
Sutherst 2000
Heliopora
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007
Response of reefs to sea level rise
Source: Lecture 8 of MS 230 course, Dr. F.P. Siringan
Loss of Reef Spells more coastal erosion
Aside from providing habitat for fish a Healthy Reef also acts as barrier
damaged by a strong typhoon leaving behind half concrete walls, floor slabs and a septic vault
Coastal Erosion leads to these familiar faces of climate related disasters
Other barriers such as a seawall can be put up to replace damaged reefs however, the current cost
estimate of building a seawall is about 39.2 M PhP/km
Biodiversity Zonation
Middle SeawardLandward
Laura T. David and M
aricar Samson
With seedlings being more susceptible
THUS ALSO AFFECTING BIODIVERSITY
All this will affect
www.openclimate.org
Adaptive Management through(MEMES) Motivating Ecosystem Management
Enhancement Strategy
Melbourne-Thomas et al. 2010
Maintaining Coastal IntegrityAnd Equitable Access
• Restoring coastal protection• Effective erosion buffers• Sustaining coastal integrity• Thresholds maintained within
acceptable limits vis-a-vis coastal erosion, sedimentation and thermal anomalies
• Organizing coastwatch • Reducing threats and sharing
costs• Enhancing equitable access• Disaster risk reduction
LUZON
South China Sea (B)
North Philippine Sea(A-1)
Sulu Sea (C)
VisayanSeas (D)
Celebes Sea (E)
SouthPhilippineSea(A-2)
SST and coral bleaching needs MPA network resiliency system
Maintaining coastal integrity amidst extreme weather events
Managing fisheries in ENSO & La Nina regimes
Reducing siltation from high precipitation
SLR zoning adjustments
Sustaining Resilient Knowledge-Based Communities
•The STEWARDS CAN Partnership: Seeing a Sea Change• Understanding and adapting wisely• Pressures, State and Responses• Baseline profiling & vulnerability assessment
397473 504
840
1,465
1,847
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2006 2011 2013 2035 2076 2101
Year
Are
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f M
PA
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sq
km
Protecting 10% of the coral reefs in the Philippines would take 100 years: accelerate the area covered and improve its effectiveness
MPA Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MPA MEAT)
• Based on Philippine experience on MPAs
• Evidence-based• Use of thresholds, scores, and
management focus• Scores = amount of effort• Levels = important factors
towards effective management
Why Form MPA Networks?
Existing connectivity among ecosystems at various scales: benefits from natural networks need to be sustained
Single MPAs may not be enough for protection at larger scales.
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Sample Benefits Derived from Inter-LGU Collaboration
(Cost for CLE operations per square kilometer of municipal waters)
Individual LGUs enforcing their respective municipal waters
(effective enforcement up to 5 kilometers)
Inter-LGU Coastal Resource Management with joint enforcement
(effective enforcement up to 10 kilometers)
LGU 1
PhP 528.60
LGU 2
PhP 2,217.68
LGU 3
PhP 879.18
LGU 4
PhP 12,780.53
LGU 5
PhP 293.95
LGU 1
PhP 467.64
LGU 2
PhP 1,095.14
LGU 3
PhP 418.84
LGU 4
PhP 6,744.44
LGU 5
PhP 242.21
The Philippine Environmental Governance 2 Project
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Pilar
V her
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a
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buna
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Talis
ay
Name of MPA
Me
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fis
h b
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as
s (
MT
/sq
.m)
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Fish BiomassFish Biomass
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1015202530354045
Name of MPA
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iola
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2006
May-07
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