medicinal plants-hibiscus, roselle

9
Medicinal Plants-Hibiscus, Roselle Galina S. Karman TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Qualities and Use Preparation Physical Characteristics Cultivation Chemical Components Isolation and Synthesis Experimental Applications in Animals Experimental Applications in Humans Use in Industry Interesting Facts Definition List Bibliography Source: Copyright © 2008 Truestar Health & Healthnotes, Inc. Permission requested. www.truestarhealth.com [8] Introduction Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (common name Roselle ) is a medicinal plant in the Malvaceae family that originated in Egypt. Its original Arabic name is Karkade. Other common names are Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Lozey, Cabitutu, Vinuela, Oseille de Guinee, Pink Lemonade Flower, Vinagrillo, and Afrika Bamyasi . [1] Hibiscus is considered to be a tropical plant that grows annually. There are a lot of different varieties of Hibiscus seeds around the world, including India, Africa, Sudan, Jamaica, China, Philippines, and the United States. The largest germoplasm collections are stored in Maryland and Australia. All the parts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. are used for medicinal purposes, especially in alternative medicine. Qualities and Use Evil Jungle Prince (blog) Copywright DesertModernism.com Permission requested. Link to source Besides the pleasant aroma and beauty of the plant itself, Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. possesses qualities of traditional medicinal plants and food. As a medicine, Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. is used as a therapeutic, a laxative, an anticarcogenic, an antihypertensive, and a cholesterol lowering medicine. Also, it is exhibits great antioxidant activity, lowers hepatoxicity and reduces fever. Hibiscus leaves and flowers can be used in medicinal applications as a soothing reagent for cough, poor appetite and as an anti-bacterial reagent. Almost all parts of the Hibiscus plant are considered diuretic and antiscorbutic in their action. Hibiscus flowers are also used in the production of food, such as yogurts, ice-creams, butter with a wonderful aroma, hot ad cold teas, and syrup. Also, the calyx can be used as a preservative in different types of food, such as jellies and sauces due to the calyx's acidity.[2] Hibiscustea is enormously popular not only for relaxational use, but also in various treatments. Hibiscus tea tastes tart with cranberry-like notes. Hibiscus seeds are used in the production of vegetable oil in China, and sometimes as a coffee substitute. Hibiscus root is edible and used as an apperetive and tonic in the Philippines. The fibrous part of Hibiscus is used in the production of twine and cord known as "rosella hemp." Preparation

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Page 1: Medicinal Plants-Hibiscus, Roselle

2/24/13 Medicinal Plants-Hibiscus, Roselle

mason.gmu.edu/~gkarman/projects/plant/plant.htm 1/9

Medicinal Plants-Hibiscus, Roselle

Galina S. Karman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IntroductionQualities and UsePreparationPhysical CharacteristicsCultivationChemical ComponentsIsolation and SynthesisExperimental Applications in AnimalsExperimental Applications in HumansUse in IndustryInteresting FactsDefinition ListBibliography

Source: Copyright © 2008 Truestar Health & Healthnotes, Inc.Permission requested.

www.truestarhealth.com [8]

Introduction

Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (common name Roselle ) is a medicinal plant in the Malvaceae family that originated inEgypt. Its original Arabic name is Karkade. Other common names are Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Lozey, Cabitutu,Vinuela, Oseille de Guinee, Pink Lemonade Flower, Vinagrillo, and Afrika Bamyasi. [1] Hibiscus is considered to

be a tropical plant that grows annually. There are a lot of different varieties of Hibiscus seeds around the world,including India, Africa, Sudan, Jamaica, China, Philippines, and the United States. The largest germoplasmcollections are stored in Maryland and Australia. All the parts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. are used for medicinalpurposes, especially in alternative medicine.

Qualities and Use

Evil Jungle Prince (blog)

Copywright DesertModernism.com

Permission requested.Link to source

Besides the pleasant aroma and beauty of the plant itself, Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. possesses qualities of traditionalmedicinal plants and food. As a medicine, Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. is used as a therapeutic, a laxative, an

anticarcogenic, an antihypertensive, and a cholesterol lowering medicine. Also, it is exhibits great antioxidantactivity, lowers hepatoxicity and reduces fever. Hibiscus leaves and flowers can be used in medicinal applications

as a soothing reagent for cough, poor appetite and as an anti-bacterial reagent. Almost all parts of the Hibiscus

plant are considered diuretic and antiscorbutic in their action. Hibiscus flowers are also used in the production offood, such as yogurts, ice-creams, butter with a wonderful aroma, hot ad cold teas, and syrup. Also, the calyx can

be used as a preservative in different types of food, such as jellies and sauces due to the calyx's acidity.[2]

Hibiscustea is enormously popular not only for relaxational use, but also in various treatments. Hibiscus tea tastestart with cranberry-like notes. Hibiscus seeds are used in the production of vegetable oil in China, and sometimes

as a coffee substitute. Hibiscus root is edible and used as an apperetive and tonic in the Philippines. The fibrouspart of Hibiscus is used in the production of twine and cord known as "rosella hemp."

Preparation

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delphinidin, (delphinidin chloride), 2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol

chloride(UPAC) is a part of anthocyanin group

esculetin, (cichorigenin), 6,7-dihydroxychromen-2-one (UPAC) serves as antioxidant

The Hibiscus calyx is used mostly for food production and treatment purposes. The calyx is obtained from the plant

and processed to a dry consistency. In some applications, chemical components are extracted from dried calycesand then used in experiments or treatments. But for food and tea production, whole dried calyces and even leaves

are used as a raw component.

Physical Characteristics

Copyright Blog OF Lionel AranhaPermission requested.

Link to source

Hibiscus is a tall branched plant with a stem length of about 2 meters (6 feet) with large red to purple flowers. The

flowers have a berry-like aroma with a balanced tart flavor. In its Sabdariffa variety, flowers can be pale yellowwith pink circles on the petals. Both varieties of Hibiscus have poor quality fiber. The flowers are hermaphroditic

(posses characteristics of both sexes) and are propagated by insects. Hibiscus's leaves are alternate, glabrous,

long-petiolate, palmately divided into 3–7 lobes. Calyces can be different sizes but mostly differentiate in diameter(from 0.5 to 1.5 inches).[5]

Cultivation

Hibiscus should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season usually in April, but in August in Florida. Seeds

have to be planted about 1cm deep into the ground and about 50 cm apart one from another in order to obtain agood yield of large calyces. Manure and weeding will increase the calyx yield. Cuttings of Hibiscus can be used for

the cultivation as a parent source. The soil must be moist and well-drained but can be acidic or basic, light or

heavy. It requires significant sunlight but tolerate heavy winds and rains and temperatures ranging from 12.5 C to

27.5 C and a pH range from 4.5 to 8.0.[6] Hibiscus growth is also very sensitive to the solar calendar. It blooms

better during the short days with a less light. Blooms can survive for up to two months. Its total cultivating and

maturing time is approximately four months. Hibiscus is susceptible to fungi, virus and bacteria attack. There areseveral insects that attack it as well.

Chemical Components

There are three major effective agents present in Hibiscus:[13]

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cyanidin, (cyanidine, cyanidol), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol (UPAC) is a

part of anthocyanin group

Protocatechuic Acid

(PCA) or Phenolic

Acid

Protocatecuic acid

isolated from Hibiscus

showed antioxidant,

anticancer and

antihepatocyts effects

in experiments onanimals and

humans.Moreover

presence of phenolic

acid in the plant

structure protect plant

itself from pathogenicmicroorganisms.[18]

In one study

conducted in it was

conluded that the blue

and red color of

flowers was due to the

alkali or alkali-earth

phenolic acid that wasforming oxonium salts

with acids.[16] In

ordrer to islolate

phenolic acid, ten

killogram of flower

petals of okra was

harvested, them

sepatrated into two

portions: red and

white. Then, 95percent ethanol and

0.1/HCl-95 percent of

ethanol were used to

extract white and red

Hibiscus flowers contain gossypetin, anthocyanin, and glycoside hibiscin, which have diuretic and choleretic effects

controling the proper level of blood viscosity, reducing blood pressure and enhancing activity of

intestinalperistalsis.[6], [8]Dried flowers contain ascorbic acid and have antiscorbutic effects. One of the benefitsof chemical components of Hibiscus is the ability to oxidize lipoproteins that can contribute to atherosclerosis if

present in the body in high concentration. Chemical components that contribute to the oxidation of phospholipids

are flavonoids, polyphenolics and anthocyanins. They act by diluting the concentration of waxy buildup in the

arteries due to the action of lipoproteins.

Isolation and Synthesis

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portions of plant

respectevely. After

several steps 1-

Butanol was isolated

that induced a

production of 1 mol of

quercetin and

glucose.Protocatechuic

acid was obtained bythe process of alkaline

degradation.[18]

Hibiscus

anthocyanins (HAs)

Cyanidin

Delphinidin

Isolation of

Anthocyanins pigments

was studied in 1917

by isolating it from

flowers such as

poppies, peonies andetc.Different colors

that were present in

the plants was thought

coming from the

reaction of

anthocyanins.

Willstatter was one ofthe sintists who

devided plants and

fruit pigments into 3

different groups

depending on the type

of anthocyanins

present. Two of the

groups were cyanidin

and delphinidin that

were isolated fromHibiscus today.

Cyannidin is one

Anthocyanin that was

synthesised by the

reaction ofguercetin

and magnesium at 35

degree

Celcius.Willatter was

working on isolation of

cyanidin from yellow

and red flower pettalsthat were 0.7 percent

and 13-14 percent ofthe dry weight.[15]

Anthocyanins pigments

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present in the plant as

glucosides mixed with

sugar.Isolatingpigments, flowers have

to be boiled in water

and then pigments will

precipitate (as lead

salts) following the

process of isolation by

adding lead

acetate.Lead pigments

are filtered,

decomposed by two

dilute acids (sulfuricacid).later, solutions

are boiled for several

hours in order to split

glucoside and less

soluble pigments that

filtered out.[19]

Today synthesis ofanthocyanin genes can

be done by such

procedures as protein

purification,

transposon tagging,

deffirential screening

and etc. Mutation of

genes during the

synthesis of

anthocyanincs waspossible, although

today mutation causing

genes can be isolated.

Synthesis starts with

malonyl-CoA and p-

coumaroyl-CoA. Both

coenzymes produce

tetrahydroxychalcone

from three acetate

units and with the help

chalcone synthase(CHS).In the next

step, colorless

niringenin product is

produced with the help

of chalcone isomerase

(CHI) and then

converted to

dihydrokaempferol

(DHK) with the help

of flavonone 3-

hydroxylase (F3H). Inthe next step

dihydroquercetin

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(DHQ) and

dihydromyrecetin

(DHM) are produced

when DHK get

hdroxylated by

flavonoid 3-

hydroxylase orflavonoid 3,5-

hydroxylase

respectevely. In the

siries of enzymeatic

reactions colorless

DHK, DHQ and

DHM converted to

anthocyanins. In first

enzymatic reaction

Leucoanthocyanidins

are produced with the

help of dihydroflavonol

4-reductase(DFR).

Two other enzymatic

reacions convert

Leucoanthocyanidinsto red cyanidin and

blue delphinidin

pigments.[17]

Organic Acids.

Ascorbic Acid

Organic acids such as

ascorbic acid(Vitamin-

c), oxalic acid, tartaic

and etc. were isolated

from the plant

Hibiscus. Ascorbic

acid was found to

convey a greater

pharmacoloogical

effect indicated in thestudies on animals and

humans. Hhibiscus

cold drink contain

great amount of

ascorbic acid. In

Charles E. Bills article

in 1935 ascrbic acid

was thought as

reducing substance

that relatively stable in

acid but get easily

oxidized in

alkaline.Bills obtained

extract from lemon

juice and converted it

to alkaline testing it on

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lighted photograph that

fainted black. Leter he

discovered that

Vitamin C (l-ascorbic

acid) was a substance

that apperred in lemon

and used it in his other

photographic

experimetns.[20]

Experimental Application in Animals

Experiments on rats and rabbits indicate several therapeutic effects of the use of chemical ingredients found in

Hibiscus. Dry flowers of Hibiscus contain ethanolic extract, chloroform soluble fraction (HSCF) and ethyl acetate

soluble fraction (HSEA) that were used in experiments on animals to examine its hypothetical theaurputic effects.

Ethanol extract of Hibiscus was used to examine its effect against cisplatin-positive rats. The result of the

experiment was positive indicating enchanced sperm motility coupled with an increase in antioxidant enzymes

proving its antioxidant activities. Another study was conducted using the rats with high cholesterol in order to

examine hypolipidemic effects of Hibiscus using extract of dry calyx. In this experiment, rats were subjected to six-

week treatment using dry calyx coupled with a high cholesterol diet. Results of the experiment indicate decreasing

formation of thiobarbituric acid, the substance responsible for decomposition of lipids and thus proving the

hypolipidemic effects of Hibiscus. Another experiment was conducted on rats dried Hibiscus flowers in order to

examine the level of liver toxicity (hepatotoxicity effect) after inducing liver toxicity through administration of

Paracetomol. Dry calyxes of Hibiscus contain special pigments called anthocyanins (HAs). Anthocyanins proved to

be a good agent against hepatoxins after treatment of water extract from dried flowers for at least four weeks. The

effects of chemical components in Hibiscus on high blood pressure was also examined using the hypertensive and

normaltensive rats using the calyx extract. Results indicate that calyx extract lowers systolic and diastolic

pressure. Also it was discovered that lower doses of calyx were better at lowering blood pressure due toobservations indicating death cases associated with a higher dosage of calyx. Also, Hibiscus was found to decrease

the rate of absorption of alcohol in chickens by subjecting them to injections with extract of Hibiscus.[1]

Experimental Application in Humans

Polyphenol-rich extracts (HPE) from Hibiscus were found to reduce the appearance of human gastric carcinoma

(AGS) cells by 50% among other cells used in this experiment. Anthocyanins found in dry calyx of Hibiscus were

found to cause cancer cell apoptosis in liver cancer treatment. Also, extract of dry calyx with water indicates

antihypertensive effectiveness based on a group study consisting of 30 to 80 year-old hypertension patients for

four weeks observations. Patients were exempt from any hypertension medicines for one month before the study

began. They were subjected to the treatment with a solution of 10g of dry calyx mixed with 0.51 g of water taken

daily before breakfast. Results revealed that calyx extract (anthocyanins) has antihypertensive effectiveness by

lowering systolic blood pressure from 139.05 to 123.73 mm Hg and diastolic pressure from 90.81 to 79.52 mm Hg.

Another experiment found that interruption in treatment with Hibiscus extract (sour tea) after 15 days of initiation

of experiment produce undesirable outcome of increasing both systolic and diastolic blood pressures.[1] The

recommended dosage for human consumption consists of 1.5g of dried calyces in 1 cup of water, brewed for 5-10

minutes and strained.[1]

Use in Industry

The most common use of Hibiscus in industry is the production of fiber extracted from the stalk. About 1,700 kg/ha

of fiber is produced from Hibiscus's stalk, which contains 5% fiber.[5] The fiber is used in the production of cord.

Also, Hibiscus petals are used in the production of yellow dye commonly used in medicine. Hibiscus seeds are used

for the production of cooking oil, with a yield of 20% by weight. [6]

Interesting Facts

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Since Hibiscus is a tropical plant, it grows well in Florida, especially its Victor variety. And for that reason it

carries the common name of Florida cranberry. In fact, sometimes it is even substituted for cranberry.[3]

Blogs.ibiblio.org Site rated Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (Roselle) as high as the 3rd from 5 in its usefulness.[4]

Definition List

Antioxidant

A naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is

added.

Anthocyanins

A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position.

They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue,

red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.

Diuretics

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

Calyx (Calix)

A flower-shaped or funnel-shaped structure

Antiscorbutic

Effective in the prevention or relief of scurvy.

Scurvy

A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C and characterized by spongy bleeding gums, bleeding under the

skin, and weaknessSystolic pressure

The highest arterial blood pressure reached during any given ventricular cycle.

Diastolic pressure

The lowest arterial blood pressure reached during any given ventricular cycle.

Peristalsis

A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other

tubular organs in one direction.

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of

lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct.

Bibliography

1. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, International Centre for Science and High

Technology: Database on Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25,

2008 from http://www.ics.trieste.it/MedicinalPlant/_MedicinalPlant_References.aspx?id=101

2. King Tut Shop: Egyption Herbs: Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from

http://www.kingtutshop.com/Egyptian-Herb/hibiscus.htm3. University of Florida: Institute of Food and Agricultural sciences (IFAS): Roselle -- Hibiscus. Retrieved on

Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV126

4. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: iBiblio.org: Plants For A Future: Database Search Results.

Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?

Hibiscus+sabdariffa

5. Purdue University: Center for New Crops and Plant Products: Hibiscus sabdariffa L.. Retrieved on

Thursday, February 25, 2008 from

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Hibiscus_sabdariffa.html

6. Plants for a Future: Edible, medicinal and useful plants for a healthier world: Hibiscus sabdariffa - L.

Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?

Hibiscus+sabdariffa

7. National Genetic Resources Program (NGRIP): Plant Germplasm Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday,

February 25, 2008 from http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078

8. Truestar Personal health Guidance system: Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from

http://www.truestarhealth.com/Notes/4373005.html

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9. Ahmed H. Eissa's Home Page: Egyptian Medicinal Plants. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from

http://members.cox.net/ahmedheissa/medplnts.htm

10. Asia Society's Asia Food: Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 fromhttp://www.asiafood.org/glossary_1.cfm?alpha=R&wordid=2897&startno=27&endno=51

11. Ageless Herbal products.Ageless - the herbal anti-aging site: Herbal remedies using Rosella (Hibiscus

sabdariffa). Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.ageless.co.za/rosella.htm

12. Tropilab, Inc.: Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.-Roselle. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from

http://www.tropilab.com/roselle.html

13. National Institute of Health. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on Thursday, February 27, 2008 from

http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

14. The Free Medical Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved on Thursday, February 27, 2008 from http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/

15. West C.J.Botanical Gazette.,1917,64,255-260."Anthocyans".

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-8071%28191709%2964%3A3%3C255%3AA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z/

16. Everest A.E.;Hall A.J.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B,Containing Papers of a

Biogical Character.,1921,92,150-162."Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins. Part IV.--Observations on: (a)

Anthocyan Colours in Flowers, and (b) the Formation of Anthocyans in Plants".

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0950-

1193%2819210502%2992%3A644%3C150%3AAAAPIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y/

17. Holton T.A.;Cornish E.C.The Plant Cell.,1995,7,1071-1083."Genetics and Biochemistry of Anthocyanin

Biosynthesis".

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1040-

4651%28199507%297%3A7%3C1071%3AGABOAB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7/

18. Hedin P.A.;Lamar III P.L.;Thompson A.C.;Minyard J.P.American Journal of Botany.,1968,55,431-437."

Isolation and Structural Determination of 13 Flavonoid Glycosides in Hibiscus Besculentus (Okra)".http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122%28196804%2955%3A4%3C431%3AIASDO1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-

X/

19. Bills C.E.Science.,1935,81,257-258." Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Photographic Developing Action".

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-

8075%2819350308%293%3A81%3A2097%3C257%3AAA%28CAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8/

20. M.W.The American Naturalist.,1915,49,256."Flower Pigments".

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28191504%2949%3A580%3C256%3AFP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3/

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