l5: advanced modelling (english)

Advanced Modelling

i-viewsUniversityPart05:AdvancedModelling

Advanced ModellingAdvanced Modelling

Today‘s Speaker

AnnekathrinLösche

KnowledgeEngineer

intelligentviews gmbh

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Advanced Modelling

InheritanceinSemanticNetworks

Recap:Object-TypeHierarchies- Inheritance

• Propertiesaredefinedfortypes• Propertiescanbeinheritedbyconnectingsupertypes with subtypes

has sub-type

Alsoknownas:Top/subset

Top/subtype

"Isa"-relation

Theattributesandrelationsshouldbepositionedasfarupinthehierarchyasitisnecessary.

location time

Recap:Object-TypeHierarchies - Inheritance

• Propertiesaredefinedfortypes• Propertiescanbeinheritedbyconnectingsupertypes with subtypes

has sub-type

Alsoknownas:Top/subset

Top/subtype

"Isa"-relation

Theattributesandrelationsshouldbepositionedasfarupinthehierarchyasitisnecessary.

location time

location time location time

location time

location timelocation time

• ObjectTypesmayhavemultipleparent-types

• Objectsmustonlybelongtooneobjecttype

Ifanemployeeofanorganizationisincludedinaproject,thisorganizationisalsoinvolvedintheproject.

Thesameappliestoemployeesofapartofanorganization.

Advanced Modelling

Formalvs.InformalSemanticNetworks

Informalvs.FormalSemantic Networks

• Noisydata

• Extendedqueries

• Thematicallyrelevantinformation

• Personalisedworkenvironment

• DeductionsandRecommendations

Informalvs.FormalSemantic Networks

• Noisydata

• Extendedqueries

• Thematicallyrelevantinformation

• Personalisedworkenvironment

• DeductionsandRecommendations

InformalmodelFew Types and Relationtypes

SimpleInferencing

Rigid,formalmodelMany Types and Relationtypes

ExtensiveInferecing

InformalSemantic Networks

Combinationofdifferenttypes:Jazzmusic=StyleofMusic

Concert=EventRecordlabels=Organisation

Musicradio=Medium

FormalSemantic Networks• Object-typehierarchy is well orderd

and categorised

• Object-typehierarchy levels are ofthe samegranularity

• Objectsbelongtothematchingobject-type

Fromal vs.InformalSemantic Networks

informalsemantic network

„melting pot“

formalsemantic network

„well categorised“

Advanced Modelling

HierarchicalRelations

Part-Of or Super-/Subtype-Of Hierachy

Shouldgeographicalobjectsbepresentedthroughapart-

ofhierarchyoratypehierarchy?

Generalrule:objecttypesshouldnotbemodelledassubtypesiftheirindividualobjectsarealreadypartof

otherobjecttype‘sindividualobjects.

Part-Of or Super-/Subtype-Of Hierachy

Ifwecanassumearealisticmodelofgeographicstructures,i.e.acontinentconsistsofcountries,whichinturnincludesitscities,thisstructurewouldbetranslatedintoapart-ofhierarchywithcitiesthatarepartofcountries

thatarepartofcontinents.

Anothergeneralrule:Ifthesentence„Anycityisacountryisacontinent“istrue,youshoulduseatypehierarchy.Inthiscase,„Anycityispartofacountryispartofacontinent“ismoreappropriate

though,thereforeweuseapart-ofhierarchy.

Part-Of or Super-/Subtype Hierarchy

Inthiscase,attributesarethemainreasonforchoosingatypehierarchybetweentheseobjects.

PossibleReasonsforanotherlayer:

• Numberofsubtypes

• “perceiveddistance/togetherness”betweenthesiblingnodes

Part-Of or Super-/Subtype Hierarchy

Advantagesofanewlayer:

• Objectswithacertainrelatednessareclosertoeachother(likeHpyertension andArteriosclerosis)

Disadvantageofanewlayer:

• Complicated,artificialinsertedObjects(likeDiseaseoftherespiratorysystem)

ArtificialObjectsforBuildingHierarchies

• Usedforbundlingobjectsinobject-hierarchies

ArtificialObjectsforBuildingHierarchies

Notrecommendedbecause„otherstringedinstruments“isalreadyrepresentedviaobject-type

Advanced Modelling

ModellingProcess

Bottom-UporTop-Down

Startwitheither

• Amodel(objectandrelationtypes)

• Specificobjects

• Queriesandrulesforassemblinginformation

Mostofthetimeitwillbeacombination

• Iterativeapproach

• Quickconstructionofaprototype

• Ontheflychangesofthemodel

• Explorationofthesemanticnetworkwilljointhesetupfromthebeginning

KeepinMindwhileModelling/DesigningyourNetwork

• Thesemanticmodelissupposedtosupportthesearchprocessandautomaticcombinationofinformation

• Thesemanticmodelshouldhelpyoutoavoidredundancies

• Thesemanticmodelistopresentfactsaspreciseaspossible

• Thesemanticmodelshouldbeeasytounderstandbyexternals

Advanced Modelling

Objectsvs.Attributs

Relationsvs.Attributes- RecommendationsonUsage

UseAttributeswhen:

• Greatvarietyofinformationandbarelyanyrepetitioninvalues

UseObjectswhen:

• Manyobjectssharethesame„property“/information

• Theinformationisitselfacomplexinformationwithitsownproperties

TermxTermx

Synonym

Termz Synonym

Advanced Modelling

InferredRelations

DifferentTypesofRelations

• UserRelation• Relationdefinedbytheuser

• Representanyrelationshipbetweenobjects

• InferredRelation• Linkingseveralrelationstogethertoformarelationalpathway

Inferred Relation

• Atleasttwoconnectedrelationscancreateanewinferredrelation

• Itbuiltsashortcutbetweenobjects,wellusedpathsdon’thavetobedefinedneweverytime

• Example:thesongBacktoBlackfromthealbumBacktoBlackisconnectedtothreemoods.Thesemoodscouldalsobeconnectedtothealbumitself.Aninferredrelationdefinesthisconnection.

Advanced Modelling

OrderingRelationsandAttributes

Relations-/AttributeHierarchy• Liketypes,relationscanbedefinedinahierarchy• Thedomainandtargetdomainwon‘tbeinheritedbythesubtypes• Itispossibletocreateabstractrelations• Thishierarchycanbeusedfor• Abetteroverview• Whichrelationsarepossiblebetweencertaintypes?

• Implications• Whichcanbeusedinstructuredqueries• Insteadofusingthreedifferentrelations(withdifferentdomainsandtargetdomains),agroupingrelationcancombineallthreeofthem(e.g.RoleIsPresentonSong)

Advanced Modelling

ExtensionsandRoles

Recap:ExtensionsandRoles

• Objectscanonlybeofonetype.

• Youhavetouseextensionswiththeirownrelationsandattributesifyouwanttoexpressadditionalfeatures.

• Examplaryusecases:• Representationoftemporaryproperties(positioninacompany;statusofaproject)• Rolebasedpermissionsystem

Recap:ExtensionsandRoles

Recap:Extensions

• Objectscanhaveonlyonedefiningtype(asopposedtotype!).• Additionalcategorisationsofenhancementswithownrelationsandattributes.

Recap:Extensions

• Extensionsfortime-limitedroles(positioninacompany;Projectstatus)• Example:Objectsoftypepersonwillbeextendedthrough:• Rollbassist• Rollproducer• Rollcomposer• ...

• Changesfortheroleofthepersonmustbemadeonlyontheroleobject,notonallpeopleassociated.

Recap:Extensions

• Apersoncanreceivemorethanoneroleatthesametime• Thankstotheextension,newrelationsandattributesareavailablefortheextendedobjectthatwerenotpreviouslyapprovedbytheschema(forexample:JennyConlee"participatesin"Allright asaccordionist)• Thisconnectioncannotbeillustratedthrough"normal",separaterelations

DefininganExtension

Defining anExtension

UsinganExtension

Allpossiblerelationsforanobjectoftype

person

Using anExtension

Allpossiblerelationsforanobjectoftype

personandtheextensionMusician

Advanced Modelling

Meta-Properties

Recap:Metaproperties

Metapropertiesofrelationsandattributescanbemappedbyattributes• Ex.:“changedat“,ifyouwanttorememberwhensomebodychangedane-mailorthemembershipofaproject

changed at

is member of

Recap:Metaproperties

Metapropertiesofrelationsandattributescanbemappedbyrelations• Ex.:“changedby”,ifyouwanttorememberwhochangedthee-mailorthemembershipofaprojectchanged by

Defining aMetattribute

Defining aMetaattribute

Using aMetaattribute

Clickrightonthepropertyyouwant

toaddaMetaattributeto

Defining aMetarelation

Using aMetarelation

Clickrightonthepropertyyouwant

toaddaMetarelationto

Using aMetarelation

Advanced Modelling

Remodelling

Changing the Object Typeof Objects

Movealldirectobjectsofanobject-typetoanotertype:

Rightclickonthetypethatcontainstheobjects

ChangingtheObjectTypeofObjects

Enterthetypeyouwishtomovetheobjectto

Makesurethetypeyou‘rechoosingisnotabstract

Thesamewayyoucan„morph“relationsofarelationtypeintoanotherrelationtype

andattributes

Advanced Modelling

CreateaNewSub-Network

• Forabetteroverviewitcanbeusefull tocreateanewsub-network

• Thesample-networkhascurrently4sub-networks

• Onlyadministratorscancreatenewsub-networks

• Toseeallthesub-networksclickonthecog-symbolandselect„TopTypes“

• Nameyournew-sub-networkandyouwillseeitaddedtotheothersub-networks

• Sub-networkscanstillusetherelationsoftheothersub-networks

Advanced Modelling

Exercises

1. RevisityourSemanticModelfromthelesson1exerciseandthinkaboutwaystoimprovethesemanticnetwork.Explainthechangesyouconductedandwhy.

2. Manyorganisationshavemorethanonesite,whichcanbeidentifiedbytheirstreetnames,streetnumbers,zipcodes,citiesandcountries.Additionally,thereisquiteahighnumberoforganisationsthataresupposedtoberepresentedbythemodeloveralongtimeframe.Chooseafittingwaytomodelthissituation.

3. Anorganizationemploys2employees:TimasammanagerandTomasanassembly-lineworker.TwoyearsagoTimusedtobeanassembly-lineworker,too(beforehegotpromotedtothemanager-position).Pleasemodelthescenario.

Advanced Modelling

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