l1_structural organization of the human body
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PP121 Introductory Physiologyby Dr Lee Siew KeahFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUCSI University
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To identify the hierarchy of the structuralorganization
To identify major organ systems of the body andtheir major componentsTo describe the basic functions of human bodyTo identify the anatomical terms & major bodycavities
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Anatomy the study of the structure of the bodyand the relationships of the various parts of the body
Gross/macroscopic
Microscopic i.e cytology (cellular), histology (tissue)Developmental structural changes
Physiology the study of the functions of the partsof the body, includes specific organ systems ,molecular and cellular levels e.g renal physiology,neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology
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Name Definition Example
Chemical Interactions between atoms and
their combinations intomolecules
Atoms: H and O
Molecule: H 2O
Organelles Microscopic structures in thecell; composed of molecules thatare specialized to carry outfunctions of the cell
Mitochondria, ribosome,lysosome.
Cells Basic units of living organism Skin cells, nerve cells,and RBC.
Tissues A group of cells with similarstructure and function
Epithelial, connectiveand muscle tissue.
Organs Compose of two or more tissuestypes; organs perform one ormore common functions
Heart, brain andstomach.
Organ systems Groups of organs with a uniquecollective function
Skeletal system, nervoussystem and digestivesystem.
Organism A single complete individual 4
Table: Hierarchy of structural organization
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Atom
Cell
Macromolecule
Molecule
Organ
Organ system
Organelle
Organism
Tissue
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Necessary Life FunctionsResponsiveness & adaptability
Growth & ReproductionMovementRespirationCirculation
DigestionExcretion
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Survival needsNutrients
WaterOxygen Appropriate temperature Appropriate atmospheric
pressure
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1. Integumentary2. Muscular system
3. Skeletal system4. Nervous system5. Endocrine system6. Cardiovascular system
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7. Respiratory system8. Lymphatic & immune system9. Digestive system10. Urinary system11. Reproductive system
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Major organs/tissues:Skin, hair, nails
Primary functions:Protects body from injury &dehydrationDefense against foreigninvaders
Synthesis vitamin DRegulates body temperatureSensory detection
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Major organs/tissues:BonesCartilage
Bones marrow Associated ligaments
Primary functions:Protects & support body organsProvides a framework formusclesBones - produce blood cellsBones - Store minerals
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Major organs/tissues:Skeletal muscles, tendons
Primary functions:Body movement/locomotionFacial expressionMaintains postureProduces heat & maintain bodytemperature
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Major organs/tissues:BrainSpinal cord
Peripheral nerves & gangliaSpecial sense organs
Primary functions:Direct immediate response to stimuliCoordinates activities of organsystemsProvides and interpretssensory information
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Major organs/tissues:All glands secretinghormones : pancreas, testes,ovary, pituitary, thyroid,parathyroid, adrenal,intestinal, thymus, heart,pineal
Primary functions:Regulate processes likegrowth, reproduction,metabolismDirect long-term changes inthe activities of other organsystems
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Major organs/tissues:Heart, blood vessels, blood
Primary functions:Transport of blood throughoutthe bodys tissues Distributes heats and assist
in body temperatureregulation
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Major organs/tissues:WBC, lymph vessels &nodes, spleen, thymus,tonsils
Primary functions:Defense against foreigninvadersReturn of extracellular fluid tobloodFormation of lymphocytes
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Major organs/tissues:Nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchi, lungs
Primary functions:Exchange of CO 2 and O 2Regulates acid-base balance
Voice production
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Major organs/tissues:Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,stomach, intestines, salivaryglands, pancreas, liver,gallbladder
Primary functions:
Digests food Absorbs water and nutrients
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Major organs/tissues:Kidneys, ureter, bladder,urethra
Primary functions:Regulate plasma compositionthrough controlled excretionof salts, water and organicwastesRegulates electrolyte, water,acid-base balance of the body
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Major organs/tissues:Testes, penis, prostate gland,epididymis, ductus deferens,seminal vesicles, scrotum
Primary functions:Produces sperms and
produce male sex hormonesDeliver sperms to the femalereproductive tract
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Major organs/tissues:Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,vagina, mammary glands
Primary functions:Production of eggsProvision of a nutritiveenvironment for thedeveloping embryo and fetusNutrition to the infant
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The study of the function of the humanbody is termed: __________.
a. gross anatomyb. systemic anatomyc. cytologyd. physiology
Marking Scheme
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A group of similar cells that perform thesame function is classified as a(n)
_______.
a. tissueb. organc. organ systemd. organism
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Identify the hierarchy of the structuralorganizationDescribe the basic functions of human bodyIdentify major organ systems of the body andtheir major componentsIdentify the anatomical terms & major bodycavities
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Standard anatomical bodyposition
Facing the observerStanding erect with feet slightlyapart
Arms at the sides with palmsfacing forward
Always use directional terms asif body is in anatomical position
Right and left refer to bodybeing viewed, not those ofobserver
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Two fundamental divisions Axial main axis of the body i.e head, neck and
trunk Appendicular limbs
Regional terms used to designate specific areas
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Figure Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
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Cephalic
OrbitalFrontal
Nasal
MentalOral
Cervical
ThoracicSternalAxillaryMammary
AbdominalUmbilical
PelvicInguinal
(groin)
Pubic (genital)
Hallux
DigitalMetatarsal
Tarsal (ankle)Pedal (foot)
Fibular or peroneal
Crural (leg)
PatellarFemoral (thigh)Coxal (hip)
Lower limb
DigitalPalmar
PollexManus (hand)
Carpal (wrist)(forearm)Antebrachial
Brachial (arm)Acromial
Upper limb
Antecubital
Anterior/Ventral
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
g g g p y
Figure Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
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Plantar
Calcaneal
Pedal (foot)
Fibular or peronealSural (calf)
Femoral (thigh)
Lower limb
Digital
Metacarpal
Manus (hand)
(forearm)AntebrachialOlecranal
Brachial (arm)Acromial
Upper limb
Popliteal
Perineal (betweenanus and externalgenitalia)
Gluteal
Sacral
Lumbar
Vertebral
Scapular
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
CephalicOticOccipital (backof head)
Back (Dorsum)
Posterior/Dorsal
g g g p y
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Body plane Flat surface along which body or structure may becut for anatomical study
Sections Cuts or sections made along a body plane
A cut along a sagittal plane produces a sagittal
section
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Three most commonSagittal planeFrontal (coronal) planeTransverse (horizontal) plane
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Sagittal planeDivides body vertically into right and left partsProduces a sagittal section if cut along this planeMidsagittal (median) plane
Lies on midline
Parasagittal plane
Offset from the midline
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Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body vertically into anterior andposterior partsProduces a frontal or coronal section
Transverse (horizontal) planeDivides body horizontally (90 to verticalplane) into superior and inferior partsProduces a cross section
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Frontal plane
Frontal section(through torso)
Transverse section(through torso,inferior view)
Median section(midsagittal)
Transverse plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
IntestinesRectum
Vertebral column
Spleen
Pancreas
Body wall
Aorta
Spinal cordSubcutaneous fat layer
Liver
Arm
StomachHeartLiverLeft and
right lungs
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Two sets of internal body cavities closed toenvironment
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
Protect internal organs and cushion them fromshocks that occur during activity
Allow organs within them to change size andshape without disrupting the activities of nearbyorgans
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Protects nervous systemTwo subdivisions:
Cranial cavity Encases brainVertebral cavity
Encases spinal cord
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Cranial cavity (contains brain)
Vertebral cavity (contains spinalcord)
Dorsalbody
cavity
Thoraciccavity (contains
heart andlungs)
Cranial
cavity
Vertebralcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity (contains urinarybladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum)
Lateral view
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Abdominal cavity (contains digestiveviscera)
Anterior view
Ventral bodycavity (thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
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Houses internal organs ( viscera )Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)
Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
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Thoracic cavity subdivisionsSurrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Two pleural cavitiesEach houses a lung
MediastinumContains pericardial cavity; encloses heart
Surrounds thoracic organs e.g esophagus, trachea
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Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavityContains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, andrectum
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Cranial cavity (contains brain)
Vertebral cavity (contains spinalcord)
Dorsalbodycavity
Thoraciccavity (contains
heart andlungs)
Cranial
cavity
Vertebralcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity (contains urinarybladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum)
Lateral view
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Abdominal cavity (contains digestiveviscera)
Anterior view
Ventralbodycavity (thoracicandabdomino-
pelviccavities)Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
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Serous membrane or serosa Thin, double-layered membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity wallsVisceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled withserous fluid
Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane Allows the organs to slide without friction actoss thecavity walls, and as they carry out routine functions
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Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstratesthe relationship between the parietal and visceralserous membrane layers.
Heart
Parietalpericardium
Pericardialspace withserous fluid
Visceralpericardium
The serosae associated with the heart.
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Named for specific cavity and organs with whichassociatedEach has parietal and visceral layersPericardium
HeartPleurae
LungsPeritoneum Abdominopelvic cavity
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Visceralperitoneum
Parietalperitoneum
Parietalpericardium
Visceralpericardium
Visceralpleura
Parietalpleura
Serous membranes line body cavities that areclosed to the exterior.
Serous membranes
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Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
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Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
Figure The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
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Righthypochondriac
region
Epigastricregion
Rightlumbarregion
Umbilicalregion
Lefthypochondriac
region
Leftlumbarregion
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric(public)region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon of
large intestineSmall intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Diaphragm
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse colon
of large intestineDescending colonof large intestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Divisions used primarily by anatomists
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Exposed to environmentOral and digestive cavitiesNasal cavityOrbital cavitiesMiddle ear cavities
Not exposed to environmentSynovial cavities
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Humans differ externally and internally90% of all structures present in body matchdescription in textbookNerve or blood vessel may be out of placeSmalls muscle may be missing
Extreme variations inconsistent with life
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UterusSmall intestine
RectumSpinal cordHeart
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Pelvic AbdominalPelvicDorsalThoracic/mediastinum/Pericardial
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Construct a table that lists the 11 systems of thebody, names two organs of each system, anddescribes overall or major function of eachsystem.
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