kul. histologi sistem pernafasan 2011

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1

dr. Sunanto Roewijoko, M.S, Sp.A

dr. Fifinela Raissa, M.Kes

DEPT OF HISTOLOGY

2

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LUNGS SYSTEM OF TUBE

VENTILATION MECHANISMPhysiology

- Thoracic cage

- Intercostal muscle

- Diaphragm

- Elastic & collagen (of the lungs)

3

NASOFARING

PLICA VOCALIS

CONUS ELASTICUS

Tonsil

4

PRINCIPLE REGIONS

CONDUCTING PORTION

RESPIRATORY PORTION

CONDUCTING PORTION Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

RESPIRATORY PORTION Gas exchange:

- Resp. bronchioles

- Alveoli ducts

- Alveoli

5

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CONDUCTING PORTION

Conveys air to and from the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

To condition the inspired air Cleansed/filteredMoistened and warmed

by:Respiratory epitheliumMucous and serous glandsA rich vascular network

6

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUMCiliated pseudostratified Columnar epitheliumwith goblet cells

5 Cells (with EM): Ciliated columnar cells Mucous goblet cells Columnar brush cells Basal cells Small granule cells

7

8

NASAL CAVITY

VESTIBULE NASAL FOSSAE

• Nares (nostril)• Vibrissae• Sebaceous &

sweat glands

• Nasal septum• Conchae:

- sup, mid, inf.• Venous

plexuses (of Kiesselbach)

OLFACTORY EPHITELIUM ORGANIZATION

Modified pseudostratified columnar epitheliumBipolar neurons cellsSustentacular cells: supportBasal cells

9

10

MUCOUSSECRETION

OLFACTORY EPHITELIUM ORGANIZATION

Mechanism of smell Odor discernment Poorly understood

Odor molecules stimulate receptors

Transduction process

Toward the central nervous system

11

PARANASAL SINUSES

Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Sphenoid Thinner respiratory epithelium Few goblet cells Few small glands Thinner lamina propria fused with periosteum

Sinusitis :

Inflammatory process of the sinus

12

Acute

Chronic

PHARYNX

Connects nasal cavity with larynx Nasopharynx

Respiratory type epithelium

OropharynxSquamous type epithelium

13

LARYNX

Laryngeal cartilages

Hyaline cartilages:- Thyroid- Cricoid- Inferior arytenoid Elastic cartilages:- Epiglottis- Cuneiform and corniculate

- Superior arytenoid

14

EPIGLOTTIS

Lingual surfaceStratified squamous epithelium

Laryngeal surfaceRespiratory epitheliumMixed mucous and serous glands

15

16

LARYNX

Consists of 2 pairs of mucous folds

The upper pair:False vocal cords: (vestibular folds)Respiratory epitheliumLamina propria: Seromucous glands

The lower pair:True vocal cords: (vocal fold)Vocal ligament (elastic fiber)Stratified squamous epitheliumVocalis muscle (+)

17

TRACHEA

Respiratory epithelium C-shape rings of hyaline cartilage

(pars. cartilaginea) Pars membranacea:

Fibroelastic ligamentSmooth muscleMixed mucous-serous glands

18

19

20

Bronchial tree

Bronchi extra pulmonal (primary bronchi) Bronchi intra pulmonal (secondary bronchi) Bronchioli (terminal bronchioles)

21

Bronchi

Folded appearance of the bronchial mucous (observed in histologic section)

Respiratory epithelium Mucous and serous gland Spirally arranged smooth muscle Rings / isolated plate of hyaline cartilage Extrapulmonary: Identical with trachea, smaller

diameter, thinner wall Intrapulmonary: Isolated plates of hyaline

cartilage

22

23

Primary Bronchus

24

Bronchiole

Diameter of 5 mm/less Ciliated pseudostratified columnar ciliated

simply columnar / cuboidal epithelium Smooth muscle + elastic fiber in the lamina propria Have neither cartilage nor glands in their mucous

layer Goblet cell: occasionally(large bronchiole)/ none

(terminal bronchiole)

25

26

Bronchiale Asthma

The musculatur (both the bronchi and the bronchioles) is under the control of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic N.S.

Stimulation of The vagus contraction The parasympathetic relaxation

27

Asthma Attacks

Dispnoe (increased airway resistance) Wheezing sounds

Decreases the diameter of the lumenHypersecretion of the mucous / serous glands +

goblet cells

28

Respiratory Bronchioles

Respiratory portion Their walls numerous saccular alveoli Ciliated cuboidal epithelium Smooth muscle + elastic C.T.

29

30

31

Alveolar Ducts

Squamous alveolar cells Smooth muscle cells”knob” Matrix of elastic and collagen

Atria

Alveolar sac.

32

33

ALVEOLI

Terminal portions of the bronchial tree Inter alveolar septum:

CapillariesFibroblastElastic and collagen fibersMacrophages

Blood-Air barrierCytoplasm alveolar type I cellFused basal laminaeCytoplasm endothelium(continuous)

34

35

36

TYPEs OF ALVEOLAR CELL

Type I cells (squamous alveolar/

Pneumocyte type I)Type II cells

(Septal cells/

Pneumocyte type II)

• Thin/squamous • Permeable to gases

• Cuboidal• Vesicular cytoplasm• Secretory cells

Pulmonary surfactant (to lower alveolar surface tension)

ALVEOLAR PORES

10-15 m in diameter Connecting neighboring alveoli Equalize pressure in the alveoli Enable the collateral circulation

37

PLEURA

Serous membrane covering the lung Parietal and visceral layer Mesothelial cells Connective tissue (collagen + elastic) Pleural cavity + lubricantPathology: Pleuricy Pneumothorax Pleural effusion / haemothorax

38

DEFENSE MECHANISM

Vibrissae (screening) Mucous-coated ciliated epith. (trapped) Cough reflex (expectoration) Alveolar macrophages Lymphoid tissues

39

REFERENCES Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color textbook of

histology. 3rd ed. Saunders Elsevier. 2007 Bloom, Fawcett. Concise histology.

Pictures were taken from: http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/mede

d/histo/frames/h_fram15.html http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology http://www.technion.ac.il http://histology.leeds.ac.uk

40

THAT’S ALL FOLKS…

41