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Sector: Agriculture(Qualification Pack Code: AGR/Q1002)
1© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 2019
PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education
Shyamla Hills, Bhopal – 462 013 , Madhya Pradesh, India
_________________________________________________________
www.psscive.ac.in
JOB ROLE: MICRO-IRRIGATION
TECHNICIAN
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICRO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Session 1: Micro-irrigation Systems
2© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 2019
Vocational Course ContentClass XI Content
Classification of Microirrigation SystemsClassification of Microirrigation SystemsClassification of Microirrigation Systems
3
Title Slide No.
Session Objectives 4
Introduction 5
Features of Micro-irrigation System 6 - 7
Classification of Micro-irrigation System 8 - 9
Classification of Drip Irrigation System 10 - 15
Components of Drip Irrigation System 16 -18
Distribution of Water through Emitters 19 - 20
Sprinkler Irrigation System 21
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System 22 - 28
Micro-sprinklers 29
Benefits of Micro-irrigation System 30 - 34
Summary 35
Session Objectives
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 20194
The students will be able to :
Differentiate between drip and sprinklerirrigation system;
Identify the components of drip and sprinklerirrigation; and
Describe the benefits of micro-irrigationsystem.
Introduction
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 20195
Micro-irrigation refers to the low-pressure irrigation
systems that spray mist, sprinkler or drip. Water is
distributed using an extensive hydraulic pipe
network that conveys water from its source to the
plant. Micro-irrigation systems apply water slowly
by depositing water either on the soil surface or
directly to the root zone through a network of valves,
pipes, tubing and emitters. There are mainly two
types of micro-irrigation systems: (i) Drip and (ii)
Sprinkler.
Water is applied via
pressurised piping system.
Water is applied at a low rate to
the root zone.
Water is applied drop-by-drop
for a long period in case of drip
irrigation system.
Water is applied at frequent
intervals, as per the water
requirement of plants.
Features of Micro-irrigation System
6
Water is applied at a low rate to maintain the optimum air–water balance within the root zone.
Water is supplied directly to the plants and not to the other areas of the field, thus, reducing wastage.
The soil moisture content is always maintained at 'field capacity' of the soil and hence the crops grow at a faster rate consistently and uniformly.
Features of Micro-irrigation System
7
Field capacity is the moisture or water
content present in the soil after excess water
has drained away and the rate of downward
movement has decreased, which takes place
within 2–3 days after a spell of rain or
irrigation.
Classification of Micro-irrigation System
Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, also called trickle
irrigation, involves dripping water onto
the soil at very low rates (2-20
litres/hour) from small diameter plastic
pipes, fitted with outlets called
‘emitters’ or ‘drippers’. Water is applied
drop-by-drop or by a micro jet on the
soil surface or sub-surface at a rate
lower than the infiltration rate of the
soil. Most emitters are placed on
ground but they can also be buried.
8
Microirrigation system can be broadly classified into two categories:
(1) Drip irrigation system (2) Sprinkler irrigation system
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 20199
Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation is a method
of applying water in a manner
similar to rain. The sprinkler
breaks up the water into droplets
sized 0.5–4 mm. The average rate
at which water is sprayed onto
the crops is measured in
mm/hour. The application rate
depends on the size of sprinkler
nozzles, operating pressure and
distance between the sprinklers.
Classification of Micro-irrigation System
Classification of Drip Irrigation System
Drip irrigation system can be classified into the following:
(i) Surface drip irrigation
(ii) Sub-surface drip irrigation
(iii) Family drip
(iv) Online drip
(v) In-line drip
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201910
Surface Drip Irrigation: It is used to irrigate perennial crops (plants that live for more than two years) and annual crops (plants that germinate, produce seeds, flower and die in one year).
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201911
Classification of Drip Irrigation System
Sub-surface Drip Irrigation:It is a method of irrigating cropsthrough buried plastic tubes,containing embedded emitterslocated at regular spacing. Thedrip tubes are typically located38–84 inches (97–213 cm) apartand 6–10 inches (15–25 cm)below the soil surface.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201912
Sub-surface Drip Irrigation
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201913
Family Drip: It is also known as
‘gravity fed drip irrigation’ system. It
is a low-cost system developed for
small family plots. It is suitable for
house gardening and peri-urban
agriculture. It can also be used to
demonstrate the working of drip
irrigation system. Family drip system
is designed for areas measuring 500–
1000 metre square. It consists of five
components — elevated tank, shut-off
valve, filter, main line and drip line.
Classification of Drip Irrigation System
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201914
Online Drip: In this
system, emitters or drippers
are fixed externally on the
laterals at designed spacing.
Thus, the drippers can be
checked and cleaned easily
in case of clogging. It is used
in orchards, vineyards,
artificial landscapes and
nurseries.
Classification of Drip Irrigation System
In-line Drip: In this system,drippers are fixed in the lateraltube at designed spacing at thetime of manufacturing to meetthe requirement of variouscrops. It is effective for row cropslike cotton, sugarcane,groundnut, vegetables andflowering crops.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201915
Classification of Drip Irrigation System
Drip IrrigationComponents of Drip Irrigation
System
The main components of a drip irrigation system are as follows:
16
1. Pump
2. Filters
3. Valves
4. Main line
5. Sub-mains
6. Emitters
Components of Drip Irrigation System
The Pump, connected to the water source, lifts the water
and supplies it to the pipelines.
Filters prevent clogging of pipes due to salts and other
tiny materials in the water. The filters include screen
filter, sand filter, disc filter and hydrocyclone filter.
Valves are used for various purposes. They include control
valve, air release valve and non-return valve.
17
The main lines, sub-mains
and laterals carry water to
the field.
The laterals have the drippers
or emitters through which
water is applied to the plants.
18
Components of Drip Irrigation System
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201919
Water from emitters will travel both
downward (gravity and capillarity) and
laterally (capillarity). It wets the root zones
of plants vertically by gravity and laterally
by capillary action. The wetted soil area for
widely spaced emitters will be normally
elliptical in shape. The exact shape of the
wetted volume and moisture distribution
will depend on the soil texture and
structure, initial soil moisture, and to some
degree, on the rate of water application.
Distribution of Water through Emitters
Larger water applications produce greater spreading, but in both thehorizontal and vertical directions.
Increased vertical spreading may be undesirable because water movingbelow the active root zone can result in wasted water, loss of nutrients,and groundwater pollution.
Water will move laterally in the soil profile if there is enough pore space inthat soil. This movement is aided by the capillary action of water in smallspaces. Soil structures that allow water to move easily through the soilprofile are granular or crumb shaped.
Spacing would also depend on kinds of plants that are being irrigated,such as trees, perennials, rows of vegetables, etc. When horizontal waterspreading is low, more emitters and laterals are required and system costsare higher.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201920
Distribution of Water through Emitters
In sprinkler irrigation, water is
discharged under pressure in
the air through a set of nozzles
attached to a network of High
Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE)
pipes. It is widely used for
cereals, pulses, spices and field
crops.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201921
Sprinkler Irrigation System
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Center Pivot
Towable Pivot
Rain Gun
Impact Sprinkler
Popup sprinkler
Linear Move Sprinkler
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201922
Centre Pivot: It consists of asingle sprinkler lateralsupported by a series of towers.It is anchored at one end androtates around a fixed centralpoint called ‘pivot point’.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201923
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Towable Pivot: Towable pivot is similar to centre pivot. But here, the pivot is towed away by a tractor. There are 3–4 wheels in the centre of the pivot, which make it possible to move the pivot from one place to another by pulling it with the help of the tractor.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201924
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Rain Gun: A rain gun is
used as a water spray mist
or fog beam. It discharges
water at less than 175
litres per hour. It is used
to irrigate trees and other
crops separated widely.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201925
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Impact Sprinkler : This sprinkler is driven in a circular motion by the force of outgoing water, and at least, one of its arms extends from the head. The sprinkler arm is repeatedly pushed back into the water stream by a spring. When the arm strikes the water stream, it scatters the stream and re-orients the flow, enabling a uniform watering area around the sprinkler.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201926
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Pop-up Sprinkler: Pop-up sprinklers are designed to cover relatively small areas with spray radii between 3 and 15 feet, and an operating pressure between 15 and 30 psi (pound per square inch).
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 2019 27
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201928
Linear Move Sprinkler :
Linear move sprinkler
irrigation system is
similar to the centre
pivot system in
construction, except that
neither end of the lateral
pipeline is fixed.
Types of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Micro-sprinklers
Micro-sprinklers, commonly known as
emitters, sprinkler or spray heads, operate
by spreading water through air.
Depending on the water throw patterns,
micro-sprinklers are referred to as ‘mini-
sprays’, ‘micro-sprays’, ‘jets’ or ‘spinners’.
Micro-sprinkler system requires less
energy, and generally, operates at a
pressure range of 1–3 kg/cm2 and a
discharge range of 40–75 litres per hour.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201929
Benefits of Micro-irrigation Systems
Water Saving: Water requirement in drip or sprinklerirrigation is much less as compared to any otherconventional method of irrigation.
Uniformity in Water Application: Micro-irrigationsystems ensure uniform water application, as comparedto the surface irrigation methods.
30
Energy Saving: Micro-irrigation systems require less
electricity as compared to other systems.
Improved Chemical Application: Micro-irrigation
system can apply chemicals to plants through fertigation
unit. ‘Fertigation’ is the application of fertilisers used for
making soil amendments in order to improve plant
growth. Since the fertilisers are applied directly to the
root zones of the plants, a reduction in the total amount
of fertiliser applied is possible.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201931
Benefits of Micro-irrigation Systems
Weed and Disease Reduction: Weeds are theunwanted plants that grow in lawns, gardens andagricultural fields. They compete with the plants fornutrients, moisture and sunlight, which can reduce thecrop quality and the yield. Weed growth is inhibited asonly a limited area gets irrigated.
Improves Tolerance of Crops to Soil Salinity:Micro-irrigation reduces the sensitivity of most crops tosaline water or soil–water conditions due to highmoisture content in the root zones of plants.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201932
Benefits of Micro-irrigation Systems
Suitable to various Topography and Soil Type:
Micro-irrigation systems can function efficiently on
any topography, if appropriately designed and
managed.
Regulates Water through Automation: Micro-
irrigation systems uses automatic controller, which
can be simple mechanical clocks or timers that open or
close the valve on a pre-set time schedule.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201933
Benefits of Micro-irrigation Systems
Reduces Labour Costs: Labour requirement isreduced as it is an automated system and does notrequire many labourers to irrigate an area.
Improves quality and yield: Crop quality and yield isimproved under micro-irrigation system because of slow,regular and uniform application of water and nutrients.Besides, damages and losses due to the contact of waterwith fruits or foliages are practically eliminated.
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 201934
Benefits of Micro-irrigation Systems
Summary
In this session, you have learnt about the
main features of a micro-irrigation system,
classification of micro-irrigation system,
components of drip irrigation system, types
of drip and sprinkler irrigation system and
benefits of micro-irrigation systems.
35© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 2019
Project Coordinator : Dr. Vinay Swarup Mehrotra
Assistance
Ms Sonam Sirwaiya
Ms Vidhyashri Panchore
Joint Director
PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education
Shyamla Hills, Bhopal – 462013 , Madhya Pradesh, India
__________________________________________________________________________E-mail: jdpsscive@gmail.com
Tel. +91 755 2660691, 2704100, 2660391, 2660564
Fax +91 755 2660481
Website: www.psscive.ac.in
36© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 2019
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