james sartain on acute pain in icus #bcc4
Post on 03-Jun-2015
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Dr James Sartain FANZCA, FRCA Cairns Base Hospital
Acute Pain in ICUs
Recently in our ICU…1. 54 yo man with severe CAP
- Frowning, moving, coughing, straining- On fentanyl 50 ug/h + midazolam 5mg/h
2. 67 yo woman with recovering GBS- Grimacing/tears with passive physio- on oxycodone and paracetamol
3. 22 yo man with rib and pelvic #s- Severe pain despite PCA fentanyl- For pelvic # surgery
Recently in Critical Care Medicine…
January 2013; 41: 263-306
Acute Pain in ICUs ACCCM PAD Guidelines 2013
1. ‘We recommend that pain be routinely monitored in adult ICU patients’ (+1B)*
(*strongly in favour; moderate quality evidence)
However…
• Pain is not assessed formally in 35-50% of US and Australian ICUs (eg Hewson-Conroy 2011; Barr et al CCM 2013)
because
• ‘It’s not a problem’ (Wenck D 2013, personal communication)
Why is pain in ICU discounted?- a straw poll of views
• ‘There are more important issues’
• ‘Treating pain causes side effects’
• ‘It’s hard to assess’
• ‘No one ever died of pain’
• ‘The nurses do what they want anyway’
• ‘We do ICU better here’ (in our unit; in Brisbane; in Australia etc)
Are the ACCCM guidelines wrong?
Or is it a case of:
• ‘If you don’t take a temperature,
you can’t find a fever’Shem S 1978 (House of God)
Impact of an APS Sartain and Barry AIC 1999
Major surgery Severe rest pain
Severe movement pain
Before APS (n=110)
18.2% 50.0%
After APS (n=144)
3.5% 31.1%
P value 0.0002 0.0037
Impact of an APS -Sequential Pain OutcomesSartain and Barry 1999; APS database
Acute Pain in ICUs ACCCM PAD Guidelines - CCM 2013
Level B (moderate) evidence:
• Acute Pain is common in ICUs ETT wounds and fractures procedures: tracheal suction,
turning, wound care, drain and line insertion, chest drain removal
ETT pain in ICUs Rotondi et al CCM 2002
– 150 patients ventilated 48 hours
– Interviewed after ICU discharge
– 50% remembered ETT in situ
– ETT pain average 6/10 (IQR 4,8)
worst 8/10 (6,10)
– ETT pain moderate to extreme 41%
Pain and PTSD post ICUGranja et al CCM 2008
• 599 ICU survivors 6/12 post discharge
• 313 respondents to questionnaire
• Severe pain recalled in 17%
• PTSD high-risk score in 18%
Acute Pain in ICUs ACCCM PAD Guidelines 2013
Level B (moderate) evidence:
• Assessing and treating pain is associated with: ventilator days morbidity ICU LOS and mortality
Impact of evaluation of pain and agitation in an ICU Chanques et al CCM 2006
• Pre- and post- study of 230 patients
• tds pain (NRS, BPS) and agitation (RASS) observations and treatment protocol
severe pain (36% vs 16%, p<0.001)
agitation (18% vs 5%, p=0.002)
ventilator time (120 vs 65h, p=0.01)
nosocomial infections (17% vs 8%, p<0.05)
Protocolized ICU management of analgesia, sedation and deliriumSkrobik et al Anesth Analg 2010
• Pre- and post- study of 1214 patients• 8-hourly assessments of pain, sedation and
delirium• Individualised prescriptions with instructions• APACHE II 17.1 pre- vs 18.1 post- (p=0.03) ICU LOS (6.3 to 5.3d, p=0.009) ventilator time (7.5 to 5.9d, p=0.01)
mortality (29.4% vs 22.9%, p=0.009)
But are we just better? -Sedation protocols in Aussie ICUs
• Elliott R et al Int Care Med 2006– 322 patients, before and after study– Sedation algorithm (existing Ramsay scale)– 1day duration ICU stay! (p=0.04)
• Bucknall T et al CCM 2008– 312 patients, randomised unblinded study– Sedation agitation scale and protocol vs none– Propofol use 83% in both groups– No effect
We just don’t know, so…
It seems fair to assess and treat ACCCM PAD Guidelines 2013
• Routinely monitor pain
• Self report if possible (eg by NRS#)
• Otherwise use BPS* or the CPOT**
• Treat if NRS 4/10 or CPOT 3/8#Numerical Rating Scale *Behavioural Pain Scale**Critical Care Pain Observation Tool
NRS-V in ICU patients Chanques et al Pain 2010
Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) Gelinas et al 2006
Indicator Description Score
1. Facial expression NilFrowningTightly shut eyes
Relaxed 0Tense 1
Grimacing 2
2. Body movements Observed activity Absent 0Protection 1Restless 2
3. Muscle tension Test with passive limb movements
Relaxed 0Tense 1Rigid 2
4. Ventilator Compliance
or
Vocalisation
Intubated patients
Extubated patients
Tolerating 0Coughing 1Fighting 2
Normal 0Moaning 1
Crying out 2
Case history 1
54 yo man with severe CAP
- Frowning, moving, coughing, straining
- On fentanyl 50ug/h+ midazolam 5mg/h
• First, assess his pain by CPOT score
• Treat as 3/8
and/or change IV opioids (tolerance)
Effect of sedation on pain perception Frolich et al Anesthesiology 2013
Dexmed Midaz Propofol
Benzodiazepine vs non-benzo sedation for mechanically ventilated adultsFraser et al CCM 2013
Mechanical ventilation:Non-benzo strategy shorter by 1.9 days (p<0.00001)
Case history 1
54 yo man with severe CAP
- Frowning, moving, coughing
- On fentanyl + midazolam
and/or change IV opioids
• Consider sedative change to dexmedetomidine or propofol
Case history 2
67 yo woman with recovering GBS
- Grimacing/tears with passive physio
- on oxycodone and paracetamol
• First, assess pain with NRS or CPOT (or trial of treatment)
Gabapentin and carbamazepine for GBSPandey et al Anesth Analg 2005
• 36 ventilated ICU patients with GBS• Gaba 300mg tds vs carbamaz 100mg tds vs placebo
Pain Day 0 (0-10)
PainDay 1
Pain Day 3
Sedation Day 1
(1-6)
Fentanyl Day 3 (ug/d)
Gabapentin 8 3.5p<0.05
2p<0.05
2p<0.05
149p<0.05
Carbamaz 8 6 5 3 212
Placebo 8 6 6 4 379
Case history 2
2. 67 yo woman with recovering GBS
- Grimacing/tears with passive physio
- on oxycodone and paracetamol• Add gabapentin/pregabalin
(pregabalin 75mg bd to 300mg bd)
tramadol Targin for oxycodone
Case history 322 yo man with rib and pelvic #s
- Severe pain despite PCA fentanyl
- For pelvic # surgery
• First, quantify pain with NRS
Case history 322 yo man with rib and pelvic #s
Consider:
• morphine/oxycodone for fentanyl
• Regular paracetamol
• Ketamine infusion (0.1mg/kg/hour)
• Gabapentinoids
• Epidural after surgery
ACCCM PAD Guidelines 2013
• Pain should be routinely assessed
• NRS or BPS/CPOT
• Treat if NRS 4/10, CPOT 3/8 and before procedures
• IV opioids non-opioids
• Consider non-benzo sedation
• Gabapentinoids for neuropathic pain
• Consider epidural for specific situations
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