it&smart grid
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Information Technology&Smart Grid
Energy Efficient Information Technology
Heather Brotherton
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What is Information Technology (IT)?
Information + Technology Technology: fire, wheel Early information technology: Dewy
decimal system Information collections continue to
expand Compiling data into information became
exponentially labor intensive
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Information Systems Information systems make it possible to
process large amounts of data into information
Now that we have good information how do we quickly share research findings?
Networking; the internet
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Ubiquitous Communication The internet gave rise to ubiquitous
real-time communications Anyone can transmit: Files Photos Video
We use the internet to connect with others
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Convenience Bank by phone Turn by turn directions Researching purchases Home buying Meal planning Home automation Smart Grid
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Smart Grid: House Concept
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End User Implementation
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Smart Grid & IT
Information technology and the power grid are interdependent 2003 North East Blackout The extent and duration of the
outage was due to a race condition in the SCADA system
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Smart Grid & IT
Smart Grid expands this interdependence However it also enhances the reliability
and redundancy of the SCADA systems More situations are automated to avoid
human error
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Data Centers & Smart Grid Can coordinate energy consumption
during Low periods Periods where a high percentage of
renewable energy such as wind or solar is available
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What types of IT processes could take advantage of this?
Batch jobs such as running Reports Back upsScheduled maintenance
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Big Data Problem
All of these integrated systems will create vast amounts of data This data will be used for modeling to
make real time decisions This data will depend upon information
systems infrastructure to maintain; creating additional IT processing and archive loads.
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What’s the big deal storage space is cheap?
Not really Hard drive usage must be powered Additional load for backups Can be a huge deal in a virtualized
environment Memory usage is also decreased by 34% Multiply that by 100 in a virtual environment,
the resource savings is huge
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Storage Problem Vast amounts of data some will be used
in real-time situational analysis to allow Independent Systems Operators to make operational decisions. Past data may not be accessed daily, but
will need to be readily available for generation of reports to make strategic decisions
Accessibility to large amounts of data creates substantial energy overhead
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Energy Efficient Data Storage
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) vs. Solid State Drives (SDD) HDD
Uses 80% of maximum power draw at start-up SDD
Linear proportion usage to power relationship This means that any HDD active, but
running at under 80% utilization is wasting energy.
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Energy Efficient Data Storage
So is the answer to use all solid state drives? That is one possible answer, but it is
currently an expensive answer. Other possibilities:
Storage consolidation Virtualization is one possible method of
achieving this goal Shared storage arrays are another
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Storage Problem Increased use of
technologies such as memcached for frequently accessed data This technique uses
RAM caching Used in conjunction
with compression this can be very useful for transactional loads
Hybrid SDD/HDD storage systems managed intelligently
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Data Center Power consumption In 2005 data center power usage was
1% of the worlds power consumption. The current power usage is estimated to be as
high as 1.5% world wide and up to 2.2% of US power consumption.
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Data Center Power consumption Why should you care?
Every year there are rolling blackouts though the summer because utilities cannot keep up with demand.
Energy costs are higher than equipment costs.
Loss of electricity or computing capabilities can pose national security risks
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Efficiency Basics Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)
developed by the Green Grid is a widely accepted measure of data center efficiency.
PUE Calculation Total data center energy consumption
IT energy consumption=PUE
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PUE explained A PUE of one means that all energy
consumptions is being used by the servers, storage devices and networking equipment. Reaching one is the goal, but may not be
possible currently… However, Google has reached reach a Power
Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of 1.16.
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There is a better way…
According to Google “if all data centers operated at the same efficiency as ours, the U.S. alone would save enough electricity to power every household within the city limits of Atlanta, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.”
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Google Google tracks its PUE Data centers are run at 80 degree Fahrenheit or
more This “conforms with both the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers' recommendations and most IT equipment manufacturers' specs.”
Data centers can be cooled without chillers Remaining chillers have disabled “dehumidifying and
reheating functions on CRACs. Most are set to dehumidify air to 40% and reheat air if the return air is too cold, but these functions aren’t needed.”
Each data center element is designed to operate at optimal efficiency
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Google: How did they do it?
Power Supply The average power supply converts power from
AC to DC accounting for 30 to 40% in power loss.
This process also produces heat
Google power supplies do not perform this costly conversion and have an integrated UPS. “We’ve also cut out 2 of the AC / DC conversion
stages by putting back-up batteries on the server racks themselves.”
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Google: Custom Servers Parts are omitted “on servers that aren't
needed for our applications. Hardware is limited to what is necessary for the applications to run, and does not include unnecessary components such as peripheral connectors or video cards. We also optimize our servers and racks to use minimal fan power, and the fans are controlled to spin only as fast as necessary to keep the server temperature below a threshold.”
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Cascade Effect
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Facebook Facebook recently adopted a novel
power distribution design that removes uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and power distribution units (PDUs) from the data center.
The new design shifts the UPS and battery backup functions from the data center by adding 12 volt battery cabinets
Facebook’s datacenter has a PUE of 1.07
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Role of Software ”(T)he only way to have software consume
zero resources is not to run it at all. Even running very well-behaved software at the minimum will, in practice, require some resource overhead.” Virtualization Power Management Node Management Scheduling Lean Operating systems Software development De-duplication
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Virtualization Virtualization is useful for consolidation
of under utilized servers DO: consolidate servers that typically
have usage under 70% DO NOT: consolidate servers that have
usage higher than 90% Unless the server resources are more than
enough to cover usage patterns including the other virtualized servers consolidated into the new server
WARNING: Consolidating several high usage servers on one server may be a recipe for disaster.
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Virtualization Remember: Virtualization can lead to
the need to rework cooling in the data center.
Fewer machines could lead to unnecessary cooling of space no longer occupied by servers. This could result in wasted cooling.
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Lean Operating systems Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) are not
efficient 1 watt can be saved at the server level
though using a command line only server operating system
The overhead of the GUI is about 100 threads
This does not mean no Windows server OS
Windows server 2008 R2 Core Uses less disk space
Standard 7.5 GB Core 3.5 GB
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Software Development CPU UTILIZATION
Write event-triggered not time-based checks Use batch processing for processes that
cannot be event based Make sure batch jobs can be adjusted for time
conflicts MEMORY UTILIZATION
Avoid memory leaks Release memory when it is no longer needed,
don’t wait for the system to do it foru you.
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Software Development I/O UTILIZATION
Buffer/batch I/O requests EFFICIENT SYSTEM STACK
“Features to reduce power consumption of underutilized system resources have become pervasive in even the largest systems, and the software layers responsible for managing those resources must evolve in turn”
Implement policies: Increase performance of resources in use Reduce power consumption for resources
not in use
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Software Development(Continued) “Resource consumers clearly have a significant
opportunity either to contribute to or undermine the efficiency of the broader stack. Though getting programmers to think differently about the way they design software is more than a technical problem, tools such as PowerTOP represent a great first step by providing programmers and administrators with observability into software inefficiency, a point of reference for optimization, and awareness of the important role software plays in energy-efficient computing."
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Hardware What is better one really powerful
server of several low powered servers? Answer: It depends. Many low powered servers are ideal for
transactional loads Powerful servers are better for simulation
and computation
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Conclusion "Any intelligent fool can make things
bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius -- and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction.” ~Albert Einstein
In IT this kind of thinking results in huge payoffs when implemented correctly.
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