itroduction to structural engineering

By

N. Krishna Veni

Civil Engineering is one of the most indispensable part of society. Civil Engineering is the backbone of civilization, our infrastructure, the buildings, mansions, factories, freeways, high-speed railways.

Structural Engineering is a field of engineering dealing with analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads

Structural engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials

Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of loads, physics and materials to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads

Structural engineers ensure that their designs satisfy a given "design intent", predicated on safety (e.g. structures do not collapse without due warning), or serviceability (e.g. floor vibration and building sway do not result in discomfort for the occupants). Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds and materials to achieve these goals.

Seismic Design of New Bridges , Buildings and Dams

Retrofit of Old Buildings and Dams to Resist Earthquakes

The term structural derives from the Latin word structus, which is "to pile, build assemble". The first use of the term structure was c.1440. The term engineer derives from the old French term engin, meaning "skill, cleverness" and also 'war machine'. This term in turn derives from the Latin word ingenium, which means "inborn qualities, talent," and is constructed of in- "in" + gen-, the root of gignere, meaning "to beget, produce." The term engineer is related to ingenious.

Structural engineering dates back to 2700 BC when the Step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep

Gustave Eiffel is the pioneer of the use of iron in structural engineering

Developments in the understanding of materials and structural behaviour in the latter part of the 20th Century have been significant, with developed of topics such as fracture mechanics, earthquake engineering, composite materials, temperature effects on materials, dynamics and vibration, fatigue, creep and others.The increasing range of different structures and the increasing complexity of those structures has led to increasing specialisation of structural engineers.

For systems that obey Hooke's law, the extension produced is directly proportional to the load. If it exceeds hookes law a structure is called as failure structure.

Stress Deflection Buckling Creep Fracture Wear yielding

Any structure is essentially made up ofonly a small number of different types ofelements: Columns Beams Plates Arches Shells Catenaries

Structural loads on structures are generally classified as live (imposed) loads and dead loads.

Live loads are transitory or temporary loads

Dead loads are permanent, and may include the weight of the structure itself and all major permanent components.

Axial: cables,shells,arches Flexural: beams,plates shear: frames,shear walls

Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist loads.

Common structural materials are: IronConcreteAluminumTimberComposites

Building structures Earthquake engineering structures Civil engineering structures Mechanical structures

Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is the branch of structural engineering that is close to architecture.

Civil structural engineering includes all structural engineering related to the built environment.

It includes:BridgesDamsRoadsRailwaysPipelinesPower stations

tunnels that bore through mountains to make routes shorter.

bridges that span large valleys and rivers. Dams that provide water and electricity,

everything owes its existing to this wonderful science, this branch of Engineering.

Civil Engineering is one of the most indispensable part of society. Civil Engineering helps in sustaining civilization itself. The backbone of civilization, our infrastructure, the magnificent buildings, mansions, theme-parks, factories, freeways, high-speed railways, tunnels that bore through mountains to make routes shorter, bridges that span large valleys and rivers, Dams that provide water and electricity, everything owes its existing to this wonderful science, this branch of Engineering.Civil Engineering is one of the most indispensable part of society. Civil Engineering helps in sustaining civilization itself. The backbone of civilization, our infrastructure, the magnificent buildings, mansions, theme-parks, factories, freeways, high-speed railways, tunnels that bore through mountains to make routes shorter, bridges that span large valleys and rivers, Dams that provide water and electricity, everything owes its existing to this wonderful science, this branch of Engineering.

A structural engineer is most commonly involved in the design of buildings and nonbuilding structures but also plays an essential role in designing machinery where structural integrity of the design item impacts safety and reliability. Large man-made objects, from furniture to medical equipment to a variety of vehicles, require significant design input from a structural engineer.

Principals of structural engineering are applied to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures is referred to as Structural Mechanical Engineering.

Earthquake engineering structures are those engineered to withstand various types of hazardous earthquake exposures at the sites of their particular location.

Understand what happened in past earthquakes

Understand how materials, members and structures respond• Basic tests of materials• Physical test of individual members• Small scale tests of structures

Incorporate knowledge into computer analysis to simulate earthquake demands

Satisfaction of seeing your work getting built,

and watching

peopl people use the finished finished products.

Design future land mark structures, or help save old ones

Contributes to the Safety of Society

Heyman, Jacques (1999). The Science of Structural Engineering.

Heyman, Jacques (1998). Structural Analysis: A Historical Approach

Labrum, E.A. (1994). Civil Engineering Heritage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering