introduction to science

Introduction To ScienceYear 9

GB

SLOs

List Safety Rules for working in Science Laboratories

SLO

What is Science?

What is Science

Why do we need a special room to learn about Science?

Why do we need rules in order to work safely in a laboratory?

List five safety rules.

Complete page 7 of Scipad

What is Science?

What should we do if:

1. A chemical gets in your eyes? Wash with lots of water

Tell the teacher

2. If someone cuts themselves? Cover, apply pressure, elevate

Tell teacher

3. If someone burns themselves? Run under cold water for at least ten minutes

Tell the teacher

4. If you spill a chemical? Tell the teacher

First Aid

Identify safety hazard symbols

SLO

What are some common everyday symbols?

Why do we have symbols?

Complete page 8.

Symbols

Draw laboratory equipment in a scientific manner

Identify common laboratory equipment

SLO

Pencil

Straight lines

Label diagrams

No sketching or shading

Heading needs to describe what is being drawn

2D only

Drawing in Science

Name Diagram Use LocationBunsen Burner Cupboard under

sink at back

Tripod

Gauze Mat

Board

Test Tube Rack

Conical Flask

Chemicals

Test tube cleaners

Boiling tubes

Naming Game

Name Diagram Use LocationTest tube

Thermometer

Stirring rod

Spatula

Tongs

Test tube holders

Funnels

Dropper

Petri dish

Beaker

Naming Game

Complete page 9 - 11 of Sci pad

Complete worksheets

Success Criteria

Label parts of a Bunsen Burner

Demonstrate how to safely use a Bunsen Burner

Carry out a simple experiment using a Bunsen Burner

SLO

Lighting a Bunsen

Flames

Aim:

To find out which flame is hotter, blue or orange.

Equipment:

250ml beaker, measuring cylinder, stop watch,

Gauze mat, board, tripod, Bunsen burner, safety glasses

Method:

1. Put 100ml of cold water into a 250ml beaker

2. Time how long it takes to boil, (bubble), using

a blue flame (air hole open)

3. Repeat using fresh water and an orange flame

(air hole closed)

Which Flame is hotter?

Results:

Conclusion:

__________ flame is the hottest and should be used for heating.

An open air hole allows more oxygen into the Bunsen, combustion (burning) needs oxygen.

Flame Time Taken to Boil

Blue Flame

Orange Flame

Aim:

To investigate different parts of a Bunsen Burner flame

Equipment:

Copper wire, Bunsen, board, stop watch

Tongs

Method:

1. Hold the cold copper wire at the top of the barrel, time how long it takes to glow red hot, observe and record where it glows

2. Repeat at three points in both blue and orange flame

How Hot is the Flame?

Results:

Flame Wire Position

Time1 2 3 Av

Location

Orange Top

Orange Middle

Orange Bottom

Blue Top

Blue Middle

Blue Bottom

Conclusion:

The hottest flame is __________ and the hottest location is

_______________.

Complete worksheets

Complete Scipad pages 12-15

Success Criteria

Activity Observations

1. Shaking a test tubeo 2ml watero 1 spatula of potassium permanganate

2. Heating a solid using Tongso Magnesium ribbon + heato DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT LIGHT

3. Heating a solid in a boiling tubeo 1 spatula load of copper sulphate

crystals

4. Heating a liquid in a boiling tubeo 2ml Glucose solution o 5 drops Benedict's solution

5. Heating a liquid in an evaporating basino 20ml sea water

Laboratory Skills

See pages 10-12 Science World 9 for detailed instructions

Measure volume and length accurately

Read Scales accurately

SLO

List all the things we can measure:

Length

Width

Height

Weight

Mass

Time

Volume

Temperature

Force

Speed

Measuring

Tool Unit Things to measure

Length or width

Centimetre cm, Metre, m

Volume Amount of liquid in a cup.

Mass ScalesDegrees Celsius

Time Time it takes to run 100 m.

Measuring

Tool Unit Things to measure

Length or width

Ruler Centimetre cm, Metre, m

Your height

Volume MeasuringCylinder

ml, L, Amount of liquid in a cup.

Mass Scales mg, g, Kg, tonnes mass of a brick

Temperature Thermometer Degrees Celsius Temp of a liquid

Time Stop watch, clock, calendar

sec, min, hours, days, months, years

Time it takes to run 100 m.

Measuring

Meniscus

Item Equipment Measurement Unit

Length of workbook

Height of work bench

Volume of water held in a full boiling tube

Mass of your biropen

Your Mass

Time it takes to do 5 sit ups

Measuring Practical

Item Equipment Measurement Unit

Length of workbook

Ruler 30-31 cm

Height of work bench

Ruler 87-89 cm

Volume of water held in a full boiling tube

Measuring cylinder

55-57 ml

Mass of your biropen

Scales g

Your Mass Scales Kg

Time it takes to do 5 sit ups

Stop watch 5.66 Sec

Measuring Practical

1. How reliable, valid, accurate are your results?

2. How could you have improved reliability, accuracy and validity?

1. Complete round robin measuring practical's

2. Complete Scipad 17-19

3. Read pages 24-26 Science World 9

4. Complete Questions in Science World 9 pages 28-30

Tasks

Process, interpret and report using appropriate data

techniques and convections

SLO

Independent variable (that which you purposefully change) is in the left column,

Dependent variable (that which you measure) with the different trials is in the next columns,

Average at the end (add up values and divide by how many values there are)

Title: Clearly state the purpose of the experiment, headings need to have units

Tables

Average

I wanted to know who had bigger feet, boys or girls:

1. Draw a table to put the results in and calculate the average foot size for both boys and girls in cm.

2. Collect the data

3. Calculate the average

4. Who has bigger feet?

Complete Questions 5, and 2 on page 33 of text book

Task

http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/graph4.htm

Graphs must have:

Title

Labelled axis

Units

Ruled lines

Even spacing

Graphs

Draw a table and collect the following information:

Number of people with, blue, green, brown, other eyes in the class

Now graph your data, this is a bar graph

Complete page 20-21 Sci pad

Complete sci pad page 22

Temperature of water every minute as it is heated with a blue flame over until boiling

Now graph your data, this is a line graph

Success Criteria

1. Explain the differences between observations, inferences, and predictions

2. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative measurements and observations

SLO

We observe using our 5 senses:

Sight

Sound

Touch

Smell

Taste (only if specifically told you can eat in a lab)

Observing

Activity Observations

1. Bubble oxygen into limewater

2. Add hydrochloric acid to Magnesium strip

3. Add 1 spatula of sodium thiosulphatecrystals to a test tubeHalf fill with water and shake

4. Make a thumb and index finger printLook at page 19 to classify

5. Put two drops of ethanol onto your hand, blow on it.

Observing Practical's

Remember for each: smell, listen, feel, look

Activity Observations

6. Add two drops of iodine to starch solution

7. Add 1 ml of potassium iodide to 2ml of lead nitrate

8. Put 2ml of sulphuric acid into a test tube, add 6 drops of universal indicator, then add 3ml of sodium hydroxide

9. Put one drop of each solution onto your tongue, identify the taste

10. Smell each bottle carefully, identifyeach smell

Remember for each: smell, listen, feel, look

Quantitative data – can be measured, counted

Qualitative data – information is described using words

Observations – watching very carefully, using all senses

Prediction – Using observations and evidence to guess the future or result

Inference – using prior knowledge and reasoning to guess the future or a result and NOT observations

Definitions

Complete questions page 22-23 Science World 9

Task

Communicate using appropriate scientific language, formats and

systems

SLO

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/scientificmethod.html

Scientific Method

Aim/Purpose – what you are trying to find out

Equipment – gear you are going to need

Hypothesis – the results you expect

Method – steps and diagram

- independent variables – thing you change

- dependent variables - result you record

- controlled variables – keep same to make fair test

Results – data and graph, averages, percentages, calculations

Conclusion – answers aim and refers to hypothesis

Discussion – links your results with scientific ideas

Evaluation – what went well, what and how you could have improved the experiment, how reliable the results are

Experimental Format

Complete page 22 Scipad

Write a plan to test who can run the fastest in the class, boys or girls

Copy and complete question 3 page 33 of Year 9 Science World

Complete questions Answers only 1-5 pages 32-33

Tasks

In order for an experiments results to be valid the experiment must have been carried out fairly:

- Measurements taken accurately

- Experiment repeated

- Conditions controlled so that only one thing changes

- Sufficient information is collected

- Sufficient details (including a diagram) are recorded

Fair Tests

Independent Variable = thing you change

Dependent Variable = results you record

Controlled variables = things you keep the same to make it a fair test

Variables;

If we wanted to test to see if Drive or Surf is a better washing powder what would our:

Independent Variable be (thing we change)?

Brand of washing powder

Dependent Variable be (thing we record):

Measure stain size/weight or colour (using a colour chart)

Controlled Variables be (things we need to keep the same):

Amount of water in wash, amount of powder, size of stain, type of clothing, washing cycle, water temperature, type of stain

Washing Powder

Aim: Which ball bounces highest

Hypothesis: The _________ ball will bounce the highest

Equipment: tennis ball, ping pong ball, golf ball, metre ruler

Method:

Independent Variable:

Ball type

Dependent Variable:

Height of bounce, (cm)

Controlled Variables:

Height drop ball from, surface it hits, force released with, same person dropping it

Fair Test 1

Method:

Step 1:

Drop first ball from 20 cm height (bottom of ball)

Step 2:

Measure from top of ball in cm the height it bounces too.

Step 3:

Repeat three times for each type of ball

Results:

Graph: Bounce height of Balls

Height ball bounced(cm)

Ball Type

Ball Type Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (cm)

Tennis Ball

Ping pong Ball

Golf ball

Conclusion:

____________ bounced the highest. This is because . . .

Contains a rubber centre which absorbs and then releases the energy gained when falling.The hypothesis was correct/incorrect.

Evaluation:

The experiment was accurate because . . . (measurements)Used a ruler and appropriate scale, were careful and took time when reading ruler.The experiment was reliable because … (things you kept the same and how many times you did it)The experiment was repeated, same method for each ball, controlled variables, method could be repeated by someone else and they would get the same results.In order to improve the experiment . . . More repeats, video and slow it to take bounce height measurement, machine to drop ball,

Aim: Which cup keeps water warmest

Hypothesis:

Equipment:

Method:

Independent Variable:

Cup type

Dependent Variable:

Time water took to drop 5’C or Temperature drops in 2 minutes

Controlled Variables:

Cup size, amount of water, temperature of water at start

Fair Test 2

Method:

Step 1:

Heat 50ml of water over a Bunsen until it reaches 35’C

Pour into cup, record temperature

Step 2:

Record time taken to drop 10 degrees.

Or

Record temperature after 5 minutes.

Step 3:

Repeat three times for each type of cup

Results:

Graph: Insulating capacity of cups

Time taken to drop 10’C (min)

Cup Type

Cup Type Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (min)

Temperature change after 5 Mins

Plastic

Polystyrene

Conclusion:

____________ kept the water warmest for longest. This is because . . . The hypothesis was correct/incorrect.

Evaluation:

The experiment was accurate because . . .

The experiment was reliable because …

In order to improve the experiment . . .

Complete workbook pages 7-8

Complete bouncing ball practical on page 32 of Science World 9

Copy main ideas on page 34

Complete Test yourself pages 34-35

Success Criteria

Solute – solid part, sugar

Solvent – liquid part, water

Solution – made up of solid and liquid part, cordial

Solutions

Concentrated: Lots of solute, more solid you add more concentrated a solution becomes

Dilute: Lots of solvent, not much solute, more liquid you add more diluted a solution becomes

Complete Scipad potassium permanganate investigation on page 33.

Concentration

Solubility relates to how much solid can be dissolved into a solution.

Soluble – means a solid can be dissolved and mix into a liquid, eg sugar

Insoluble – means a solid will not dissolve or mix into a liquid eg rocks

Complete Scipad Investigation into Solubility on page 32 Teaspoon of Baking soda/salt – 2g

Solubility

When no more solid will dissolve into a liquid the solution is said to be Saturated!

Complete practical page 35 Scipad on Saturation

Saturation

Mixture – made up of more than one chemical and can be separated physically.

http://activities.macmillanmh.com/science/ca/scienceinmotion/Common/SIM.html?Module=../Grade5/Chapter7-SeparatingMixtures/

Page 28 Sci pad

Separating Mixtures

• Filtration

• Sieving

• Gravity separation

• Distillation and Condensation

• Crystallization and Evaporation

• Froth flotation

• Magnetic separation

• Chromatography

• Centrifuging

Separating Mixtures

Evaporation:

Heating a solution until the solvent turns from a liquid to a gas, leaving behind the solute.

Complete Sci pad Practical

Separating Solutions page 36

Evaporation

Distillation

The solution is heated until it boils. The liquid withthe lowest boiling point boils first and becomes a gas.

Complete Sci pad Practical

Distillation and Condensing

pages 38-39

Distillation

Chromatography. a method for analyzing mixtures by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made.

Complete Sci pad pages 40-41 Chromatography

Chromatography

Filtration. This separates a solid from a liquid through the use of a porous material as a filter.

Scipad page 29 – separating solids and liquids

Filtration

Magnetism:

Using a magnet to remove metals from a mixture.

Magnetism

1. Complete cut and past

2. Complete pages 28, 28-30 31, 37, 42-47, Scipad

3. Read pages 67-75 Science World 9

4. Complete Questions page 76 Science World 9 (do not do question 1, do challenges as well)

Success Criteria