introduction to pharmacology and sources of drugs:dr rahul kunkulol's power point preparations
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04/07/2023Rahul
DR. RAHUL KUNKULOL
ASSO.PROF. PHARMACOLOGY
1
Pharmacology
A Very Basic
Intro…..
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Introduction
What is Pharmacology? Why do we need to take
Pharmacology?
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What is Pharmacology?
It is the science that deals with the study of drugs and its effect on biological system.
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What is a drug?
WHO definition….Drug is any substance or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological state or pathological condition for the well being of the recipient
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PharmacologyPharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics What the body does to drug What the drug does to
body
Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacocognosy
The study of the use of drugs Identifying crude materials as drugs
Pharmacology
Toxicology
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PHARMACOKINETICSIs what the body does to the
drug ?......
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Pharmacokinetics
The magnitude of the pharmacological effect of a drug depends on its concentration at the site of action.
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination
PharmacokineticsWhat the body does to the drug
t1/2 (Half-Life)- the time required for the plasma concentration of a drugto be reduced by 50%
ED50 (effective dose)- The dose of a drug that is effective for 50% of the population exposed to the drug
LD50 (lethal dose)- the dose at which death occurs in 50% of subjects
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PHARMACODYNAMICSIs what the drug does to the
body ?...
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Pharmacodynamics
Interaction of drugs with cellular proteins, such as receptors or enzymes, to control changes in physiological function of particular organs.
Drug-Receptor Interactions› Binding
Signal Transduction› Mechanism of action, Pathways
Dose-Response› Effect
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- Based on the chemical structure - Based on the main effect (e.g.
analgesics).- Based on the therapeutic use (e.g.
antidepressant).- Based on mechanism of action (e.g.
serotonin agonist).
DRUG CLASSIFICATION
- Chemical name - *Generic name - Trade name
Chemical Name: 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid
Generic Name: ibuprofen
Trade Names: Advil, Aches-N-Pain, Brufen, Emodin, Haltran, Medipren, Midol 200, Motrin, Nuprin, Rufen, Trendar, Wal-Profen
*preclinical nomenclature = company abbrev-123456 (e.g. WAY-100635, MK-869)
Drug Nomenclature
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15Sources of DrugsPlants
AnimalsMineralsMicrobes Synthetics
Genetic engineering
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Sources of Drugs (cont.)Sources Details Examples
Plants Berries (seeds) , bark, LeavesResin from trees, roots
MorphineQunineDigitalis / Digoxin Gum acacia
Minerals Earth & soil Iron, sulfur, potassium, silver & even gold
Animals Glands, organs & tissues Pork insulin
Synthetic Man made Meperidine, sulphonamides
Microbes Fungus StreptomycetsBacteria
PenicillinsErythromycinBacitracin
Plants Alkaloids : Nitrogenous bases
derived from plant. There names end with ‘ne'.
Examples :Morphine, Quinine
Glycosides : Are plant products with sugar moiety attached to non-sugar with ether linkage. Examples : Digoxin
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Plants Gums :Exudates of plants. used as emulsifying agents
› Ex. Gum acacia Resins :Polymers of volatile oil
› Ex. Benzoin
Tannins :Nonphenolic nitrogenous derivatives. Used as astrigents.
› Ex. Tinc,. Catechu
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PlantsPurple foxglove, Digitalis purpurea
From the leaves of this plant was isolated the cardiac glycoside Digitalis, a drug still used today to treat heart failure.
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Papaverous somniferum Morphine was isolated from the opium
poppy
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Artemisia annua L. (wormwood),
The eastern herb used in China since antiquity to treat fevers, is the source of the modern drug qinghaosu, which shows great promise as a modern anti-malarial compound.
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Cinchona : Qunine
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Atropa belladonna :Atropine
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Erythroxylon coca :cocaine
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PlantsPlant Part Drug Use
Chinchona Bark Quinine Anti malarialPurple Foxglove
Leaves Digitallis Congestive cardiac failure
Pappaverous somniferous
Poppy seeds(opium)
Morphine Codeine
Opioid Analgesicantitussive
Artimisia annua
Quinghousu Artimisinin derivatives
Antimalarial
Atropa belladona
Leaves Atropine OPPs
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AnimalsAnimal Part Drug Use
Cow Pancreas Insulin Antidiabetic hormone
Fish Sperms Protamine sulphate
Antidote of heparin
Pig intestine Heparin anticoagulants
Ox lungs Heparin anticoagulants
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Synthetic Pethidine
Cotrimoxazole
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Minerals
Minerals Drugs Uses
Magnesium Milk of magnesia
constipation
Iron Ferrous sulphate
Anaemia
Zinc Zinc oxide ointment
Calamine lotion
Calcium Calcium sulphate
Osteoporosis
Gold Gold salts Rheumatoid arthritis
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Microbes
Microbes Name Drug
Fungi Penicillium notataum Penicillin
Actinomycetes
Streptomyces VenezuelaStreptomyces aurefaciens
ChloramphenicolTetracycline
Bacteria Bacillus subtilis Bacitracin
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Genetically engineered Recombinax HB (hepatitis B
Vaccine) Human erythropoetin Human Insulin Abciximab
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Drug Formulation
Dosage: Amount of drug to be administered usually based on weight. Example: mg/kg
Concentration: How the drug is formulated into a solution . Example: mg/ml
Injection Volume: A liquid measurement based on weight . Example: ml/kg
Drug Formulation
Drug Formulationexamples……
VERY SIMPLE FORMULATION:
A rat needs to be administered a dosage of 50mg.
The drug is in a liquid form of concentration 25 mg/ml.
What volume of the solution needs to be injected?
Drug Formulationexamples……
SIMPLE FORMULATION:
The rat weighs 350 g.
The maximum volume to be injected IP in a rat is 1ml/kg.
The dose to be administered is 10mg/kg.
The dose is in a liquid concentration of 10mg/ml.
What volume of the solution will be injected into the rat?
Drug Formulationexamples……
SIMPLE FORMULATION:
The rat weighs 350 g.
The maximum volume to be injected IP in a rat is 1ml/kg.
The dose to be administered is 10mg/kg.
The dose is in a liquid concentration of 10mg/ml.
SIMPLE ANSWER:
1. Transform weight: A 350 g. rat = 0.35 kg.
2. Determine max. vol.: 0.35 kg X 1ml/kg = 0.35 ml volume
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37
Thank you
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