introduction to marzano’s art and science of teaching
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Introduction to Marzano’s Art and Science of
Teaching
Sherwood BrooksSharon Klink
Driftwood Middle School2011
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Overview of Today’s Training• Explain this observation
instrument and how it aids in instructional improvement
• Review and practice using Marzano’s Art and Science of Teaching Framework (Domain 1)
• Develop accuracy using tools to document evidence of practice and provide feedback to teachers
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Doing Teacher Evaluation Differently
What is the goal?
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The Goal: An expectation that all teachers can increase their expertise from year to year which produces gains in student achievement from year to year with a powerful cumulative effect
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Art and Science of Teaching Framework Based Upon Decades of Research
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Research-based strategies have a high probability of raising student achievement if they are used:
• In the part (segment) or type of lesson that is appropriate for the strategy
• At the appropriate level of implementation
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Teacher Effectiveness:The Research Behind the ModelRelationship between Teacher Effectiveness and Student Achievement
Teacher Performance Rating (Example)
Expected Percentile Gain in Achievement for a Student Starting at the 50th Percentile
Predicted Percentile Rank for a Student Starting at the 50th Percentile
50th 0 50th
70th 8 58th
90th 18 68th
98th 27 77th
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Five Conditions to Support Teacher Expertise
Teacher Expertise
Common Language of Instruction
Focused Feedback and Deliberate
Practice
Opportunity to Observe and Discuss
Teaching and Learning
Clear Criteria for Success and Plan
for Success
Recognition of progress
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Causal Links to Student Achievement
Student Achievement
Classroom Strategies and Behaviors
Planning and Preparing
Reflecting on Teaching
Collegiality & Professionalism
Common Language of Instruction
Domain One
Domain Two
Domain Three
Domain Four
Levels of Performance• Scales: continuum of teaching behavior that documents growth over
time and can be used as a formative feedback tool or a summative assessment. Example from Domain 1: Processing New Information
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Innovating (4) Applying (3) Developing (2) Beginning (1) Not Using (0)
The teacher adapts and creates new strategies for unique student needs and situations
The teacher engages students in summarizing, predicting, and questioning activities and monitors the extent to which the activities enhance student understanding
The teacher engages students in summarizing, predicting, and questioning activities
The teacher uses the strategy incorrectly or with parts missing
The strategy was called for but not exhibited
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What does high quality instruction look like?
•Talk with a partner and write down as many factors as possible.
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One of the greatest barriers to school improvement is the lack of an agreed upon definition of what high quality instruction looks like. - Elmore (2010)
What are the potential implications for student achievement?
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A research based framework that describes and
defines teaching
A means for self assessment and reflection
A transparent framework for
making decisions
A foundation for professional
conversation
A coherent means to provide
formative and summative feedback
Common Language of Instruction
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Design Questions1. What will I do to establish and communicate learning goals, track
student progress, and celebrate success? 6. What will I do to engage students? 2. What will I do to establish and maintain classroom rules and
procedures?3. What will I do to help students effectively interact with new
knowledge?4. What will I do to help students practice and deepen understanding of
new knowledge?5. What will I do to help students generate and test hypotheses about
new knowledge?7. What will I do to recognize adherence and lack of adherence to
classroom rules and procedures?8. What will I do to establish and maintain effective relationships with
students?9. What will I do to communicate high expectations for all students?
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Lesson Segment Involving Routine Events
Design Question 1: What will I do to establish and communicate learning goals, track
student progress, and celebrate success?
Design Question 6: What will I do to establish or maintain classroom rules
and procedures?
The Marzano Framework organizes 9 of 10 Design Questions into Three Lesson Segments:
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10 Design Questions(9 Observable Teaching Behaviors)
3 Lesson Segments
41 Categories of Instructional Strategies (Elements)
The Marzano Art and Science of Teaching Framework
4 Domains
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Lesson Segment Involving Routine Events
Design Question 1: What will I do to establish and communicate learning goals, track student
progress, and celebrate success?Providing Clear Learning Goals and Scales to
Measure those GoalsTracking Student Progress
Celebrating Student Success
Design Question 6: What will I do to establish or maintain classroom rules and procedures?
Establishing Classroom RoutinesOrganizing Physical Layout of the Classroom for
Learning
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Design Question 1: Establishing and communicating learning goals, tracking progress, celebrating success
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What the Research says about Design Question #1 (setting goals, monitoring progress, celebrating success)
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Knowledge can be categorized as Procedural or Declarative.
Procedural Knowledge
• Skills, Strategies and Processes
Declarative Knowledge
•Information
Design Question 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?
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Procedural
Practice &
Feedback
Fluency
Declarative
Multiple
Exposures
Deepening
Understanding
Procedural and Declarative Knowledge
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Setting Learning GoalsWhen creating learning goals, it is most useful to state
them in one of the following two formats:(Same as SMART Objectives)
Students will be able to __________________.
Students will understand _________________.
The reason for this is that content knowledge can be organized into two broad categories: Declarative
knowledge & Procedural knowledge.
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Learning Goals, Activities and Assignments
Learning Goal
Activity
Guided learning experiences that take place
in a classroom setting
Assignment
Learning experiences designed to be completed independently in a
class or as a homework opportunity to extend classroom learning
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Learning Goals-Activities and Assignments: Example
Subject Learning Goal Activity Assignment
Science Students will be able to identify similarities and differences between various planets in the solar system.
Students will watch a video that demonstrates the relationship between the earth and the moon and the place of these bodies in the solar system. Students will construct a model in small groups to represent understanding.
Read pp 24-32 and complete a graphic organizer that will represent individual understanding of the configuration of planets in the solar system.
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Using Scales to Track Student Progress
Scales: A Continuum of Teaching Behavior Leading to Expertise
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Scales and the Use of Feedback
If•goals provide clear targets for learning
Then•feedback facilitates the process of reaching those targets.
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A Scale or Rubric Helps Students Learn
• Encourages continuous learning
• Provides specific and focused feedback specific to a criterion
• Students can effectively provide their own feedback and measure their own progress over time
• Allows for accurate peer feedback
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Building an Effective Scale/Rubric
Score 4.0 More Complex Learning Goal
Score 3.0 Target Learning Goal
Score 2.0 Simpler Learning Goal
Score 1.0 With help, partial success at level 2.0 content.
Score 0.0 Even with help, no success.
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Design Question #1: What will I do to establish and communicate learning goals, track student achievement, and celebrate success?
Without feedback,
goals are less effective
Need both goals and feedback to
celebrate success
Without effective goals,
feedback is ineffective
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Lesson Segment Involving Routine Events
Design Question 6: What will I do to establish or maintain classroom rules
and procedures?Establishing Classroom Routines
Organizing Physical Layout of the Classroom for Learning
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Classroom Rules and Procedures
• General classroom behavior• Beginning the day or period• Ending of the day or period• Transitions and interruptions• Materials and equipment• Group work• Seat work
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Organizing Physical Space
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Processing the Learning: Lesson Segment Involving Routine Events
Read protocol Number 4. While you watch the following video, look for teacher evidence of establishing routines and student evidence of understanding and following routine expectations
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Lesson Segment Addressing Content
Design Question 2: What will I do to help students effectively interact with the new knowledge?
Design Question 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new
knowledge?
Design Question 4: What will I do to help students generate and test hypotheses about new
knowledge?
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Design Question 2: What will I do to help students effectively interact with the new knowledge?
•Identifyin g C ritical In fo rmatio n
•Pr eview in g New C on tent
•Or gan iz ing St ud en ts to In teract wit h New Kn o wled ge
•Ch un king Co n ten t int o “Digestible B ites”
•Pr ocess in g New In fo rmatio n
•Elabo ratin g o n New In for mation
•Recor d ing an d Repr esen tin g K n ow ledge
•Reflecting on Lear nin g
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Teach the Thinking• Small chunks of content
need to be processed during a critical input experience
• Active processing requires the use of macro-strategies, or interacting instructional strategies
• Students cannot intuit these strategies they must be taught
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Common Components of Macro-strategies
• Summarizing and Note Taking• Nonlinguistic Representation• Questions• Reflection• Cooperative Learning
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— A unit with two learning goals might have four to six critical input experiences.
— Adequate time must be given to ensure students process the content deeply and comprehensively.
Examples:• Read a specific passage of text.• Watch a video. • Listen to a mini-lecture.• Watch a demonstration.• Participate in a simulation.
Identifying Critical Input Experiences Using a Variety of Mediums
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Previewing New Content• Help students activate prior knowledge
relative to the new information• Activating this knowledge or related
knowledge helps students create linkages
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Organize Students to Interact with New KnowledgeBenefits
– Provides students with multiple reference points– Facilitates active processing of information during a critical input
experience— Challenges students to articulate their thinking— Allows students to see how others process information— Allows students to react to how others process information
—Groups of two to five—Establish operating rules in advance
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Present New Information in Small Chunks
“Learning proceeds more efficiently if students receive information in small chunks that are processed immediately. The more students know about the content, the larger the chunks can be.”
Robert MarzanoThe Art and Science of Teaching (2007)
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Using Descriptions, Discussions and Predictions to Enhance Understanding
• After each small chunk of information provided students should work in small groups to describe, discuss, and make predictions regarding new information.
Elements that Guide Interaction
s
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The Art and Science of Teaching (2007)
Elaborative questions can be organized into two broad categories:
Inferential Questions and Elaborative Interrogations
Inferential Questions
• Questions, that ask students to go beyond what was presented in a critical input experience
Elaborative Interrogations
•Begin with simple inferential questions and then ask the student to defend their logic
Elaborating on New Content
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Recording and Representing Knowledge
• Notes• Academic Notebooks• Graphic Organizers• Dramatic Enactments• Mnemonics
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Reflecting on Learning• Final step to actively
processing information• Importance of questions
as a catalyst for success– Sample Questions:
• What was I right about? • What was I wrong about?• How confident am I about
what I have learned?• What did I do well during
the experience and what could I have done better?
• All learners benefit from self monitoring, self regulating, and examining understanding
• Students can assess their own progress– Sample Questions:
• How am I doing?• What do I understand
better now?• What am I still confused
about?• How could I have
completed this task differently?
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3 Ways to Stimulate Student Reflection
• Reflective Questions and Journals
• Think Logs
• Exit Slips
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Design Question 2: What will I do to help students effectively interact with the new knowledge?
•Identifyin g C ritical In fo rmatio n
•Pr eview in g New C on tent
•Or gan iz ing St ud en ts to In teract wit h New Kn o wled ge
•Ch un king Co n ten t int o “Digestible B ites”
•Pr ocess in g New In fo rmatio n
•Elabo ratin g o n New In for mation
•Recor d ing an d Repr esen tin g K n ow ledge
•Reflecting on Lear nin g
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Lesson Segment Addressing Content
Design Question 2: What will I do to help students effectively interact with the new knowledge?
Design Question 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?
Design Question 4: What will I do to help students generate and test hypotheses about new knowledge?
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Research and Theory
• Schema Development
• Development of Procedural Knowledge
• Development of Declarative Knowledge
• Homework
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Design Question 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?
•Reviewing Content
•Organizing Students to Practice and Deepen Knowledge
•Using Homework
•Examining Similarities and Differences
•Examining Errors in Reasoning
•Practicing Skil ls, Strategies, and Processes
•Revising Knowledge
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Reviewing Content
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Examining Similarities and Differences
• There are five basic types of tasks that facilitate the identification of similarities.• Comparing• Classifying• Creating similes and metaphors• Creating analogies• Identifying Errors in Thinking
• Faulty Logic• Attacks• Weak References• Misinformation
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Comparing Strategy Examples
DifferencesSimilarities
Differences
______and______ are alike as fairy tale characters because they both______. They are different as fairy tale characters because they______.
Sentence Stems
Double Bubble Diagram
Venn Diagrams
Comparison Matrices
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Classifying Strategy Examples
Classification Chart Student Generated Classification Patterns
Students in a high school sociology class might be asked to collect representative problems they have identified in their own community. Their teacher asks them to classify the problems according to conceptual patterns they have studied in class. At the completion of the process, students are asked to present their conclusions.
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Identifying Errors in ThinkingFaulty Logic Attacks Weak References Misinformation
Contradiction
Accident
False cause
Begging the question
Evading the issue
Arguing from ignorance
Composition and division
Poisoning the well
Arguing against the person
Appealing to force
Sources that reflect bias
Sources that lack credibility
Appealing to authority
Appealing to the people
Appealing to emotion
Confusing the facts
Misapplying a concept or generalization
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Organizing Students to Practice and Deepen Knowledge
Cooperative learning techniques can be used in a wide variety of instructional situations.
—Small groups can work with declarative knowledge at any time (e.g., comparison, classification, metaphors and analogies, and identifying errors).
—For procedural knowledge, independent practice should occur first. Small groups focus on checking accuracy and sharing each learner’s approach.
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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HomeworkWhen seven classes worth of homework is piled on us nightly, we’re up ‘til 12 studying for things that, at that hour, don’t even make sense. In the morning, we stumble into class, sometimes unshowered, and then the teacher complains. Let’s think about this: We do homework but get nothing out of it - then we get into trouble, plus we stink. To me, there’s no benefit here.”
–Freshman Student (age 15) Prairie Village, Kansas
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Purposeful Homework• Homework that helps students deepen their
knowledge (declarative)
• Homework that enhances students’ fluency with procedural knowledge
• Homework that introduces new content
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Activity #3: Homework• Marzano concludes that homework has an overall
positive effect based on the research.• Cautions and recommendations: Homework should…
Discuss with a partner: What is our (DMS) homework policy? What cautions and recommendations can you provide regarding homework? (2 minutes)
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Homework• Marzano concludes that homework has an
overall positive effect based on the research.• Cautions and recommendations: Homework
should… – be structured to ensure completion.– take a suitable amount of time.– have a clear purpose.– be directly related to learning goals.– be designed as independent tasks.– involve parents and guardians appropriately.
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Design Question 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?
•Reviewing Content
•Organizing Students to Practice and Deepen Knowledge
•Using Homework
•Examining Similarities and Differences
•Examining Errors in Reasoning
•Practicing Skil ls, Strategies, and Processes
•Revising Knowledge
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Lesson Segment Addressing Content
Design Question 2: What will I do to help students effectively interact with the new
knowledge?
Design Question 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?
Design Question 4: What will I do to help students generate and test hypotheses about
new knowledge?
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Design Question 4: What will I do to help students generate and test hypotheses about new knowledge?
•Organizing Students for Cognitively Complex Tasks
•Engaging Students in Cognitively Complex Tasks
•Providing Resources and Guidance
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Organizing Students for Cognitively Complex Tasks• Groups can collaborate:
– To gather information
– To organize information
– To create a shared position
– To share conclusions
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Engaging Students in Cognitively Complex Tasks
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Engaging Students in Cognitively Complex Tasks
• The process of generating and testing explanations of observed phenomena
Experimental Inquiry
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Investigation
• The process of overcoming constraints or
limiting conditions that are in the way of pursuing goals
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Providing Resources and Guidance– Design questions 2,3, and 4 represent a progression
from teacher centered to student centered learning experiences.
– In deciding how to help students generate and test hypotheses about new content, teachers need to design a coaching role for themselves and working role for students.
– Resources needed for students to be successful on tasks need to be carefully considered ahead of time.
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Design Question 4: What will I do to help students generate and test hypotheses about new knowledge?
•Organizing Students for Cognitively Complex Tasks
•Engaging Students in Cognitively Complex Tasks Involving Hypothesis Generation and Testing
•Providing Resources and Guidance
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Processing the Learning:Lesson Segment Addressing Content
Read protocol # 6View video Clip Evaluate the teacher based on Protocol 6
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Lesson Segments Enacted on the Spot
Design Question 5: What will I do to engage students?
Design Question 7: What will I do to recognize and acknowledge adherence and lack of
adherence to classroom rules and procedures?
Design Question 8: What will I do to establish and maintain effective relationships with
students?
Design Question 9: What will I do to communicate high expectations for all students?
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Student engagement happens as a result of a teacher’s careful planning and implementation of specific strategies.
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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It is important to distinguish between…
Compliant BehaviorCognitive Engagement
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Attention
How do I feel?
Classroom Energy Level
Teacher Demeanor
Perceptions of
Acceptance
Am I Interested?
Game-Like Activities
Unusual Information
Questioning
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Engagement
Is this important?
Connecting to Students
Lives
Encouraging application of
knowledgeChoice
Can I do this?
Tracking Student Progress
Using effective verbal
feedback Teaching
Self Efficacy
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DQ 5 Framework Strategies• Noticing and reacting when students are not engaged• Effective pacing• Using physical movement• Demonstrating intensity and enthusiasm• Using appropriate humor• Using academic games and inconsequential competition• Friendly controversy• Presenting unusual information• Using questioning to increase response rates• Creating opportunities for students to talk about
themselves
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Lesson Segment Enacted on the Spot
Design Question 5: What will I do to engage students?
Design Question 7: What will I do to recognize and acknowledge adherence and lack of
adherence to classroom rules and procedures?
Design Question 8: What will I do to establish and maintain effective relationships with students?
Design Question 9: What will I do to communicate high expectations for all students?
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Recognizing Adherence and Lack of Adherence to Classroom Rules and Procedures
– Reinforcement
– Punishment
– Punishment and reinforcement
– All of them work
– A combination of positive and negative work best
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From the research…What strategies don’t work?• Highly attractive awards presented in a way
that call attention to the students• Rewards given for simply engaging in an
activity as opposed to being contingent on achieving a specific goal
• Rewards that are tied to behavior as control devices
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Design Question 7: Adherence and Lack of Adherence to Rules and ProceduresVerbal and Non-verbal recognition
Tangible recognition
Home recognition Withitness Direct Cost
Consequences Contingency
Thank You’s Token Economies
Phone Calls Scanning Time Out Home
Smiles, Nods, Winks
Goal Sheets Emails Intervening Promptly and
Accurately
Natural Consequences
Group
Speaking Softly
Individual Recognition
Notes Home Occupying the Room
Overcorrection
Stimulus Cueing
Group Recognition
Certificates Graduated Action
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Lesson Segment Enacted on the Spot
Design Question 5: What will I do to engage students?
Design Question 7: What will I do to recognize and acknowledge adherence and lack of
adherence to classroom rules and procedures?
Design Question 8: What will I do to establish and maintain effective relationships with
students?
Design Question 9: What will I do to communicate high expectations for all students?
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Establishing and Maintaining Effective Relationships
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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What do you think?
“I've come to the frightening conclusion that I am the decisive element in the classroom. It's my daily mood that makes the weather. As a teacher, I possess a tremendous power to make a child's life miserable or joyous. I can be a tool of torture or an instrument of inspiration. I can humiliate or humor, hurt or heal. In all situations, it is my response that decides whether a crisis will be escalated or de-escalated and a child humanized or de-humanized.”Haim Ginot
~
“On any given day, in any given classroom, the teacher will be in a relationship with every student.
It may be positive and nurturing…neutral…or negative and adversarial, but it will be there.
The question is, will it be a relationship that promotes effective learning?”
Debra Pickering
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Research on RelationshipsResearch on Teacher Interactions with Students
Behavior Average Effect Size Percentile Gain
Eye contact 0.24 9
Gestures 0.66 25
Smiles 0.61 23
Encourages 0.90 32
Touch 0.10 4
Praise 0.24 9
Frequency of interaction 0.43 17
Duration of interaction 1.07 36
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Lesson Segment Enacted on the Spot
Design Question 5: What will I do to engage students?
Design Question 7: What will I do to recognize and acknowledge adherence and lack of
adherence to classroom rules and procedures?
Design Question 8: What will I do to establish and maintain effective relationships with
students?
Design Question 9: What will I do to communicate high expectations for all students?
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Low Expectation Defined• “A teacher’s belief about students’ chances of success in
school influence the teacher’s actions with students, which in turn influences student achievement. If the teacher believes students can succeed, she tends to behave in ways that help them succeed. If the teacher believes that students cannot succeed, she unwittingly tends to behave in ways that subvert student success. This is perhaps one of the most powerful hidden dynamics of teaching because it is typically an unconscious activity.” Marzano, 2007
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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Let’s examine some potential reasons for low expectation…
• Teaching students’ siblings
• Teacher lounge banter• Student records
– Academic– Behavioral
• Extracurricular activities
• Ethnicity• Appearance• Verbal patterns• Socio-economic status• Race• Educational Labels
© 2010 Learning Sciences International 877.411.7114 www.iObservation.com
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The Online Tool: iObservationThree Types:
1. Self – teacher observe and review of self2. Peer – teacher observe, review and provide
feedback to a peer(1 & 2 used to collect data but does not count
toward final evaluation) 3. Standard – administrative – any length of time, counts towards final evaluation
- Data Collected- Feedback is timely (as soon as report is completed, the teacher will get notification)
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