introduction to biodiversity. what is biodiversity??? biological diversity simply means the...

Introduction To Biodiversity

What is Biodiversity??? Biological diversity Simply means the

diversity, or variety, of plants and animals and other living things in a particular area or region

Also means the number, or abundance of different species living within a particular region

Okay, So Why Is It Important? Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of the web

of life, including humans Each species of vegetation and each creature has a place

on the earth and plays a vital role in the circle of life Plant, animal, and insect species interact and depend

upon one another for what each offers, such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment

"It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished indefinitely without threatening humanity itself." -Edward O. Wilson (Father of Biodiversity)

Early Classification To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to

name organisms and group them in a logical manner. The field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms is called

Taxonomy. Carolus Linnaeus is the father of Modern Taxonomy (1700’s)

•Linnaeus is considered the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of modern scientific classification of plants and animals

Linneaus’ Findings: Millions of animals and plants How did we keep them in order? Binomial Nomenclature

Hierarchy

S ys tem O f C lass ifica tion

K in g d om P h ylu m C lass O rd er F am ily G en u s S p ec ies

H ie ra rch yR an k in g S ys tem

Binomial Nomenclature

Identifying organisms by their genus and species’ names 2 words First letter of FIRST word is capital, First letter of

SECOND word is lowercase. The word needs to be in italic or underlined Latin Form of the word. Ex: Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Canus lupus Humans, Red Maple, Wolf

Binomial Nomenclature

Used because the common name can sometimes be misleading.

Common names can be different in various parts of the world (for example the British, North American and Australian “Robins”)

Latin is a universal “dead” language

How do Scientist Classify organisms?

You will probably need to add this slide to your notes Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in

its older members are called derived characters. Derived Characters can be used to construct a Cladogram, a

diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organism

This concept was derived from Darwin. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/

Open-This-File.swf

How do Scientist Classify organisms?

Early systems of classification grouped organisms together bases on visible similarities.

That can quickly lead to troubles…. Biologist now group organisms into categories that

represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters.

This concept was derived from Darwin.

How do Scientist Classify organisms?

Similarities at the DNA level in the genes of organisms can be used to help determine classification.

Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time. A model known as a molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.

A dichotomous key is a series of yes/no questions that state the rules for placing items into categories within a system of classification

Ex: Plants, Insects, Trees, People (We could make one for our class!!)

Now, it’s your turn to Practice We will work in groups of 2 Pick someone that is dressed most like

you today Move beside them QUIETLY I will hand out lab materials and

questions and go over the lab You will have 15 minutes to work on this

lab and to finish the questions Go back to your seats and begin on

System of Classification Notes

1. Eubacteria- (Bacteria) 2. Archaebacteria-

(Bacteria) 2. Protists- (Amoeba) 3. Fungi- (Mushrooms) 4. Plants- (Trees) 5. Animal- (Mammals)

2 Kingdoms or 1? Our book lists 6 kingdoms,

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Prior to 1990 most books listed

only 5 kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped together Monera

Either is correct..(I still refer to Monera on my quizzes and test. )

The Three-Domain System

Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientist.

The domain is more inclusive category than any other—larger than a kingdom.

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

Assignment

Copy the chart on page 459 in its entirety.

Plain white paper Due the day of the test!

Eubacteria Single Celled, Prokaryotic, Autotrophic

and Hetrotrophic Most bacteria are in the

EUBACTERIA kingdom. Cell walls with peptidoglycan. Some produce vitamins and foods like

yogurt. Ex: Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Bacteria…ecological diverse Free living soil organisms to deadly

parasites Some need oxygen some do not need

oxygen.

Archaebacteria Single Celled Prokaryotic Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cell walls do NOT contain

peptidogllycan Ex: Methanogens, halophiles

These bacteria live in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud.

Most survive in the absence of oxygen

Protists

Mostly unicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic/Heterotrophic Members have great variety Ex: Amoeba (bottom) and

Paramecium (top) You need to be familiar with

BOTH of these little guys…they will be on your quiz/test.

Fungi

Mostly multicellular but some unicellular. Has a cell wall but does NOT make its own food. Heterotrophic Change dead organic matter into usable nutrients…

Decomposers Ex: Bread mold, mildew, yeast, and mushrooms.

Plant Kingdom

Green- contain chlorophyll

Make food by photosynthesis

Ex: Algae. Moss, Vascular Plants, Trees, Flower, Etc

Animal Kingdom Multi-Cellular Cannot make their own

food Most animals move

(sponge is sessile) Vertebrates: (Backbone)

Ex: Fish, Frogs, Birds, Snakes, and US!!

Invertebrates: (No backbone) Ex: Sponges, Jellyfish, Earthworm

A Mysterious Organism-Virus

Not sure which classification to put viruses under

No cell parts Chromosome-

like structures Do not grow as

living things

A Mysterious Organism-Virus

1. A virus is an infectious organism that reproduces within the cells of an infected host.2.

A virus is not alive until it enters the cells of a living plant or animal.

3.

A virus contains genetic information wrapped in a protein coat.4.

Viruses can be useful as well as harmful.5.

A virus that mutates ensures its own survival by making itself unrecognizable to immune systems and vaccines.

6.

Even viruses engineered for useful purposes can be harmful if unchecked

Body Symmetry Body Symmetry- The

arrangement of body parts. Radial Symmetry- Has

body parts radiating from a central point. Ex: Starfish, Hydra

Bilateral Symmetry- An animal with body parts arranged in pairs on either sides of a central axis. Ex: Humans

Asymmetry- Irregular body shape

Body Symmetry

Parts of the Body

Dorsal- Top of animal (Back Surface)

Ventral- Bottom of animal (Belly)

Anterior- Front of animal

Posterior- End of animal

Metamorphosis A series of changes during which

young insects develop into adults

Complete Metamorphosis

Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult The larva looks

completely different than the adult

Ex: Butterflies, Beetles, Flies

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Egg, Nymph, Adult

A nymph is like a much smaller version of the adult

Ex: Grasshopper, Cockroaches

Biomes

Large areas (ecosystems) with the same type of climax community

Biomes located on land are called terrestrial

Those located in oceans, lakes, streams, or ponds are called aquatic

Biomes Terrestrial biomes include

(out of your book) Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grassland, Deciduous Forest, and Tropical Rain Forest

Other Biomes Savannah, Chaparral, Mountain Zones, etc

Biomes

Aquatic Biomes include ….

Marine, estuary, and freshwater.

Biomes

Tundra

Treeless land. Short soggy summers;

long, cold, dark winters Strong winds Temperature never rises

above freezing for long.

Tundra Permafrost- Permanently

frozen subsoil Only topmost layer of soil

thaws during the summer Poorly developed soil Grasses, shallow-rooted

plants

Tundra

Tundra Mosses, lichens,

sedges, bearberry, and short grasses

Waterfowl, musk ox, arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings

Tundra

Tundra

TundraTundra

TundraTundra

TundraTundra

Tundra Bearberry is a common

plant that can be found in the Tundra.

This is in the warm season.

Tundra

Taiga

Circles the North Pole Land of mixed pine, fir,

hemlock, and spruce trees Warmer and wetter than

Tundra Bears, elk, deer, beavers,

owls, bobcats

Taiga Mild temperatures Abundant

precipitation during fall winter and spring

Relatively cool dry summer

Rocky Acidic soils

Taiga

Taiga

Taiga

Taiga

Desert

Arid region with sparse plant life

Occupy about 1/5 of the Earth’s surface.

Little and unpredictable rainfall..usually 50 cm of rain or less annually

Cold and hot deserts exist Ex: Desert Tortoise,

Diamondback Rattlesnake, Cactus, Aloe

Desert

Deserts may be found throughout the world…Sahara of North Africa, southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Australia as well as in the basin and range area of Utah and Nevada

and in parts of western Asia.

Desert

Desert

Temperate Grasslands

Between 25 and 75 cm of precipitation annually

Large communities covered with grasses and similar small plants

Occupies more area than any other biome

Ex:

Temperate Grasslands

Warm to hot summers’ and cold winters Moderate seasonal precipitation Fertile soils Dominant plants: perennial grasses and herbs

and sunflowers, oats, rye, wheat Dominant wildlife: coyotes badgers, deer, and

rabbits

Temperate Grasslands

Temperate Grasslands

Temperate Grassland

Savanna

Grassland with scattered trees.

Frequent fires, large mammals.

Many small animals are dormant during dry period.

Savanna

3 distinct seasons: cool and dryhot and drywarm and wet.

Soils are poor.

Savanna

Savanna

Chaparral

Scrubland, regions of dense shrubs along coasts.

Between 30 and 40 degrees latitude.

Chaparral Rainy winters, long

dry summers. Maintained by

periodic fires. Deer, birds, rodents,

snakes, etc.

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Precipitation ranges from 70 to 150 cm annually;

Rains year round Cold to moderate winters

with hot summers Fertile soils

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Broad-leaved hardwood trees that loose their foliage

Ex: Deer, Bears, Oaks, Maples, Salamanders

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Tropical Rain Forests

Most biologically diverse Found near the equator Warm, wet weather

dominated by lush plant growth

Receives at least 200 cm of precipitation annually

Dense, tangled vegetation

Tropical Rain Forest Competition for light. Soil is usually poor

due to rapid nutrient recycling.

Animals are often tree dwellers.

Ex. Sloths, Monkeys, Bamboo

Tropical Rain Forest

Tropical Rain Forest

AQUATIC BIOMES75% of Earth is covered in water.Divided into two categories freshwater and

marineMarine Biomes: The water is salt water.

Oceans, sea, and some inland lakes contain salt water.

Freshwater is confined to rivers, streams, ponds and most lakes.

Marine Oceans contain the largest

amount of biomass, or living material, of any biome on earth.

Many living organisms are small they cannot even be seen.

Ecologist study marine biomes by separating them into different zones.

Freshwater Ponds, lake, rivers, etc are

also full of life but more so around the shoreline and in shallow areas.

Water temperature and sunlight penetration are factors that limits life in freshwater biomes.

Freshwater In the shallow waters you

will find plants such as cattails and sedges.

These plants serve as food and homes for tadpoles, aquatic insects, worms, crayfish, dragonflies

Minnows, bluegill, and carp also live here.

Estuary An estuary is a coastal

body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which freshwater and saltwater mix.

It may extend many miles inland.

Estuary

Wide range of organisms live here.