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Intermediary citiesat UCLG

Sara HoeflichProgram Manager, UCLG

Contents

• Intermediary Cities (IC) – Overview

• Characteristics/Dimensions considered

• Expected outcome from the seminar

• Challenges for Intermediary cities – Examples from Asia, Europe and Africa

Intermediary cities – Overview• Intermediate cities are defined by their intermediary roles and

functions rather than by their population size.

• The term intermediary introduces three dimensions:

• Be elements within urban system: its capacity to create relationshipsand create a network.

• offer new possibilities for self-affirmation, reinforce the city-regionand consolidate relationships at regional, national global levels.

• replacing the static and notably hierarchical conceptualisations of theurban system identified in the most theories (DEMATTEIS, G., 1991).

Characteristics/Dimensions consideredThe Global dimensions

I cities have similar challenges and roles and problems

• LGA and networks expose International and national experiences,but more tangible contribution to international agenda needed

The national dimension

• Political context of decentralization crucial for IC agenda (localelections, comepetences)

• Financial dependence on other government levels

Regional dimension

• Key actors in regional programs balanced territorial development

• Territorial dimension is specific because they are connected to therural spaces, markets, services and populations

Local dimension

• Need more self esteem and contribution to global urbanagendas,

• Land markets are not as limiting as in larger cities, allowinghousing and services be affordable , but

• risk of urban sprawl is high

• Less capacity to access global, private and national finance

• lack of planning and public basic services (sanitation andwater resolved individually, education ) urban sprawl reducesland management capacity

• However the potential to manage land and to implementintegrated plans is higher than in large cities

Strategic planning in I cities ??

• The role of ICs in various countries and contexts

• Do they act as economic anchor or a central place for public services inrural areas? Are they the core of innovation in rural areas?

• Are they the core of Regional economic clusters?

• Do they act as a overspill town for overcrowded metropolitan areas?

• Are they the target places for de-concentration of public institutionssuch as Universities, etc.?

leadership and development: Where is the political strength ofleaders intermediating between regional and nationalgovernments and stakeholder communities?

Territory: What is their most relevant interaction and with whom? Isit with surrounding rural areas or other Ics , Metros?

How is financial and administrative capacity, delivery of services?

What is their identity? How can they position and compete?

Challenges and strategies of Intermediary cities

Examples from Asia

• The density of population in urban Java is about 11800 persons per Sq.Km, which is quite high and also pose as a challenge in management.

• However, there is a great potential and possibilities for inter local government cooperation towards effective management.

, Indonesia

Indonesia

Karta man tul

SlemanAprox 300 ts

YogayakartaAprox 500 ts

BantulAprox 300ts

Karta mantulUrban growth beyond borders and id consequence of the potential

and quality of life of the city

• High density upto 16000 perkm2 causes overlapping of service interest

• for resolving conflicts commonly instead of strong coordinating institution such as the provincial government a joint secretariat is integrating cross-boundary urban infrastructure management.

• Negotiation members have different interests cooperation of local governments is a horizontal decision-making process

• Benefits in competitively and better quality of public services

• Kartamantul has been focusing on practical and feasible examples, to adress jointly the challenge of urban growth

Arakkonam, India

Chennai and Arakkonam

Chennai and Arakkonam –proximity and interrelationship

Example from Arakkonam, India• Basic statistics:

• Population: 102,000 inhabitants (2011)

• Located at about 70 Km from Chennai, the fourth largest Metropolitan city in India.

• In terms of size, it is considered as a mid-sized town.

• It is not a planned development, and has concentration of population around the transportation nodes, especially the Arakkonam Railway station, which has trains at regular intervals to Chennai.

• This is an example for an Intermediary city, which acts as an overspill town for the crowded Metropolitan area.

• It has the required services and infrastructure to support the population and housing is cheaper than in Chennai.

• The cheap housing, connectivity to Chennai and other facilities in terms of secondary schools make this attractive for living and serves as an alternative for many having their jobs in Chennai.

Arakkonam, India

Example from South America

Bucaramanga, Colombia

Example from Bucaramanga, Colombia• Basic statistics:

• Population: 525.119 inhabitants (2011)

• Is intermediating and development streams for the region at national and international level 1

• centre for commerce, finance and services, as well as educational city for Colombian north east region.

• cooperates and 4 cities: Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Girón y Piedecuesta. In total 1.1 million people

• Bucaramangas´s Fifth largest economy in Colombia.

• It is well known for its high quality of life and as a safe city.

• Second city in Colombian with the lowest Unemployment rate , 8.9% in 2011, and its population under poverty line is 10.8%.

• Public services coverage: Electricity: 99%, Natural gas: 100%, Water supply: 99%, Sewerage system 98%. Health programmes 100%

• 11 year basic education is free.

Freiburg, GermanyBUCARAMANGA98% urban population 2% rural

FLORIDABLANCAGIRÓN

2 C

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• Prepare to operate in larger scale:

• Implementing a Integrated Mobility System with bici paths and cableways, and a BRT (Bus Rapid Transit).

• Undergoing processes of slum upgrading called Mejoramiento Barrial

Examples from Europe

Freiburg, Germany

Example from Freiburg, Germany• Basic statistics:

• Population: 230,000 inhabitants (2011 census)

• Situated between the triangle round Basel, the region of Stuttgart and the Rhine-Neckar-Region. In close proximity to Basel and Mulhouse.

• Developed into a major commercial, intellectual, and ecclesiastical centre of the upper Rhine region.

• This is core of regional economic cluster and serves as an economic anchor

• Have small clusters of all inner-markets related to green alternative living

• Their inhabitants are involved in the alternative energy production.

• It also serves as a central place for public services in rural areas

• A very good example of local economic development for other Intermediary cities to follow.

Freiburg, Germany

The distribution of green and alternative technologies across the city

• ancient university

• high standard of living and advanced environmental practices.

• primary tourist entry point to the Black Forest.

Trans-border cooperationFreiburg-Basel-Mulhouse

• A new neighbourhood “sustainable model district” for more than 5,000 inhabitants and 600 jobs.

• Main goal: to implement a city district in a co-operative way, meets ecological, social, economical and cultural requirements.

• many resources became available: the biggest strength of the project is the involvement of people the ideas, creativity and commitment .

• Known as an almost car-free city

Vauban neighbourhood, Freiburg

Vauban, Freiburg

Example of cooperation from Spain: Bilbao and Santander

Bilbao and Santander –proximity and interrelationship

• Bilbao and Santander:

• Santander, an Intermediary city has signed an agreement with thecity of Bilbao.

• Initiative driven by the city of Bilbao "Ekintza" to become a "citypole" by cooperating with the surrounding six cities of Baiona,Pamplona, Logroño, Vitoria, San Sebastián and Santander forjointly promoting tourism, entrepreneurship and employment.

• The city administration of Santander received positive reactionfrom the population.

• This implies that the idea of Intermediation (leadership) is notonly to be the driver but also be aware of opportunities around itand partner with stakeholders.

• Priorities and opportunities for Santander are to becomeaccessible for housing and jobs.

African context?• Considering diversity of context and political moment

• Local leadership is historical, is dynamic, is possible??

• Benefit of specialization? –university industry

• Shadow area of Metro, with quality services, ee broadband

• Encourage local economy local serves local green jobs

• Intermunicipal cooperation??

• small and big promote together

• Identify cooperation as Urban management efficiency

• cross border opportunities

• Corridor potential

• Evolving Satelite to increase services and quality of life

Examples from Africa

Nampula, Mozambique

Example from Nampula, Mozambique• Basic statistics:

• Third largest city of Mozambique

• Population: 471,717 inhabitants (2007 census) aprox 700.000

• Centre of business in northern Mozambique

• The city has three rings

• The inner ring contains the Portuguese designed roads

• Second ring not too big, but contains informal settlements

• Outer ring – formal development as part of development plan

• The inner ring within 1-2 Km diameter which are walking distances

• The informal area is also at a walking distance from the inner ring where the jobs are concentrated

• The public investment is channelled in the planned area as it has greater visibility whereas investments in the informal area is not so visible and obvious.

Inner ring

Second ring

Outer ring

Nampula, Mozambique:: ?move the population in the informal areas of the second ring to the formal development in the outer ring ?.

Nampula, Mozambique

Inner city

Informality in the

second ring

• The formal development in this ring is no longer at walking distance and not easily accessible to the city

• The imminent outcome is that the population that is given a plot in the outer ring for resettlement, do not really start living there. They build a small garage as a sign of ownership and continue to live in the informal area in the second ring and pressing for services in the informal area.

• Although the public investment is visible, the purpose is not solved.

Nampula, Mozambique

Blantyre, Malawi

Example from Blantyre, Malawi• Basic statistics:

• Population: 730,000 inhabitants (2012 census)

• Second largest city of Malawi.

• Centre of finance and commerce and referred as the commercial capital of Malawi.

• Has reasonably well-developed system of physical and social infrastructure including roads, reticulated water, electricity, sanitation, fire protection, health, education and commercial and recreational facilities,

• but most of these are characterised by many problems especially low level of coverage, poor state of maintenance and disrepair, frequent disruption of service and management shortcomings.

• It is comparable to the situation in Nampula, Mozambique?

• What about the border as an OPPORTUNITY??

Blantyre, Malawi

• The informal settlements are in pockets and face a similar problem like in Nampula, but they do not have a ring of informality as observed in Nampula.

• So, addressing the situation is easier although cost-intensive

• Blantyre and Nampula can communicate and share their experiences and solve their problems.

Blantyre, Malawi

Swakopmund, Namibia

Example from Swakopmund, Namibia• Basic statistics:

• Population: 42,000 inhabitants (2010 census)

• Situated in the Namib desert.

• It is a beach resort and an example of German colonial architecture, historically was main port, Municipal status in 1909.

Sustainale service delivery: before urbanization takes place, electricity and water service points are installed. Roads are demarcated, prioritizing pedestrian use and with street lightning.

• first debt free town in Namibia

• strategy includes mentorship by eThekwini (Durban) and Salgaand UCLG to share its experiences nationally and regionally .

• Municiapl Cooperation with Walfisbay ?

Swakopmund, Namibia

Planned roads for future

growth and development

Swakopmund, Namibia

Planned sites and services for future

growth and development

Xai-Xai, Mozambique

Example from Xai-Xai, Mozambique• Basic statistics:

• Population: 116,000 inhabitants (2008)

• 200 km proximity to Maputo and the resulting advantages, agricultural and industrial centre, provider of services and an administrative centre. on the Limpopo River

• less social and economic pressure compared to Nampula or Maputo

• It is well-planned, but has more informality than Swakopmund

• Due to its location close to the rivers, it has been vulnerable to regular flooding

• Xai-Xai is a very good example for city management in Mozambique

• Proactive leadership, participation

• Strategic planning can build on oportuniity to INTERMEDIATE with Maputo

Xai-Xai, Mozambique

• It is comparable to Swakopmund and as pre-planned design of roads.

• There is greater opportunity to develop as they are a city on a corridor with closer proximity to Maputo.

• Quality of life to benefit form large neigbour

Xai-Xai, Mozambique

Information sources: YOU!

• For all images and maps:

• Google earth and Google maps

• Experience and discussion of the experts participating here

• For basic statistics:

• Wikipedia and official city documents and info of the yammer network

Thank you!

“”Strategic planning is first or all a leadership tool!””

Miguel Lifschitz, mayor of Rosario and cochair UCLG planning committee