integrating digestion knowledge on formulating diets for dairy cows: inra (1989) and nrc (2001)...

Integrating Digestion Knowledge on Formulating diets for Dairy Cows: INRA (1989) and NRC (2001) Feeding System

Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Animal Nutrition UVAS

Challenges and Suggestions to implement in Pakistan

Objective of presentation

Not formulating diets that can maximize the production of milk

Formulating the diets that can efficiently produce good amount of milk and its components

1. To understand how our dairy animal use the ration for synthesizing milk and its components

2. How the feed formulation systems (French or US) use this information to asses the quality of diets (the key principles of diet formulation) or some one said “the fine tuning”

3. Some key issues that must be considered before using the chosen system

4. An on field protocol for evaluating your formula

Objective of presentation

CP in milk23%

CP intake3 kg/d

faeces 39%

Milk yield = 20 kg/d

1- Protein Utilisation in Dairy Cows

urine 34%

Other losses 4%

Maxin et al., 2007

CP in milk23%

CP intake3 kg/d

faeces 39%

Milk yield = 20 kg/d

1- Feed Formulator’s Objective

urine 34%

Other losses 4%

Maxin et al., 2007

Rumen Intestine

Muscle

1-Microbial2-Undegraded

1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows

Milk protein

Crude protein intakeN intake × 6.25

N in faeces

Mammary gland

1- RumenDegradable Protein

FermentableEnergy

Microbial Protein

1- RumenDegradable Protein

FermentableEnergy

Microbial Protein

1- RumenDegradable Protein

FermentableEnergy

Microbial Protein synthesisLimited by protein

Rumen Intestine

AA Muscle

AAMicrobialUndegraded N Loss

1- Amino Acid Digestion & Mammary Metabolism

Milk protein

Urine

N in faeces

Crude protein intake

1- Amino Acid Profile in the small intestine

Milk protein yield, g/d

750

800

850

900

950

MetLysEAA

Other EAA Ideal AA Profile

Methionine

Lysine

Conclusion 1

1. Cow requires intestinally digestible protein not crude protein.

2. Balanced Protein and Energy required by microbes

3. Essential Amino Acid are important.

Rumen Intestine

Muscle

PDI1-Microbial2-Undegraded

1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: INRA (2010)

Milk protein

Protein truly digestible in the small intestinePDI = PDIE or PDIN

Crude protein intakeN intake × 6.25×

N in faeces

Mammary gland

Protein (CP) Energy

undegraded degraded fermented

PDIA PDIM(N) PDIM(E)

PDIN

PDIE

Rumen

Undegraded dietary protein

Microbial protein

Endogenous protein

2-Feed protein evaluation in PDI System INRA

(50-70%)

INTESTINE

=

CP = 7.7% Energy

undegraded degraded fermented

PDIA 1.4% PDIMN 3.3% PDIME 5.5%

PDIN 4.7%

PDIE 6.9%

Rumen

Undegraded dietary protein

Microbial protein

Endogenous protein

2- Example Corn Silage

(50-70%)

INTESTINE

PDI value

This means we should combine the corn silage with a

feedstuff which is higher

In PDIN compared to PDIE

Why?

Because if we need an efficient mircobial protein synthesis

We need Nitrogen and Energy supply balanced

CP = 18% Energy

undegraded degraded fermented

PDIA 4.6% PDIMN 6.9% PDIME 4.3%

PDIN 11.6%

PDIE 8.9%

Rumen

Undegraded dietary protein

Microbial protein

Endogenous protein

2- Some thing like Alfa-Alfa Hay

(50-70%)

INTESTINE

Rumen Intestine

Muscle

MP1-Microbial2-Undegraded

2- Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: NRC (2001)

Milk protein

Metabolizable Protein1g of MP = 1g of AA

Crude protein intakeN intake × 6.25×

N in faeces

Mammary gland

Protein (CP)

undegraded degraded

RUP MCP/BCP

MP

Rumen

Undegraded dietary protein

Microbial protein

Endogenous protein

2- Feed protein evaluation in NRC, 2001

(50-60%)

INTESTINE

Energy

2-Evolution of PDI System

1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA

PDIMMicrobial Protein

Degradable in Rumen

PDIADietary Protein

Ruminally undegradable PDIMN=PDIME

N available in the rumen

Energy In the rumen

+

PDIE(=PDIME+PDIA) = PDIN (=PDIMN+PDIA)

2- Evolution of PDI System

1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA

1998 Vérité et Delaby: Protein & Energy Concept

2- Protein and Energy Relationship

PDI/NEL , g/Mcal

Milk protein yield, g/d

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

50 53 56 59 62 65 71

2- Protein and Energy Relationship

PDI/NEL , g/Mcal

Milk protein yield, g/d Total N output / N in Milk

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

50 53 56 59 62 65 712.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2-Evolution of PDI System

1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI SystemAmino-acids digestible in the SI

Requirements of Aminoacids expressed in term of Percentage of PDIE

e.g. LysDI= 7.3% of PDIE

1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA

1998 Vérité & Delaby: Protein & Energy Concept

2- Evolution of PDI System

2007 Rulquin et al.

1993-2001 Rulquin et al.

AADI System: LysDi & MetDi

1978

PDI (INRA)

1998 Vérité et Delaby

Protien/ Energy

Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA

AAs % of PDIELys 7.30Met 2.50Leu 8.90His 3.03IleuPhe 4.60Thr 4.02ValTrpArg

2- Evolution of PDI System

2012, Haque et al.

1993-2001 Rulquin et al.

AADI System: LysDi & MetDi

1978

PDI (INRA)

1998 Vérité et Delaby

Protien/ Energy

Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA

AAs % of PDIELys 7.30Met 2.50Leu 8.90His 3.03Ileu 4.45Phe 4.60Thr 4.02Val 5.33Trp ?Arg 3.14

Conclusion Part 2

The feed formulation systems can help you Balance Protein requirements

Balance Protein to Energy ratio in rumen and cow

Balance the profile of EAA

Key Principal

Feed the rumen and Feed the cow

Practical

Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow

Maintenance Production Pregnancy Growth (primiparous)

Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow

Maintenance = (3.25 × BW0.75) Production = (milk yield × protein content)/0.64) Pregnancy = (0.07 × conceptus BW × e0.111 × gestation

wk) Growth (Heifer) = (422 - (10.4 × age)

Protein Requirements = Practical Calculations

Assume a Holstein dairy cow withBody weight = 600 kg Milk Yield = 25 kg/dProtein contents = 3.5%Gestation week = 27th or 190 daysConceptus wt = 20 kgDMI = 20 kg/d

Protein Requirements = Calculated Requirements Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow

Maintenance = (3.25 × 6000.75) = 424 g/d Production = (25 × 3.5%)/0.64/1000) = 1367 g/d Pregnancy = (0.07 × 20 × e0.111 × 27) = 29 g/d

Total PDI Requirement = 1820 g/d

Equates with 14% CP

Protein Supply from diet

Need to balance 3 things Protein Requirement Protein to energy ratio Essential Amino Acid Supply

You have 3-4 things to mix

1. Corn Silage (basal diet)

2. Soybean meal (concentrate) protein source

3. Energy rich Concentrate

4. Urea (a source of degradable protein)

Based on CP need

% of DM Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3

Corn Silage 65% 65% 65%

Soybean meal 5% 10% 5%

Concentrate 30% 25% 29%

Urea 0% 0% 1%

CP% 13% 13.5% 14%

NEL, Mcal 1.6 1.6 1.6

Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47

SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95

Balancing Diet

Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47

SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95

In % Comp Feed CP PDIE PDIN65% 13 CS 1001 909 6155% 1 SBM 504 261 371

30% 6 Conc. 834 660 569

100% 20 2339 1831 1555%DM 13% 9.2 7.8

Balancing Diet: 1

PDI values

PDI req1820 g

Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47

SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95

In % Comp Feed CP PDIE PDIN65% 13 CS 1001 909 61510% 2.0 SBM 988 512 72725% 5.0 Conc. 701 555 478

100% 20.0 2689 1976 1820%DM 13.5 9.9 9.1

Balancing Diet: 2

PDIE>PDIN

Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47

SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95Urea 2875 1472

In % Comp Feed CP PDIE PDIN65% 13 CS 1001 909 6155% 1.1 SBM 532 276 391

29% 5.8 Conc. 801 635 5471% 0.2 Urea 520 0 266

100% 20.0 2854 1820 1820%DM 14 9.1 9.1

Balancing Diet: 3

PDI /Energy Relationship

The Net energy supply 1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d

The Net Energy Required 1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d

PDI-to-NEL ratio required = 1820g/32Mcal = 57.0 g/Mcal

Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3

PDI, g/d 1555 1820 1930

NEL, Mcal/d 32 32 32

PDI/NEL 49 57 60

PDI /Energy Supply

Ideal Diet

The Next Step…..Amino Acid Requirements and Supplies in Dairy Cows

Treatment1 P-value2

Item LPAA- LPAA+ HPAA- HPAA+ SEM PDI AA PDI × AA

DMI, kg/d 20.9 20.9 23.2 21.0 0.48 0.07 <0.01 <0.01

Milk yield, kg/d 38.1 40.1 41.3 38.6 1.43 0.65 0.62 <0.01

Protein yield, g/d 1162 1221 1265 1215 39.8 0.37 0.83 0.01

content, % 30.7 30.5 30.9 31.7 0.46 0.30 0.22 0.07

Haque et al. (2012)

3- Issues While Formulating the diets

Feed Values Large variation in our local feed stuff

Basal diets are numerous (issue in balancing PDIN vs. PDIE)

Energy contents are low in diets. Improper use of nitrogen

3- Issues While Formulating the diets

Animal Requirements Which system should be used INRA or NRC Problems in equation coefficient

PDI = 1820 g/d and MP = 1700 g/d

Cows model for Buffalo need more careful adjustments of equations

The demand of protein and energy/ unit increase in temp?

Industrial formulations

Commercial FarmsData on Production and

performance?

Balance TMRData processing & comparisons

of various farms?

Generating improved formulas

4- On Field Evaluations Model

Thank you very much for your attention