integrating digestion knowledge on formulating diets for dairy cows: inra (1989) and nrc (2001)...
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Integrating Digestion Knowledge on Formulating diets for Dairy Cows: INRA (1989) and NRC (2001) Feeding System. Challenges and Suggestions to implement in Pakistan. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Animal Nutrition UVAS. Objective of presentation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Integrating Digestion Knowledge on Formulating diets for Dairy Cows: INRA (1989) and NRC (2001) Feeding System
Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Animal Nutrition UVAS
Challenges and Suggestions to implement in Pakistan
Objective of presentation
Not formulating diets that can maximize the production of milk
Formulating the diets that can efficiently produce good amount of milk and its components
1. To understand how our dairy animal use the ration for synthesizing milk and its components
2. How the feed formulation systems (French or US) use this information to asses the quality of diets (the key principles of diet formulation) or some one said “the fine tuning”
3. Some key issues that must be considered before using the chosen system
4. An on field protocol for evaluating your formula
Objective of presentation
CP in milk23%
CP intake3 kg/d
faeces 39%
Milk yield = 20 kg/d
1- Protein Utilisation in Dairy Cows
urine 34%
Other losses 4%
Maxin et al., 2007
CP in milk23%
CP intake3 kg/d
faeces 39%
Milk yield = 20 kg/d
1- Feed Formulator’s Objective
urine 34%
Other losses 4%
Maxin et al., 2007
Rumen Intestine
Muscle
1-Microbial2-Undegraded
1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows
Milk protein
Crude protein intakeN intake × 6.25
N in faeces
Mammary gland
1- RumenDegradable Protein
FermentableEnergy
Microbial Protein
1- RumenDegradable Protein
FermentableEnergy
Microbial Protein
1- RumenDegradable Protein
FermentableEnergy
Microbial Protein synthesisLimited by protein
Rumen Intestine
AA Muscle
AAMicrobialUndegraded N Loss
1- Amino Acid Digestion & Mammary Metabolism
Milk protein
Urine
N in faeces
Crude protein intake
1- Amino Acid Profile in the small intestine
Milk protein yield, g/d
750
800
850
900
950
MetLysEAA
Other EAA Ideal AA Profile
Methionine
Lysine
Conclusion 1
1. Cow requires intestinally digestible protein not crude protein.
2. Balanced Protein and Energy required by microbes
3. Essential Amino Acid are important.
Rumen Intestine
Muscle
PDI1-Microbial2-Undegraded
1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: INRA (2010)
Milk protein
Protein truly digestible in the small intestinePDI = PDIE or PDIN
Crude protein intakeN intake × 6.25×
N in faeces
Mammary gland
Protein (CP) Energy
undegraded degraded fermented
PDIA PDIM(N) PDIM(E)
PDIN
PDIE
Rumen
Undegraded dietary protein
Microbial protein
Endogenous protein
2-Feed protein evaluation in PDI System INRA
(50-70%)
INTESTINE
=
CP = 7.7% Energy
undegraded degraded fermented
PDIA 1.4% PDIMN 3.3% PDIME 5.5%
PDIN 4.7%
PDIE 6.9%
Rumen
Undegraded dietary protein
Microbial protein
Endogenous protein
2- Example Corn Silage
(50-70%)
INTESTINE
PDI value
This means we should combine the corn silage with a
feedstuff which is higher
In PDIN compared to PDIE
Why?
Because if we need an efficient mircobial protein synthesis
We need Nitrogen and Energy supply balanced
CP = 18% Energy
undegraded degraded fermented
PDIA 4.6% PDIMN 6.9% PDIME 4.3%
PDIN 11.6%
PDIE 8.9%
Rumen
Undegraded dietary protein
Microbial protein
Endogenous protein
2- Some thing like Alfa-Alfa Hay
(50-70%)
INTESTINE
Rumen Intestine
Muscle
MP1-Microbial2-Undegraded
2- Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: NRC (2001)
Milk protein
Metabolizable Protein1g of MP = 1g of AA
Crude protein intakeN intake × 6.25×
N in faeces
Mammary gland
Protein (CP)
undegraded degraded
RUP MCP/BCP
MP
Rumen
Undegraded dietary protein
Microbial protein
Endogenous protein
2- Feed protein evaluation in NRC, 2001
(50-60%)
INTESTINE
Energy
2-Evolution of PDI System
1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA
PDIMMicrobial Protein
Degradable in Rumen
PDIADietary Protein
Ruminally undegradable PDIMN=PDIME
N available in the rumen
Energy In the rumen
+
PDIE(=PDIME+PDIA) = PDIN (=PDIMN+PDIA)
2- Evolution of PDI System
1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA
1998 Vérité et Delaby: Protein & Energy Concept
2- Protein and Energy Relationship
PDI/NEL , g/Mcal
Milk protein yield, g/d
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
50 53 56 59 62 65 71
2- Protein and Energy Relationship
PDI/NEL , g/Mcal
Milk protein yield, g/d Total N output / N in Milk
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
50 53 56 59 62 65 712.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2-Evolution of PDI System
1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI SystemAmino-acids digestible in the SI
Requirements of Aminoacids expressed in term of Percentage of PDIE
e.g. LysDI= 7.3% of PDIE
1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA
1998 Vérité & Delaby: Protein & Energy Concept
2- Evolution of PDI System
2007 Rulquin et al.
1993-2001 Rulquin et al.
AADI System: LysDi & MetDi
1978
PDI (INRA)
1998 Vérité et Delaby
Protien/ Energy
Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA
AAs % of PDIELys 7.30Met 2.50Leu 8.90His 3.03IleuPhe 4.60Thr 4.02ValTrpArg
2- Evolution of PDI System
2012, Haque et al.
1993-2001 Rulquin et al.
AADI System: LysDi & MetDi
1978
PDI (INRA)
1998 Vérité et Delaby
Protien/ Energy
Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA
AAs % of PDIELys 7.30Met 2.50Leu 8.90His 3.03Ileu 4.45Phe 4.60Thr 4.02Val 5.33Trp ?Arg 3.14
Conclusion Part 2
The feed formulation systems can help you Balance Protein requirements
Balance Protein to Energy ratio in rumen and cow
Balance the profile of EAA
Key Principal
Feed the rumen and Feed the cow
Practical
Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow
Maintenance Production Pregnancy Growth (primiparous)
Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow
Maintenance = (3.25 × BW0.75) Production = (milk yield × protein content)/0.64) Pregnancy = (0.07 × conceptus BW × e0.111 × gestation
wk) Growth (Heifer) = (422 - (10.4 × age)
Protein Requirements = Practical Calculations
Assume a Holstein dairy cow withBody weight = 600 kg Milk Yield = 25 kg/dProtein contents = 3.5%Gestation week = 27th or 190 daysConceptus wt = 20 kgDMI = 20 kg/d
Protein Requirements = Calculated Requirements Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow
Maintenance = (3.25 × 6000.75) = 424 g/d Production = (25 × 3.5%)/0.64/1000) = 1367 g/d Pregnancy = (0.07 × 20 × e0.111 × 27) = 29 g/d
Total PDI Requirement = 1820 g/d
Equates with 14% CP
Protein Supply from diet
Need to balance 3 things Protein Requirement Protein to energy ratio Essential Amino Acid Supply
You have 3-4 things to mix
1. Corn Silage (basal diet)
2. Soybean meal (concentrate) protein source
3. Energy rich Concentrate
4. Urea (a source of degradable protein)
Based on CP need
% of DM Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3
Corn Silage 65% 65% 65%
Soybean meal 5% 10% 5%
Concentrate 30% 25% 29%
Urea 0% 0% 1%
CP% 13% 13.5% 14%
NEL, Mcal 1.6 1.6 1.6
Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47
SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95
Balancing Diet
Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47
SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95
In % Comp Feed CP PDIE PDIN65% 13 CS 1001 909 6155% 1 SBM 504 261 371
30% 6 Conc. 834 660 569
100% 20 2339 1831 1555%DM 13% 9.2 7.8
Balancing Diet: 1
PDI values
PDI req1820 g
Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47
SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95
In % Comp Feed CP PDIE PDIN65% 13 CS 1001 909 61510% 2.0 SBM 988 512 72725% 5.0 Conc. 701 555 478
100% 20.0 2689 1976 1820%DM 13.5 9.9 9.1
Balancing Diet: 2
PDIE>PDIN
Feed CP PDIE PDINCS 77 70 47
SBM 504 261 371Conc. 139 110 95Urea 2875 1472
In % Comp Feed CP PDIE PDIN65% 13 CS 1001 909 6155% 1.1 SBM 532 276 391
29% 5.8 Conc. 801 635 5471% 0.2 Urea 520 0 266
100% 20.0 2854 1820 1820%DM 14 9.1 9.1
Balancing Diet: 3
PDI /Energy Relationship
The Net energy supply 1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d
The Net Energy Required 1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d
PDI-to-NEL ratio required = 1820g/32Mcal = 57.0 g/Mcal
Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3
PDI, g/d 1555 1820 1930
NEL, Mcal/d 32 32 32
PDI/NEL 49 57 60
PDI /Energy Supply
Ideal Diet
The Next Step…..Amino Acid Requirements and Supplies in Dairy Cows
Treatment1 P-value2
Item LPAA- LPAA+ HPAA- HPAA+ SEM PDI AA PDI × AA
DMI, kg/d 20.9 20.9 23.2 21.0 0.48 0.07 <0.01 <0.01
Milk yield, kg/d 38.1 40.1 41.3 38.6 1.43 0.65 0.62 <0.01
Protein yield, g/d 1162 1221 1265 1215 39.8 0.37 0.83 0.01
content, % 30.7 30.5 30.9 31.7 0.46 0.30 0.22 0.07
Haque et al. (2012)
3- Issues While Formulating the diets
Feed Values Large variation in our local feed stuff
Basal diets are numerous (issue in balancing PDIN vs. PDIE)
Energy contents are low in diets. Improper use of nitrogen
3- Issues While Formulating the diets
Animal Requirements Which system should be used INRA or NRC Problems in equation coefficient
PDI = 1820 g/d and MP = 1700 g/d
Cows model for Buffalo need more careful adjustments of equations
The demand of protein and energy/ unit increase in temp?
Industrial formulations
Commercial FarmsData on Production and
performance?
Balance TMRData processing & comparisons
of various farms?
Generating improved formulas
4- On Field Evaluations Model
Thank you very much for your attention