integrated coastal zone management - lth · integrated coastal zone management ... integrated...
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ENGINEERING OBJECTIVES:
•Protect Life and Property from Coastal Hazards
•Management of Evacuation Planning (roads, bridges), Protective Works etc.
•Improve Knowledge of the CoastalComplex, in Terms of its Dynamics and Interactions Between its Component Parts
MAIN COMPONENTS OF MEASURES:
•Shoreline Protection & StabilizationMeasures & Works
•Establish Flooding Scenarios, Plan & Secure Evacuation Routes
•Baseline Inventory & Monitoring Activities
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
ADDITIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ISSUES
* Prevention of salt-water intrusion, prevent fresh water,
including ground water. (SLR)
* Permitting and remediation of public and private facilities and
infrastructure. (Legal & Technical)
* Preservation of public access and regulation of recreation and
tourism. (Social)
* Conservation of wetland, estuarine, and nearshore habitats.
(Biodiversity)
* Planning and exploitation of natural resources, such as
ground water, sand, and corals. (Physical planning)
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Recreation
Environ-mentalissues
Agri-culture
Coastalprotection
Industry
Fisheries
Otherissues...
Inte
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Sectoral Strategy
Integrated Planning and Management Approach!
Recreation
Environ-mentalissues
Agri-culture
Coastalprotection
Industry
Fisheries
Otherissues...
Inte
rdep
end
ent
Sec
tora
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s o
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oas
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Res
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Integrated Strategy
Integrated Planning and Management Approach!
Recreation
Environ-mentalissues
Agri-culture
Coastalprotection
Industry
Fisheries
Otherissues...
Inte
rdep
end
ent
Sec
tora
l N
eed
s o
f C
oas
tal
Res
ou
rces
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Integrated Strategy
Integrated Planning and Management Approach!
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Collectionof data &info on pro-cesses &issues
Develop visions, goals & policies on all levels toguide decisionprocess
Allocate necessary means (financial,legal, technical,institutional, educational)
Balanceneeds ofdiverseinterests
Provideconflictresolutionmechanisms
Foster administrativecoordination
Critical Elements
Inte
gra
ted
man
age-
men
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roce
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Applypolicies indecisionmaking
Applylong-termplanning
Decisions!
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Integrated Strategy
Integrated Planning and Management Approach!
Important issues
Integration: - spatial integration;- institutional/administrative integration;- functional integration;- socio-economic integration;- environmental integration
Plan. & Management boundaries: - both terrestrial and marine areas;
Strategic planning: - to develop a vision with tangibleand realistic objectives;
- an action plan/time table to take us from here to the fulfilment of the vision – a road map;
Implementation - the link “planning - implementation”- implementation organisation- zoning; management; action plans;- strategic monitoring - progress, corrections ; - revision - at certain intervals,
Integrated Coastal Zone Planning and Management
Main Stages of the Planning Process
Strategic Plan
Zoning Plan
Management Plan
Action Plan
Implementation
Detail Plan?
To close or minimize the gap:–• to ensure that the proposed
interventions are achievable;• that required resources are
secured properly (human, financial ,management),
• mobilisation of stake-holders, village communities, etc
Plans become outdated before implementation –> • disappointment;• lack of trust in planning
and in authorities;• waste of resources;
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Integrated Coastal Zone Planning and Management
Spatial integration
Terrestrial Marine
Urban Plan
Marine Plan
No real integration!!
Marine
area
Terestr.
area
Int. Urban/Marine Plan
What is:
“Spatial Integration”
An integrated and holistic
spatial approach – including
both marine and terrestrial
areas – based on:
social…
environmental….
economic….
… development objectives!!
Coastal zone
marine
terrestrial
Spatial Integration
Institutional and Administrative
Integration
Co-ordination and co-operation
between different administra-
tive units at each level of
government: local – district –
national;
Active linkages between
different levels of
government: local – district
and national;
National
Province
Local
Integrated Coastal Zone Planning and Management
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National (MMAF,…)
Province
Administrative Integration
Co-ordination & cooperation elaborated to explain roles & responsibilities of the actors.
What support should lower level get and what do they get from upper level(s)?
What kind of information need to be communicated up in the system?
How can Regencies cooperate in terms of measurements and analyses?
... to obtain optimal use of resources
Public participation
Regency
Our project is on R level. How are the results communicated up?
Villagers
Pekalongan Indramayu ?????
Institutional and Administrative
Integration
Integrated inclusion of the
civil society, NGOs, CBOs and
private sector and other
stakeholders in the planning
process;
Clear description and consensus
of roles, responsibilities and
mandates of all involved;• Building trust and confidence• Creating a sense of ownership
Integrated Coastal Zone Planning and Management
PARTICIPANTS IN COASTAL LAND DEVELOPMENT
* PRIVATE SECTOR:
- Coastal Property Owners
- Lenders (banks, financial institutes)
- Developers & Builders
- Homeowner Associations
- Realtors
- Neighbors & Others Affected by
the Use of the Site
* PUBLIC SECTOR
- Incorporated Municipalities (Villages, Towns, Cities, etc.)
- County Authorities
- State/Federal Authorities
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Poverty alleviation – not a sector approach, but a cross cutting issue;
Local economic development (LED): commercial services land availability; fishing rights value added industry local market facilities access to external markets; financial facilities; training, education; informal economy;
Socio-Economic Integration
fishingerosion
harbour
marine environ.
local market
transp.
housing
add-on valuesexternal
markets
agriculture
social services
commercial services financial
services
tourism
terrestrial environ.
oil prod.
• How different functions should impact on or beimpacted by each other, for improved efficiency of resources and synergy effects;
• Which functional linkages are desirable, what would they entail;
• How could desirable, viable linkages be promoted;
• How could conflicts be reduced or eliminated?
waste
aqua-culture
informal economy
Functional Integration
Harbour facilities:Commercial, leisure & tourism;small/large scale users;
Commercial and socialservice facilities:Central & joint location for easyaccess for all;
Communication:
Road systems - land uses;
Environmental Assets:
Marine protection – tourism;
Fishing: tourism potential;
Housing: environment, quality of
life, jobs, services, recreation;
Integrated Coastal Zone Planning and Management
Functional integration examples:
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The inter-action/inter-dependency between terrestrial and marine activities;
Environmental sensitivity – what can the environment accept without adverse effects (SIA);
Activities impact on the environment (EIA);
Neighbouring environment – quality of life
Good environment as an important economic development driver:
attraction; job creation, etc;
poor environment-poor economy
Environmental Integration
Strategic planning
Methodology :
Back-casting -
“The history of the future”:
• to create a clear and specific vision of a preferred future;
• to device strategies to make the referred future happen
Back-casting (step A):
In joint sessions with relevant stakeholders and administrations agree onpresent status of the area, throughavailable information, trend analysisand SWOT analysis!
S: W:O: T:
Strategic planning
StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats
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SWOT Analysis: Group exercises with different
types of stakeholder groupings at both central and local levels;
What is perceived as a “strength” by one could be perceived as a “weakness” by others!
SWOT analysis:S: Strengths;W: WeaknessesO: Opportunities;T: Threats
Although recognising problems and shortcomings, to focus on possibilities, embracing the potentials of the future!
Technical resources;
Nature resources;
Social resources;
Human resources;
Administrative resources;
Competence, capacity resources;
Financial resources;
Climatic resources;
Strategic planning
Back-casting (step B):
In joint sessions with relevant stakeholders and administrations agree ona shared VISION with SMART*objectives to be realised within 15-20 years
Strategic planning
*SMART = Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, & Timely.
Back-casting (step C):Strategic Action Plan
… required interventions toimplement the specified objectives,“ taking us from here to the future”: types of actions/interventions; time table & work plans; resources required; responsibilities – who does what; monitoring- follow-up and corrections
at regular check points in time; private sector alignment; public/private partnership
Strategic planning
Formulate SMART check-points ‘road map’
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On the contrary: A process that, while moving
forward, always is prepared to look back a step or two in the process, to re-consider previous statements in the light of new analysis, findings and achievements, in order to better fulfil the objectives.
The Planning Process is NOT a straight line!
Strategic planning
Collection, compilation and
analysis of available and
relevant data and information
A.Collection:
B. Base Line Inventory & Systematic compilation:
Erosion Tourism Etc.
C. Analyses:
E. Conclusions wrt Vision, Goals & Objectives:
F. Identification of needed additional monitoring and analysis:
FROM NOTHING TO VISION : 1
FROM NOTHING TO VISION : 2
Monitoring/System Analysis:• identify and understand change & time
scales• guide the planning of management
operations• evaluate the performance and impacts of
management • human activities vs. natural effects• act local – think regional
Monitoring programme must be:• appropriate to the site• cost effective• flexible • provide the amount and quality of data
required by the shoreline manager
TO DO YOUR PLANNING, YOU NEED TO KNOW YOUR SYSTEM!
Base line inventory:• maps• charts• aerial photographs• surveys• engineering records • processes (waves, currents, ecology,...)• consult stakeholders
Meta Data!
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Definition of Monitoring Needs!
Goals & ObjectivesBaseline inventory
Monitoring needs!
Relevant available data
Measured Change/Observation Comments/Possible Causes of Erosion
Less than 1m over a year at all points. Erosion likely to be insignificant.
Over 1m between surveys.Erosion may be significant or may be
episodic (cyclic).
Erosion of the dune face sustained at 1m per year. Erosion significant and possibly severe.
Erosion of the dune face at 1m to 10m per year.Serious erosion requiring immediate
attention.
Dunes badly trampled at individual access points. Localised pedestrian damage.
Dunes badly damaged over large dune area.Serious damage due to tourist pressure,
livestock or vermin.
Discrete areas of dune face erosion. Wind damage (blow outs).
Dune face erosion over wide area. Damage by wave action.
Dune toe and upper beach erosion.Damage caused by waves or tidal
currents.
Upper and lower beach accretion.Change of profiles in response to wave
conditions.
Upper and lower beach erosion.Severe wave erosion/meandering of tidal
channel/impact of coastal defence.
Dune scarp/exposure of marram roots. Sustained recession of dunes.
Dune scarp covered by fresh sand accretion. Intermittent dune recession.
KNOW YOUR SYSTEM - POSSIBLE CAUSES OF EROSION
Important aspects to be considered when characterising the various terrestrial and marine areas in the planning process
Measured Change/Observation Comments/Possible Causes of Erosion
Beach salients (wavy or irregular shoreline).
Unstable conditions in an alongshore direction may result in local and episodic
recession in adjacent areas.
Groynes/breakwaters located updrift.Beach may be affected by downdrift
erosion.
River/jetties updrift.Beach may be affected by a change in
sediment supply.
Eroded dune surface but beach stable/backshore sand covered.Wind induced erosion, pedestrian or
animal damage.
Seawall remnants. Evidence of long term erosion.
Groynes/seawall, etc. on lower foreshore. Strong evidence of long term erosion.
Groynes/seawalls/sills at toe of dune but recession continuing.Inadequate defences/unusually severe
wave/tidal conditions.
Groynes/seawalls/sills at toe of dunes but displaced or tilted over.
Unusually severe waves/tidal currents causing structural failure. Possibly poor
initial design or poor foundations.
Erosion in one area of beach or sediment cell matched by accretion in adjacent area. Change in dominant wind/wave direction.
Severe erosion at structure tailing off downdrift. Lee side erosion caused by coastal works.
KNOW YOUR SYSTEM - POSSIBLE CAUSES OF EROSION
Important aspects to be considered when characterising the various terrestrial and marine areas in the planning process
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LONG TERM COASTAL EROSION – POSSIBLE ‘NATURAL’ CAUSES:
• Sea level rise (mean & high/extreme)
• Coastal subsidence due to tectonic events
• Climatic changes (changing of the storm intensities, shift of the dominant storm directions affecting the approach angle of waves; variation of precipitation and the river regimes and discharges)
• Increased vegetation cover over the river watersheds due to climatic changes (causing decreased soil erosion and sediment supplied to the coast);
• Sediment sinks (presence of offshore canyons, movement to great depths at steep slopes, wind transport of sand to inland areas)
• Changing of river courses and mouths in deltas
KNOW YOUR SYSTEM (IN RESPECTIVE ZONE)
LONG TERM COASTAL EROSION – POSSIBLE ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES:
• Decreasing sediment supply by rivers to the coast (damming the rivers, sand and gravel mining along the river beds, decreasing sediment transport efficiency by lowering water discharges due to increased fresh water use or due to river works such as bank and bed erosion control)
• Erosion control works and afforestation in coastal and riverine watersheds
• Decreasing the volume of sand in the coastal area (sand mining from the beach and dunes, offshore sand mining)
• Alteration of the usual pattern of coastal sediment transport along and across the shoreline, due to man-made coastal structures and urban development too close to the shoreline
• Anthropogenic changes made to river courses and mouths in deltas
• Maintenance dredging of approach channels and estuarine inlets
• Land subsidence due to anthropogenic effects (oil, gas and water extraction).
KNOW YOUR SYSTEM (IN RESPECTIVE ZONE)
COASTAL ENGINEERING REALITIES IN BRIEF (1/3)
•NAVIGATIONAL & FLOOD CONTROL
PROJECTS IMPACT SHORE STABILITY
- Jetties Cause Up-Drift Accretion
& Down-Drift Erosion
- Up-River Deforestation Cause
Bank Erosion & Entrance Deposition
(flooding, estuarine processes)
- Dams Cause Decrease in Sediment
Supply that May Promote Beach Erosion
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COASTAL ENGINEERING REALITIES IN BRIEF (2/3)
•COASTAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES MAY CAUSE EROSION
- Mining Near Beaches
- Downdrift of Groins,
Seawalls, Breakwaters,
& Inlets
- Dredged Entrances
•SUBSIDENCE & SLR MAY INCREASE RISK OF EROSION & INUNDATION
- Natural or Man-Induced Causes
COASTAL ENGINEERING REALITIES IN BRIEF (3/3)
• EROSION MAY BE
CONTROLLED THROUGH
COASTAL ENGINEERING
MEASURES
- Presumes Proper Monitoring,
Planning, Design,
Construction & Maintenance
INSTITUTIONAL, POLICY & STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS:
* Meteoro-/Hydro-logic Office * Communicate Process Knowledge
* Geographic Information System * Coastal Classification System
* Information Depositry * Early Warning System
* Coastal Stabilisation Masterplan * Land Use Plan
* Mangrove Management Policy * Sea Defence Commission of Inquiry
* Disaster Prepardness Plan * Environmental Education Strategy
* Shorezone Management Program Unit * Revised Institutional Setting
* Popular Participation & Public Awareness * Internal Training Elements
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METEORO-/HYDRO-LOGIC OFFICE
•Establish/Appoint Authority Resposible for
- Planning and execution of monitoring activities
- Data documentation (meta data)
- Data analysis
- Data publication
- Data deposition
COMMUNICATE BASIC PROCESS KNOWLEDGE
•An ORGANIZED collection of
computer hardware, software,
geographic data, and personnel
designed to efficiently store, update,
manipulate, analyze, and DISPLAY all forms of
GEOGRAPHICALLY REFERENCED information.
A DEFINITION OF GIS
SYSTEM vs. SCIENCE
GIS = Geographic Information SystemsEmphasizes on technologyGIS as a tool to be applied to specific problem
GIS = Geographic Information ScienceEmphasizes the concepts and theory of analyzing relationshipsGIS as a means of advancing our understanding of the real world
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• GIS is concerned with spatial relations (Estimates are that 80% of all data has a spatial dimension)
• Location (absolute & relative), position, distance, and direction are key attributes.
• Where are objects of interest?What exists in this location?Why are things located here?Etc....
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Information & data are NOT the same
• Data are raw facts that fuel a GIS
• Information is the product derived from processing data
• To be of use, information should be timely, accurate, reliable, consistent,appropriate, preserved and in the right format.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
•’The whole is greater than the sum of the parts’ (Aristoteles)
•GIS is a convergence of new technologies and traditional disciplines
•GIS is often called ’the enabling technology’.
GIS is NOT
•the universal answer to all spatial problems
•only a technology, but also a conceptual base
•able to produce good results from bad data or conceptual framework
•simply a program for producing maps
•a substitute for thinking
TWO WAYS TO INPUT AND VISUALIZE DATA
Raster – Grid• pixels• one location – one value• Satellite pictures & aerial photos are
alredy in this format
Vector – Linear• Points, lines & polygons• Features – house, lake, etc.• Attributes (size, type, length, names, etc.
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0
10
20
30
Ru
no
ff (
m3 /
s)
0
10
20
30
Infi
ltra
tio
n
GSI-1
GSI-2
COMBINING DATA FROM MANY SOURCES
Likelihood/Hazard:
- geological composition
- ground elevation
- vegetation cover
- hydrographic impact (waves, currents, water level
fluctuation, bottom bathymetry)
- anthropogenic impact (structures, trapping of
sediments in canals, dredging)
Consequences/Vulnerabilty:
- land use
- infrastructural investments
COASTAL RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Be able to answer for any given portion of coast:1. What is the likelihood that erosion/inundation
will occur? HAZARD2. What are the consequences if erosion/inundation
does occur. VULNERABILITY
Risk = Likelihood * Consequences = Hazard * Vulnerability = PRIORITIES!QU
AN
TIF
Y!!
!
COASTAL RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Risk identification and assessment
- What zones/areas are exposed to coastal hazards?- Which are the economic, environmental and social losses?- Where are the highest risks?
Risk mitigation regarding human lives, environment, infrastructure
- Monitoring and warning systems- Training/capacity building in vulnerability assessment, hazard mapping, data
collection and interpretation- Systems for public awarness and shared responsibility- Which measures can be taken to mitigate damage?- Which are the priorities regarding risks and need for emergency facilities?- How can these best be financed and sustained? (Institutions, stakeholders,...)
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Classification Components
Coding System:L - consequences in terms of Land-use and investmentsI - likelihood for InundationE – likelihood for Erosion S - State of protective measures, rate of measures, need of repair
Zones Conditions Data
L Land Use
Infrastructure
BuildingsActivities (Farming, Deposits,..)Roads, CablesIrrigation SystemsCanals
I Crest ElevationLocal ElevationSurrounding Elevation
Topography (maps, aerials, measurements)
E Geological CompositionVegetation CoverHydrographic Impact
Historical Erosion (maps, aerials, images, measurements)
S Type & Status of Defence Work ReportsInspections
SLR, GIS
Erosion: Sample Dynamic E-zone DelineationReference
FeatureE-10Line
E-30Line
E-60Line
E-10Zone
E-30Zone
E-60Zone
Zones
Likelihood
Setbacks
FloodInsurance
Notice of Erosion
Hazard
RecedingShoreline
ImminentHazard
IntermediateHazard
Longer-TermHazard
MoveableSingle Family
Structures
No NewHabitableStructures
ReadilyMovable
Structures
LargeStructures
Allowed
EligibleFor
RelocationBenefits.No New
NFIPPolicies
ExistingCoverage RequiredTo Be Maintained
Shoreline
ReferenceFeature
E-10Line
E-30Line
E-60Line
E-10Zone
E-30Zone
E-60Zone
Example ProfileWith Lines and Zones Illustrated
(Not to Scale)
E-X: expected Erosion distance over next X years
Future Sea Level Rise!
MSL & HWL!
Which areas will be flooded?
What will be affected?
Consequences?
Remedial measures?
Costs?
Benefits?
Sea-Level Rise - Flooded Areas?
QU
AN
TIF
Y!!
!
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Flooding: Sample Dynamic F-zone DelineationF-1Line
F-10Line
F-30Line
F-1Zone
F-10Zone
F-30Zone
Zones
Likelihood
Setbacks
FloodInsurance
Notice of Flooding
Hazard
RecedingShoreline
ImminentHazard
IntermediateHazard
Longer-TermHazard
Single FamilyStructures
No NewHabitableStructures
LargeStructuresAllowed
LargeComplexes
Allowed
EligibleFor
RelocationBenefits.No New
NFIPPolicies
ExistingCoverage RequiredTo Be Maintained
ShorelineF-1Line
F-10Line
F-30Line
F-1Zone
F-10Zone
F-30Zone
Example ProfileWith Lines and Zones Illustrated
(Not to Scale)
F-X: expected Flood return period = X years for areaWL-X: water level reached every X year
WL-30WL-10
WL-1
MWL
COASTAL RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Risk identification and assessment
- What zones/areas are exposed to coastal hazards?- Which are the economic, environmental and social losses?- Where are the highest risks?
Risk mitigation regarding human lives, environment, infrastructure
- Monitoring and warning systems- Training/capacity building in vulnerability assessment, hazard mapping, data
collection and interpretation- Which measures can be taken to mitigate damage?- Which are the priorities regarding risks and need for emergency facilities?- How can these best be financed and sustained? (Institutions, stakeholders,...)
Hazard: the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging phenomenon, Vulnerability: the degree of loss resulting from the occurrence of the phenomenon.
ErosionFlooding
...........
Land useInfrastructure
...........
* =(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(>20)
(8-18
(<6)
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LeveeFlood wall
Pumping stationFlood gate
Risk Reduction - Uncertainty – Residual Risk
Due to Uncertainties and Natural Variability:
•Randomness of natural systems
•Limited understanding of natural systems
•Human behavior and choices
Risk Assessment
Analytically based
Risk Management
Policy and Preference based
Risk Communication
Interactive exchange of information about preferences concerning risk
Traditional engineering approach presumes that risk assessment and risk management are technical decisions that are the responsibility of the professional engineer (e.g. factors of safety)
PoliticiansBusinessMediaGovt agenciesIndividual citizensEngineers
Projects must be continually reviewed and updated to incorporate the latest science and accommodate the changing system and hazards.
Risk Communication – A Community Effort
Glad I’m safe behind this levee. After all, the storm is
only a Cat 3….
Hurricane Katrina – Poor Risk CommunicationOfficially designated as the largest natural disaster
in the history of the United States.
Damage >$100 billion
>1,800 dead
80% of New Orleans flooded
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THE END
14-09
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