informe de cosas que hay que saber sobre la tierra 22may09
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EARH SCIENCE
LIERACY PRINCIPLES
Te Bi Ideas and Supportin Concepts of Earth Science
www.earthscienceliteracy.or
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Wha is Eah Siee Liea?Eah Siee Liea is a udesadig o Eahs iuee
o ou ad o ou iuee o Eah.
Eah Siee Liea Piiples ae deed b he sieiss
who a ou aive eseah i ma aeas o Eah siee
ad explai he omplexiies o how ou plae woks.
Eah Siee Liea is shaped b siee eduaos, who a
bes aslae he big ideas o Eah siee io laguage ad
leaig oppouiies ha a be udesood b all.
Eah Siee Liea is a ogoig poess, oiuall
eshaped ad ewie b ew disoveies i he aeas o Eah
siee ad leaig heo.
A Eah-siee-lieae peso:
understandsthefundamentalconceptsofEarths
ma ssems
knowshowtondandassessscienticallycredible
iomaio abou Eah
communicatesaboutEarthscienceinameaningfulway
isabletomakeinformedandresponsibledecisions
egadig Eah ad is esoues
Wh is Eah Siee Liea Impoa?Eah is ou home. We el upo i o ou exisee i ma
diee was. Is esoues eed us ad povide he maeials
o ou wa o lie. Eve modes hages o Eahs ssems have
had pooud iuees o huma soieies ad he ouse o
ivilizaio. Udesadig hese ssems ad how he iea
wih us is vial o ou suvival.
Eah Siee Liea is espeiall impoa a his ime i
hiso. Tee ae ma halleges aig humaidwidlig
eeg ad mieal esoues, hagig limaes, wae sho-
agesdiel elaig o he Eah siees. Tee ae ma
diful deisios ha govemes, loal ad aioal, will have
o make oeig hese issues, ad how well humas suvive
he we-s eu will deped upo he suess o hese
deisios. We eed govemes ha ae Eah siee lieae.
Huma hiso is a eod o he eaivi ad igeui o
people solvig diful poblems. Te soluios o he ue
Eah-siee-elaed halleges will also ome om huma
eaivi, as idividuals o opoae busiesses. Howeve, as
ou mode soie ad is eeds have beome ieasigl
omplex, so have he soluios. I will ake a deep ad suble
udesadig o Eahs ssems o uue geeaios o be
able o eed, lohe, house, ad povide a meaigul exis-
ee o all humas. We eed iizes ad busiesses ha ae
Eah siee lieae.
EArtH ScIEncE LItErAcy: Te Big Ideas ad Suppoig coeps o Eah Siee
Eah big idea is baked b suppoig oeps ompaable o hose udelig he naioal Siee Eduaio
Sadads ad he Ameia Assoiaio o he Advaeme o Siee Behmaks o Siee Liea.
Juio o he Mississippi, Illiois, ad Missoui ives i Augus
1993 (ea he peak o oodig) om Ladsa-5/tM. (coues
nASA/Goddad Spae Fligh cee Siei Visualizaio Sudio)
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How Does he Siei Poess Wok?
Siee is a ogoig poess o disove o he aual wold.
Eah siee is pa o his poess. Siee daws upo he
iae sese o uiosi ha all humas shae. We see i i a
hilds exieme i he disove o he wold. Millios o
sieiss omall pusue he poess o disove b makig
obsevaios, esig hpoheses, ad eig siei models.
Siei udesadig advaes hough ma sages o pep-
aaio ad eview. Like medial doos, sieiss go houghma eas o poessioal aiig ad paie. Siei
eseah pojes ae uded hough a highl seleive eview
poess odued b expes i he eld. resuls om siei
eseah ae ol published i jouals i he sais a igoous
poess ha iludes peseaios a poessioal meeigs,
debaes a siei wokshops, ad wie pee eviews
b esablished expes i he eld. Te powe o he siei
poess is see i is eleless mah owad bee explaaios
o how he laws o he uivese opeae. Te omplex eh-
olog o he mode idusial wold, iludig ell phoes,
spae exploaio, ad ues o ma diseases, is a ibue o hesuess o he poess o siei disove.
Abou Tis Guide
Tis guide peses he big ideas o Eah siee ha all iizes
should kow, deemied b he Eah siee eseah ad
eduaio ommuiies. Seveal wokshops ivolvig hudeds
o sieiss ad eduaos om aademia, goveme, ad
idus wee dediaed o eaig his doume, ad i has
udegoe a exesive peiod o publi eview. Tis doume,
epeseig he ue siei kowledge i Eah siee,
is helpig o shape deisios b goveme ad idus adhelpig o guide he dieio o eduaioal uiula. I is a
wok i pogess beause he siei poess oiues o
impove ou udesadig o Eah. Fo he laes vesio o his
doume, as well as iomaio abou is osuio, please
visi www.eahsieeliea.og.
Usig Tis Guide o Eduaio
U.S. siee eduaio is suued aoud he naioal Siee
Eduaio Sadads. to seve he boade eduaio ommu-i, he Eah Siee Liea Piiples have bee aliged
wih hese sadads. Te maix o his aligme a be oud
a hp://www.eahsieeliea.og/eduaio.hml. Tis
liea doume is beig used o die Eah siee edua-
io udig wihi he naioal Siee Foudaio. texbook
ompaies ae usig i i he eaio o ew eduaioal mae-
ials. Museums ad siee ees ae usig his doume as a
oudaio o eduaioal displas ad exhibis. teahes ad
shool boads ae usig i o shape lass isuio agig om
idividual lessos o whole uiula.
Louisiaa oas wih suspeded sedimes ad ogai mae owig ou
o he Mississippi ad ohe egioal ive ssems io he Gul o Mexio
(MODIS Aqua saellie image, novembe 19, 2003, oues o Liam Gumle
Spae Siee ad Egieeig cee, Uivesi o Wisosi-Madiso
Fo moe iomaio abou
Eah Siee Liea, please visi
www.eahsieeliea.og.
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1BIG IDEA 1. Eah sieiss use epeaable obsevaios adesable ideas o udesad ad explai ou plae.
1.1 Earth scientists nd solutions to societys needs. Eahsieiss wok o hallegig poblems ha ae humai
o opis suh as limae hage ad huma impas
o Eah. Eah sieiss suessull pedi hazads o
humas ad loae ad eove aual esoues, makig
possible he ouishig o humas o Eah.
1.2 Earth scientists use a large variety o scientic prin-ciples to understand how our planet works.Eah
sieiss ombie sud o Eahs geolog wih aspes o
biolog, hemis, phsis, ad mahemais i ode o
udesad he omplexiies o he Eah ssem.
1.3 Earth science investigations take many dierent orms.
Eah sieiss do epoduible expeimes ad ollemuliple lies o evidee. Tis evidee is ake om eld,
aalial, heoeial, expeimeal, ad modelig sudies.
1.4 Earth scientists must use indirect methods to examineand understand the structure, composition, and
dynamics o Earths interior.Wih he exepio o
wells ad mie shas dilled io Eah, die obseva-
ios o Eahs ieio ae o possible. Isead, Eah
sieiss obseve he ieio o he plae usig seismi
waves, gavi, magei elds, ada, soa, ad laboa-
o expeimes o he behavio o maeials a highpessues ad empeaues.
1.5 Earth scientists use their understanding o the past toorecast Earths uture. Eah siee eseah ells us how
Eah uioed i he pas ude odiios o see
oda ad how odiios ae likel o hage i he uue
1.6 Earth scientists construct models o Earth and itsprocesses that best explain the available geological
evidence. Tese siei models, whih a be oep-
ual o aalial, udego igoous sui ad esigb ollaboaig ad ompeig goups o sieiss
aoud he wold. Eah siee eseah doumes ae
subjeed o igoous pee eview beoe he ae published
i siee jouals.
1.7 echnological advances, breakthroughs in interpreta-tion, and new observations continuously rene our
understanding o Earth. Tis Eah Siee Liea ame
wok mus be a livig doume ha gows alog wih ou
hagig ideas ad oeps o Eah.
reseah Expeiees i Solid Eah Siee o Sudes
(rESESS) paiipa Miiam Gaia joied eseahes om he
Uied Saes, Ielad, ad Swizelad i Augus o 2008 o
isall high-ae GPS saios i Ielad. Daa om his ewok
will iease ou udesadig o volai ad eoi ie-
aios. (coues o P.I. rihad Bee ad rESESS)
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BIG IDEA 2. Eah is 4.6 billio eas old.
2.1 Earths rocks and other materials provide a record oits history.
Eah sieiss use he suue, sequee,ad popeies o oks, sedimes, ad ossils o eo-
su eves i Eahs hiso. Dea aes o adioaive
elemes ae he pima meas o obaiig umeial
ages o oks ad ogai emais. Udesadig geologi
poesses aive i he mode wold is uial o ie-
peig Eahs pas.
2.2 Our Solar System ormed rom a vast cloud o gas anddust 4.6 billion years ago. Some o his gas ad dus was
he emais o he supeova explosio o a pevious sa;
ou bodies ae heeoe made o sadus. Tis age o4.6 billio eas is well esablished om he dea aes o
adioaive elemes oud i meeoies ad oks om
he Moo.
2.3 Earth ormed rom the accumulation o dust and gas,and multiple collisions o smaller planetary bodies.
Dive b gavi, Eahs mealli oe omed as io
sak o he ee. rok suoudig he oe was mosl
mole eal i Eahs hiso, ad slowl ooled o om
Eahs male ad us. Te aoms o diee elemes
ombied o make mieals, whih ombied o makeoks. Eahs oea ad amosphee bega o om moe
ha 4 billio eas ago om he ise o lighe maeials
ou o he male.
2.4 Earths crust has two distinct types: continental andoceanic.coieal us pesiss a Eahs suae ad
a be billios o eas old. Oeai us oiuousl
oms ad eles bak io he male; i he oea, i is
owhee olde ha abou 200 millio eas.
2.5 Studying other objects in the solar system helps uslearn Earths history. Aive geologi poesses suh as
plae eois ad eosio have desoed o aleed mos
o Eahs eal ok eod. Ma aspes o Eahs eal
hiso ae evealed b objes i he sola ssem ha have
o haged as muh as Eah has.
2.6 Lie on Earth began more than 3.5 billion years ago.Fossils idiae ha lie bega wih sigle-elled ogaisms,
whih wee he ol lie oms o billios o eas. Humas(Homo sapiens) have exised o ol a ve small aio
(abou 0.004%) o Eahs hiso.
2.7 Over Earths vast history, both gradual and catastrophicprocesses have produced enormous changes. Supe-
oies omed ad boke apa, he omposiios o
he amosphee ad oea haged, sea level ose ad
ell, livig speies evolved ad we exi, ie shees
advaed ad meled awa, meeoies slammed io
Eah, ad mouais omed ad eoded awa.
Te Gad cao epeses oe o he mos awe-ispii
ladsapes i he Uied Saes. A he deepes pas o he
ao, eal wo-billio-ea-old meamophi ok i
exposed. Te coloado rive has u hough laes o olou
sedimea ok as he coloado Plaeau has uplied
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3BIG IDEA 3. Eah is a omplex ssem o ieaig
ok, wae, ai, ad lie.
3.1 Te our major systems o Earth are the geosphere,hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Te geosphee
iludes a mealli oe, solid ad mole ok, soil,ad sedimes. Te amosphee is he evelope o gas
suoudig Eah. Te hdosphee iludes he ie, wae
vapo, ad liquid wae i he amosphee, he oea,
lakes, seams, soils, ad goudwae. Te biosphee
iludes Eahs lie, whih a be oud i ma pas o
he geosphee, hdosphee, ad amosphee. Humas ae
pa o he biosphee, ad huma aiviies have impoa
impas o all ou sphees.
3.2 All Earth processes are the result o energy fowing and
mass cycling within and between Earths systems.Tiseeg is deived om he su ad Eahs ieio. Te
owig eeg ad lig mae ause hemial ad
phsial hages i Eahs maeials ad livig ogaisms.
Fo example, lage amous o abo oiuall le
amog ssems o ok, wae, ai, ogaisms, ad ossil uels
suh as oal ad oil.
3.3 Earth exchanges mass and energy with the rest othe Solar System.Eah gais ad loses eeg hough
iomig sola adiaio, hea loss o spae, ad gavia-ioal oes om he su, moo, ad plaes. Eah gais
mass om he impas o meeooids ad omes ad loses
mass b he esape o gases io spae.
3.4 Earths systems interact over a wide range o temporaland spatial scales.Tese sales age om miosopi
o global i size ad opeae ove aios o a seod o
billios o eas. Tese ieaios amog Eahs ssems
have shaped Eahs hiso ad will deemie Eahs
uue.
3.5 Regions where organisms actively interact with eachother and their environment are called ecosystems.
Eossems povide he goods (ood, uel, oxge, ad
uies) ad sevies (limae egulaio, wae lig
ad puiaio, ad soil developme ad maieae)
eessa o susai he biosphee. Eossems ae osid-
eed he plaes esseial lie-suppo uis.
3.6 Earths systems are dynamic; they continually reactto changing infuences. compoes o Eahs ssems
ma appea sable, hage slowl ove log peiods oime, o hage abupl wih sigia osequees o
livig ogaisms.
3.7 Changes in part o one system can cause new changesto that system or to other systems, oten in surprising
and complex ways. Tese ew hages ma ake he om
o eedbaks ha a iease o deease he oigial
hages ad a be upediable ad/o ievesible. A
deep kowledge o how mos eedbaks wok wihi ad
bewee Eahs ssems is sill lakig.
3.8 Earths climate is an example o how complex interac-tions among systems can result in relatively sudden
and signicant changes.Te geologi eod shows ha
ieaios amog eoi eves, sola ipus, plaea
obis, oea iulaio, volai aivi, glaies, vegea-
io, ad huma aiviies a ause appeiable, ad i
some ases apid, hages o global ad egioal paes
o empeaue ad peipiaio.
Seam vigoousl ises om he ho waes o Gad Pismai Spig,
kow o is aibow olos podued b hemophili (hea
lovig) ogaisms. Tis ho spig is ueled b hea om a lageesevoi o paiall mole ok (magma), jus a ew miles beeah
yellowsoe, ha dives oe o he wolds lages volai ssems.
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4.1 Earths geosphere changes through geological, hydro-logical, physical, chemical, and biological processes
that are explained by universal laws. Tese hages abe small o lage, oiuous o spoadi, ad gadual o
aasophi.
4.2 Earth, like other planets, is still cooling, though radio-active decay continuously generates internal heat.
Tis hea ows hough ad ou o Eahs ieio lagel
hough oveio, bu also hough oduio ad adi-
aio. Te ow o Eahs hea is like is lieblood, divig is
ieal moios.
4.3 Earths interior is in constant motion through theprocess o convection, with important consequences
or the surace.coveio i he io-ih liquid oue
oe, alog wih Eahs oaio aoud is axis, geeaes
Eahs magei eld. B deeig sola wid aoud he
plae, he magei eld peves he sola wid om
sippig awa Eahs amosphee. coveio i he
solid male dives he ma poesses o plae eois,
iludig he omaio ad movemes o he oies
ad oeai us.
4.4 Earths tectonic plates consist o the rocky crust anduppermost mantle, and move slowly with respect to
one another.new oeai plae oiuousl oms a
mid-oea idges ad ohe speadig ees, sikig bak
io he male a oea ehes. teoi plaes move
seadil a aes o up o 10 eimees pe ea.
4.5 Many active geologic processes occur at plate bound-aries. Plae ieaios hage he shapes, sizes, ad
posiios o oies ad oea basis, he loaios
o mouai ages ad basis, he paes o oea
iulaio ad limae, he loaios o eahquakes ad
volaoes, ad he disibuio o esoues ad livig
ogaisms.
4.6 Earth materials take many dierent orms as they cyclethrough the geosphere.roks om om he oolig o
magma, he aumulaio ad osolidaio o sedimes,
ad he aleaio o olde oks b hea, pessue, ad
uids. Tese hee poesses om igeous, sedimea,
ad meamophi oks.
BIG IDEA 4. Eah is oiuousl hagig.
4.7 Landscapes result rom the dynamic interplay betweenprocesses that orm and uplit new crust and processes
that destroy and depress the crust.Tis iepla is
aeed b gavi, desi dieees, plae eois,
limae, wae, he aios o livig ogaisms, ad he esis-
ae o Eah maeials o weaheig ad eosio.
4.8 Weathered and unstable rock materials erode romsome parts o Earths surace and are deposited in
others.Ude he iuee o gavi, oks all dowhill.
Wae, ie, ad ai a eoded sedimes o lowe eleva-
ios, ad ulimael o he oea.
4.9 Shorelines move back and orth across continents,depositing sediments that become the surace rocks o
the land. Tough dami poesses o plae eois ad
glaiaio, Eahs sea level ises ad alls b up o hudeds
o mees. Tis uuaio auses shoelies o advae ad
eede b hudeds o kilomees. Te uppe ok laes o
mos oies omed whe isig sea levels epeaedl
ooded he ieios o oies.
Suspeded la pailes, eoded om he casade Mouais o
Washigo Sae, give Lake Diablo is billia olo. Te aive
volaoes o he casades esul om he subduio o he Jua de
Fua plae beeah noh Ameia. (coues o niole LaDue
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5BIG IDEA 5. Eah is he wae plae.
5.1 Water is ound everywhere on Earth, rom the heightso the atmosphere to the depths o the mantle.Eal i
Eahs hiso, suae wae aumulaed hough bohougassig om is ieio ad he apue o some exa-
eesial ie. Wae vapo i he amosphee odesed
ad aied ou as he plae ooled.
5.2 Water is essential or lie on Earth.Eah is uique i ouSola Ssem i ha wae has oexised a Eahs suae
i hee phases (solid, liquid, ad gas) o billios o eas,
allowig he developme ad oiuous evoluio o lie.
5.3 Waters unique combination o physical and chemical
properties are essential to the dynamics o all o Earthssystems.Tese popeies ilude he mae i whih
wae absobs ad eleases hea, ees suligh, expads
upo eezig, ad dissolves ohe maeials.
5.4 Water plays an important role in many o Earths deepinternal processes.Wae allows ok o mel moe easil,
geeaig muh o he magma ha eups as lava a vola-
oes. Wae ailiaes he meamophi aleaio o ok
ad is iegal o plae eoi poesses.
5.5 Earths water cycles among the reservoirs o the atmo-sphere, streams, lakes, ocean, glaciers, groundwater,
and deep interior o the planet.Te oal amou owae a Eahs suae has emaied ail osa ove
geologi ime, alhough is disibuio amog esevois
has vaied.
5.6 Water shapes landscapes.Flowig wae i seamssogl shapes he lad suae hough weaheig,
eosio, aspo, ad deposiio. Wae paiipaes i
boh he dissoluio ad omaio o Eahs maeials.
5.7 Ice is an especially powerul agent o weathering and
erosion. Wae expads as i eezes, wideig aks adbeakig apa oks. Moveme o massive glaies a
sou awa lad suaes. Te owig ie o glaies oves
ad ales vas aeas o oies duig Ie Ages.
5.8 Fresh water is less than 3% o the water at Earthssurace.Mos o his esh wae is soed as glaies i
Aaia ad Geelad. Less ha 1% o Eahs ea-
suae wae is dikable liquid esh wae, ad abou
99% o his wae is i he om o goudwae i he poes
ad aues wihi soil, sedime, ad ok.
Eahs wae is i osa moio. Wae moves a diee speeds
i diee plaes, ad i diee oms. Wae is oiuousl beig
exhaged amog Eahs suae, amosphee, ad ieio. Wae is
esseial o lie ad o sulpig he wold aoud us.
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BIG IDEA 6. Lie evolves o a dami Eah
ad oiuousl modies Eah.
6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence o ancient lie.Fossilsdoume he pesee o lie eal i Eahs hiso ad
he subseque evoluio o lie ove billios o eas.
6.2 Evolution, including the origination and extinction ospecies, is a natural and ongoing process.chages o
Eah ad is eossems deemie whih idividuals,
populaios, ad speies suvive. As a ouome o
dami Eah poesses, lie has adaped hough evolu-
io o ew, divese, ad eve-hagig ihes.
6.3 Biological diversity, both past and present, is vast andlargely undiscovered. new speies o livig ad ossil
ogaisms ae oiuall oud ad ideied. All o hisdivesi is ieelaed hough evoluio.
6.4 More complex lie orms and ecosystems have arisenover the course o Earths history. Tis omplexi has
emeged i assoiaio wih adapaios o ew ad
osal hagig habias. Bu o all evoluio auses
geae omplexi; ogaisms adapig o hagig loal
eviomes ma also beome simple.
6.5 Microorganisms dominated Earths early biosphere andcontinue today to be the most widespread, abundant,and diverse group o organisms on the planet. Miobes
hage he hemis o Eahs suae ad pla a iial
ole i uie lig wihi mos eossems.
6.6 Mass extinctions occur when global conditions changeaster than species in large numbers can adapt. Mass
exiios ae oe ollowed b he oigiaio o ma
ew speies ove millios o eas as suvivig speies
evolve ad ll vaaed ihes.
6.7 Te particular lie orms that exist today, includinghumans, are a unique result o the history o Earths
systems. Had his hiso bee eve slighl diee,
mode lie oms migh be eiel diee ad humas
migh eve have evolved.
6.8 Lie changes the physical and chemical properties oEarths geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Livig
ogaisms podued mos o he oxge i he amosphee
hough phooshesis ad povided he subsae
o ossil uels ad ma sedimea oks. Te ossil
eod povides a meas o udesadig he hisoo hese hages.
6.9 Lie occupies a wide range o Earths environments,including extreme environments. Some miobes live i
oks kilomees beeah he suae, wihi glaial ie, ad
a seaoo ves whee ho uids esape om he oeai
us. Some o hese eviomes ma be simila o he
odiios ude whih lie oigiaed, ad o evio-
mes ha exis o ohe plaes ad moos.
A fossil of an aonite, an extinct ocean-livin ollusk related to
the odern nautilus. Aonites evolved about 400 illion years ao
and were plentiful in the ocean until the occurrence of a lobal assextinction > 65 illion years ao that correlates with an asteroid ipact
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7.1 Earth is our home; its resources mold civilizations, drivehuman exploration, and inspire human endeavors that
include art, literature, and science. We deped upoEah o suseae, omo, plaes o live ad pla, ad
spiiual ispiaio.
7.2 Geology aects the distribution and development ohuman populations.Huma populaios have hisoi-
all oeaed a sies ha ae geologiall adva-
ageous o ommee, ood poduio, ad ohe
aspes o ivilizaio.
7.3 Natural resources are limited.Eahs aual esoues
povide he oudaio o all o huma soies phsialeeds. Mos ae oeewable o huma ime sales, ad
ma will u iiall low i he ea uue.
7.4 Resources are distributed unevenly around the planet.resoue disibuio is a esul o how ad whee geologi
poesses have oued i he pas, ad has exemel
impoa soial, eoomi, ad poliial impliaios.
7.5 Water resources are essential or agriculture, manu-acturing, energy production, and lie. Eah sieiss
ad egiees d ad maage ou esh wae esoues,whih ae limied i suppl. I ma plaes, humas wih-
daw boh suae wae ad goudwae ase ha
he ae epleished. Oe esh wae is oamiaed, is
quali is diful o esoe.
7.6 Soil, rocks, and minerals provide essential metals andother materials or agriculture, manuacturing, and
building.Soil develops slowl om weaheed ok, ad
he eosio o soil heaes agiulue. Mieals ad
meals ae oe oeaed i ve spei oe deposis .
Loaig ad miig hese oe deposis povide he aw
maeials o muh o ou idus. Ma eleoi ad
mehaial devies have spei equiemes o pai-
ula ae meals ad mieals ha ae i sho suppl.
7.7 Earth scientists and engineers develop new technolo-gies to extract resources while reducing the pollution,
waste, and ecosystem degradation caused by extrac-
tion. Fo example, lad elamaio a paiall esoe
suae eviomes ollowig suae miig.
BIG IDEA 7. Humas deped o Eah o esoues.
7.8 Oil and natural gas are unique resources that arecentral to modern lie in many dierent ways.Te ae
he peusos o hemials used o make umeous pod-
us, suh as plasis, exiles, mediaios, ad eilizes.Peoleum soues ae eeded o mauaue mos idus-
ial podus.
7.9 Fossil uels and uranium currently provide most o ourenergy resources. Fossil uels, suh as oal, oil, ad aual
gas, ake es o hudeds o millios o eas o om.
Tei abudae will make hem he domia soue o
eeg o he ea uue. new soues, suh as mehae
hdaes, ae beig exploed.
7.10 Earth scientists help society move toward greatersustainability. reewable eeg soues, suh as sola,
wid, hdoelei, ad geohemal, ae beig developed.
Te will eplae ossil uels as hose beome sae, moe
expesive o eieve om Eah, ad udesiable due o
eviomeal damage. Eah sieiss ose global oop-
eaio ad siee-iomed sewadship ha a help o
esue he availabili o esoues o uue geeaios.
Humas el o peoleum o he mauauig
o plasis, eilizes, ad ohe goods i addiio o
beig a majo soue o eeg. Te houghul use o
his esoue is eessa o esue is availabili
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88.1 Natural hazards result rom natural Earth processes.
Tese hazads ilude eahquakes, suamis, huiaes,
oods, doughs, ladslides, volai eupios, exemeweahe, lighig-idued es, sikholes, oasal eosio,
ad ome ad aseoid impas.
8.2 Natural hazards shape the history o human soci-eties.Hazadous eves a sigial ale he size o
huma populaios ad dive huma migaios. risks
om aual hazads iease as populaios expad io
vuleable aeas o oeae i alead-ihabied aeas.
8.3 Human activities can contribute to the requency and
intensity o some natural hazards.Tese hazads iludeoods, ladslides, doughs, oes es, ad eosio.
8.4 Hazardous events can be sudden or gradual.Te ageom sudde eves suh as eahquakes ad explosive
volai eupios, o moe gadual pheomea suh
as doughs, whih ma las deades o loge. chages
aused b oiual poesses suh as eosio ad lad
subsidee a also esul i isks o huma populaios, as
wih he ieased isk o oodig i new Oleas.
8.5 Natural hazards can be local or global in origin.Loaleves a have disa impas beause o he ieo-
eedess o boh huma soieies ad Eahs ssems.Fo example, a volai eupio i he Pai Oea a
impa limae aoud he globe.
8.6 Earth scientists are continually improving estimates owhen and where natural hazards occur. Tis aalsis is
doe hough oiuousl moioig Eah, ieasig
ou udesadig o he phsial poesses ha udelie
is hages, ad developig siei models ha a
explai hazad-elaed siei obsevaios.
8.7 Humans cannot eliminate natural hazards, but canengage in activities that reduce their impacts.Loss o
lie, pope damage, ad eoomi oss a be edued
b ideiig high-isk loaios ad miimizig huma
habiaio ad soieal aiviies i hem, impovig
osuio mehods, developig waig ssems, ad
eogizig how huma behavio iuees pepaedess
ad espose.
8.8 An Earth-science-literate public is essential or reducingrisks rom natural hazards.Tis liea leads o he
pomoio o ommui awaeess abou aual hazadsad o he developme o sieiall iomed poliies
ha edue isk.
BIG IDEA 8. naual hazads pose isks o humas.
A lava ow devous a oad i Hawaii. Tis aual hazad eaes a
ioveiee; howeve, ma aual hazads a be lie heaeig.
Te impa o aual hazads a be geal edued hough he
eduaio o iizes abou he isks i hei egio.
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9BIG IDEA 9. Humas sigial ale he Eah.
Humas have sigial aleed Eahs suae. Te Bigham
coppe Mie i Uah demosaes ha humas have moved eie
mouais i a ques o esoues . (coues o Mihael collie)
9.1 Human activities signicantly change the rates o many
o Earths surace processes.Humakid has beome ageologial age ha mus be ake io aou equall
wih aual poesses i a aemp o udesad he
wokigs o Eahs ssems. As huma populaios ad pe
apia osumpio o aual esoues iease, so do
ou impas o Eahs ssems.
9.2 Earth scientists use the geologic record to distinguishbetween natural and human infuences on Earths
systems. Evidee o aual ad huma iuees o
Eah poesses is oud i ie oes ad soils, ad i lake,
esua, ad oea sedimes.
9.3 Humans cause global climate change through ossiluel combustion, land-use changes, agricultural prac-
tices, and industrial processes. cosequees o global
limae hage ilude melig glaies ad pemaos,
isig sea levels, shiig peipiaio paes, ieased
oes es, moe exeme weahe, ad he disupio
o global eossems.
9.4 Humans aect the quality, availability, and distribution
o Earths water through the modication o streams,lakes, and groundwater.Egieeed suues suh
as aals, dams, ad levees sigial ale wae ad
sedime disibuio. Polluio om sewage uo, agi-
ulual paies, ad idusial poesses edue wae
quali. Oveuse o wae o elei powe geeaio ad
agiulue edues wae availabili o dikig.
9.5 Human activities alter the natural land surace. Humasuse moe ha oe-hid o he lads suae o oveed
wih ie o aise o gow hei ood. Lage aeas o lad,
iludig deliae eossems suh as welads, ae as-omed b huma lad developme. Tese lad suae
hages impa ma Eah poesses suh as goudwae
epleishme ad weahe paes.
9.6 Human activities accelerate land erosion. A pese,he ae o global lad eosio aused b huma aiviies
exeeds all aual poesses b a ao o e. Tese aiv-
iies ilude uba pavig, emoval o vegeaio, suae
miig, seam divesios, ad ieased ai aidi.
9.7 Human activities signicantly alter the biosphere.Eahis expeieig a woldwide delie i biodivesiamode mass exiiodue o loss o habia aea ad
high aes o eviomeal hage aused b huma
aiviies. Te aes o exiios ae ow ompaable o
he aes o mass exiios i he geologi pas.
9.8 Earth scientists document and seek to understandthe impacts o humans on global change over short
and long time spans.Ma o hese huma impas o
Eahs ssems ae o evesible ove huma lieimes,
bu hough huma oopeaio hei impas o uuegeeaios a be lesseed ad eve evesed.
9.9 An Earth-science-literate public, inormed by currentand accurate scientic understanding o Earth, is
critical to the promotion o good stewardship, sound
policy, and international cooperation.Eah siee
eduaio is impoa o idividuals o all ages, bak-
gouds, ad aioaliies.
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ESLI ORgANIzINg COmmIEE
michael Wysession, Chair (Washinton University)
John aber, Co-Chair (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seisoloy)
David A. Budd (University of Colorado)Karen Capbell (National Center for Earth-surface Dynaics)
martha Conklin (University of California, merced)
Nicole LaDue (National Science Foundation)
gary Lewis (geoloical Society of Aerica)
Robert Raynolds (Denver museu of Nature & Science)
Robert Ridky (U.S. geoloical Survey)
Robert Ross (Paleontoloical Research Institution)
Barbara ewksbury (Hailton Collee)
Peter uddenha (Collee of Exploration)
Te Earth Science Literacy Initiative is funded
by the National Science Foundation
(EAR-0832415, EAR-0832418, EAR-0832430).
Desin: Johanna Adas, geo Prose
may 2009
WWW.EARHSCIENCELIERACY.ORg
Visit www.earthscienceliteracy.or for future revisions and chanes to
this docuent, to see docuentation of the process used to develop
this brochure, or for an up-to-date list of partners.
THE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
SERVING THE GEOSCIENCES WORLDWIDE
ESLI SCIENCE AND EDUCAIONAL PARNERS
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