industrial revolution industrial revolution the many factors that led to the ir chapter 19
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Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution The many factors that led to the IR
Chapter 19
Where did the IR Begin?
• In Great Britain (1780’s)
• Several factors contributed to making this the Starting place
1. Agricultural practices
Who invented the Seed Drill?• Jethro Tull• sprayed the seed out evenly as the Seed Drill
was pulled across the field
Four Year Crop Rotation System & Enclosure
Charle
s C
harle
s Tow
nsh
end
Tow
nsh
end
More nutritious
than grass!
Nitrogen
Improved Livestock
• The years 1700 to 1770, had seen some interesting changes in livestock farming caused by the improved harvests and the introduction of the four year crop rotation method.
• Previously, most cattle and sheep were slaughtered before winter set in.
Robert BakewellRobert Bakewell and Thomas CokeThomas Coke, introduced selective breeding programs to improve the quality of the animals
• The Dishley, or New Leicester breed
• long, coarse wool and produced a high quality meat
• The Longhorn • a good meat
producer
Results of Selective breeding
2. Abundant food supplies
• Enough food was available for people in the cities
• Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods
• Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants
• In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million
Results of having lots of food!
3. A ready supply of money
Investors • Entrepreneurs –
“a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit.”
4. Natural Resources
Waterpower
4. Natural Resources – cont.
CoalIron ore
5. Markets
• Colonial empire• Domestic markets
What is this
area referred to as?
Changes in Cotton Production
• Cottage industry – Cottage industry – • Work done at home Work done at home
by individualsby individuals
• Two step processTwo step process• SpinningSpinning• WeavingWeaving
Speeding up production
• Flying shuttle – • sped up the
weavers
A series of inventions to make the A series of inventions to make the textile industry more efficienttextile industry more efficient
Spinners now needed to spin quicker!
John Kay
James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny
8 X’s
Richard Arkwright – Water frame
Adds p
ower!
Edmund Cartwright – Water powered loom
James Watt – improved steam engine
Didn’t invent it!
Railroad
George Stephenson – “Rocket”
Social Impact of the IR
Changed the social life:
• Growth of population
• Growth of cities
• Two new social classes
Why the growth in population ?Decline in:
1. death rates
2. War
3. Diseases
• More food• People were well fed• Resisted disease
People moved to the cities for work !
Tenement – A rundown, low-rental apartment building whose facilities and maintenance barely met minimum standards.
Tenement - yard
Two new social classes
1. The Industrial Middle Class
2. The Industrial Working Class
Industrial Middle Class• Made up of the people who built the
factories & bought the machines
•Initiative•Vision•Ambition•GREED !
Industrial Working Class• Women & children made up 2/3 of the cotton
industry’s workforce by 1830
12 to 16 hrs a day, six days a week !
Child Labor
• Children were especially useful around the factory machines.
Child Labor
Coal mines
Child Labor Poor health conditions !
Child Labor
• Girls had little fingers to reach into the machinery
Reforms
• In 1831 Parliament set up a committee to investigate abuses in child labor.
• Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833
• Which put restrictions on child labor
Led to a new pattern of work
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