industrial revolution industrial revolution the many factors that led to the ir chapter 19
TRANSCRIPT
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Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution The many factors that led to the IR
Chapter 19
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Where did the IR Begin?
• In Great Britain (1780’s)
• Several factors contributed to making this the Starting place
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1. Agricultural practices
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Who invented the Seed Drill?• Jethro Tull• sprayed the seed out evenly as the Seed Drill
was pulled across the field
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Four Year Crop Rotation System & Enclosure
Charle
s C
harle
s Tow
nsh
end
Tow
nsh
end
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More nutritious
than grass!
Nitrogen
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Improved Livestock
• The years 1700 to 1770, had seen some interesting changes in livestock farming caused by the improved harvests and the introduction of the four year crop rotation method.
• Previously, most cattle and sheep were slaughtered before winter set in.
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Robert BakewellRobert Bakewell and Thomas CokeThomas Coke, introduced selective breeding programs to improve the quality of the animals
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• The Dishley, or New Leicester breed
• long, coarse wool and produced a high quality meat
• The Longhorn • a good meat
producer
Results of Selective breeding
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2. Abundant food supplies
• Enough food was available for people in the cities
• Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods
• Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants
• In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million
Results of having lots of food!
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3. A ready supply of money
Investors • Entrepreneurs –
“a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit.”
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4. Natural Resources
Waterpower
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4. Natural Resources – cont.
CoalIron ore
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5. Markets
• Colonial empire• Domestic markets
What is this
area referred to as?
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Changes in Cotton Production
• Cottage industry – Cottage industry – • Work done at home Work done at home
by individualsby individuals
• Two step processTwo step process• SpinningSpinning• WeavingWeaving
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Speeding up production
• Flying shuttle – • sped up the
weavers
A series of inventions to make the A series of inventions to make the textile industry more efficienttextile industry more efficient
Spinners now needed to spin quicker!
John Kay
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James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny
8 X’s
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Richard Arkwright – Water frame
Adds p
ower!
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Edmund Cartwright – Water powered loom
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James Watt – improved steam engine
Didn’t invent it!
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Railroad
George Stephenson – “Rocket”
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Social Impact of the IR
Changed the social life:
• Growth of population
• Growth of cities
• Two new social classes
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Why the growth in population ?Decline in:
1. death rates
2. War
3. Diseases
• More food• People were well fed• Resisted disease
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People moved to the cities for work !
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Tenement – A rundown, low-rental apartment building whose facilities and maintenance barely met minimum standards.
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Tenement - yard
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Two new social classes
1. The Industrial Middle Class
2. The Industrial Working Class
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Industrial Middle Class• Made up of the people who built the
factories & bought the machines
•Initiative•Vision•Ambition•GREED !
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Industrial Working Class• Women & children made up 2/3 of the cotton
industry’s workforce by 1830
12 to 16 hrs a day, six days a week !
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Child Labor
• Children were especially useful around the factory machines.
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Child Labor
Coal mines
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Child Labor Poor health conditions !
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Child Labor
• Girls had little fingers to reach into the machinery
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Reforms
• In 1831 Parliament set up a committee to investigate abuses in child labor.
• Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833
• Which put restrictions on child labor
Led to a new pattern of work