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JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
Note: Page number followed by f and t indicates figure and table only.
Aabamectin, 1102, 1103fAbbreviated New Animal Drug
Applications (ANADAs), 1407,1409, 1420
ABCG2 (drug transporter), 1337ABON algorithm, 1453abortion
prostaglandins analogs for, 681reproductive hormonal drugs for,
686–687absorption and clearance processes
(AME), 48absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and elimination (ADMEprocesses), 8, 9f, 48, 90
absorption, drugaminoglycosides, 882benzimidazoles, 1037–1038, 1038fbioavailability
absolute systemic availability, 22relative systemic availability, 22
cephalosporins, 842chloramphenicol, 904–905clindamycin, 928–929florfenicol, 909fluoroquinolones, 965–966gastrointestinal, 12–17
disintegration, dissolution, anddiffusion, 14–15
enterohepatic recycling, 15–16first-pass metabolism, 16–17formulation factors, 17species effects, 16
lincomycin, 926of lipophilic compounds, 9–10macrolide antibiotics, 918–920penicillins, 830, 833peritoneal, 22pharmaceutical factors affecting, 17t
pharmacogenetics of, 1334–1335,1335f
pH-dependent, 11respiratory, 20–21
aerosols and particulates, 21vapors and gases, 20–21
rifampin, 932sulfonamides, 800systemic, 22tetracyclines, 860–861, 861ttopical and percutaneous, 17–20
dermis and appendages, 18drug delivery system and
definition of dose, 18–19factors modulating, 19–20mechanisms in skin, 17–18, 18fpathways for, 19stratum corneum barrier, 18variations in species and body
region, 19absorption spectroscopy detection
methods, 1442acarbose, 770–771acceptable daily intake (ADI), 1359,
1470acepromazine, 179, 325, 328, 1245,
1246tacepromazine maleate, 326, 327facetaminophen, 481acetylcholine (ACh), 151, 174, 194,
422, 1181muscarinic and nicotinic effects of,
156fpharmacological mechanisms and
effects, 154–155target organ effects of, 155
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 174, 196,1181
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), 174acetylcysteine, 1315
acid-base metabolismanesthetics and, 588–589in cattle, 588disorders of, 573–577
characteristics of, 574tmetabolic acidosis, 574–576, 575f,
578tmetabolic alkalosis, 576mixed disturbances, 577, 578trespiratory acidosis, 576–577,
576t, 578trespiratory alkalosis, 577, 577t
fluid therapy and, 578–580in horses, 588principles of, 569–573
anion gap, 571–572disturbance assessments, 571homeostasis, 569–570hydrogen ion, carbon dioxide, and
bicarbonate regulation,570–571, 570t, 571f
nontraditional analysis, 572–573,573t
acid citrate dextrose (ACD), 629acidosis
metabolic, 574–576, 575frespiratory, 576–577, 576t
ACTH. see adrenocorticotropichormone
actinomycin D, 1206, 1207factivated partial thromboplastin time
(aPTT), 628active pharmaceutical ingredient
(API), 87–88, 88f, 1431chemical properties
apparent solubility, 93buffer composition, 94common ion effect, 94geometrical configuration, 93ionic strength of a solution, 94
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tenth Edition. Edited by Jim E. Riviere and Mark G. Papich.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/riviere/pharmacology
COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
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Index
active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)(Continued)
optic rotation, 93permeability, 95pH of solvent, 94saturation concentration, 93solubility, 93–95stability, 92stereochemistry, 93temperature effects, 95
dosage form considerations, 99–105biomass products, 103–104bolus, 102capsules, 103chewable tablets, 102–103common veterinary forms, 99fconsiderations when formulating,
100fcontrolled internal drug release
system (CIDR), 104cream, 101delayed release, 101–102emulsions, 100extended release (ER) tablets, 101gels, 101granules, 103immediate release (IR) tablets, 101implants, 102liquid suspension, 99–100lotions, 101medicated feed, 103modified release (MR) tablets, 101ointment, 101parenteral products, 104–105pastes, 101powders, 103solutions, 99suspoemulsion (SE), 101tablets, 101topical products, 105transdermal drug delivery, 105
formulation elements, 95–99manufacturing process
direct compression, 106extrusion, 106factors influencing product
dissolution, 106–107roller compaction, 106slugging, 106tableting processes, 106wet/dry granulation, 105–106
physical propertiescrystalline form, 88–89dissociation constants/pKa, 90–91Log P and D, 91
melting point, 91–92particle geometry, 89–90partition coefficients, 91rheology, 92
product quality control, 107Activyl Tick Plus, 1179acute renal failure (ARF), mannitol in,
604–605acyclovir, 1010–1012
adverse effects, 1012clinical use, 1011–1012pharmacokinetics, 1011spectrum of activity, 1011
ADAA. see Animal Drug AvailabilityAct
ADE. see adverse drug experienceadefovir. see PMEAadenine dinucleotides, 177adenosine, 177adenosine diphosphate, 627ADE reports, 1424–1425. see also
adverse drug experience (ADE)aditoprim, pharmacokinetics of, 804tadrenal insufficiency, in foals, 655adrenal reserve testing,
glucocorticoids, 747adrenal steroidogenesis, 730fadrenal steroidogenic enzymes, 730tadrenergic agonists, classification of,
131, 132f, 133tadrenergic receptors, 123–126,
132–134agonists, clinical applications of,
137–142beta-adrenergic receptor (βAA),
141blood pressure regulation and,
138–139in food production, 141–142for improved respiratory effort,
137–138, 138fin ophthalmology, 140–141sedative and analgesic effects,
140treatment of urinary
incontinence, 139–140vasoconstriction, 140
antagonists, clinical applications ofalpha-adrenoceptor antagonists,
142–144beta-adrenoceptor antagonists,
144–148pharmacodynamic characteristics
of, 145tand cell signaling, 132–134
selectivity and tissue distribution,134–137
types and subtypes, 133tadrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), 561, 651–655, 654t,662t
biosynthesis of, 651–652, 652fdosage protocols for, 654tfunction of, 653–654negative-feedback systems, 653preparations of, 654secretion regulation of, 653stimulation test, 654–655, 747structure of, 652–653, 652f
adrenolytic drugs, 751–755hyperadrenocorticism treatment
with, 751–752ketoconazole, 754L-deprenyl, 754–755mitotane, 752–753structures of, 752ftrilostane, 753
adriamycin. see doxorubicinadverse drug experience (ADE), 1449
definition of, 1449reporting of, 1449–1453, 1450f
animal devices, 1450–1451approved versus unapproved
drugs, 1450medication errors, 1451–1452pesticide products/vaccines, 1453pet food adverse event and
product problem reporting, 1452product defect, 1451
AeroHippus® mask, 1313Aeromonas salmonicida, 1380–1381,
1382t, 1383t–1384taffinity, of drugs, 69–70, 69f, 70f
constant of, 69afoxolaner, 1174–1175agar and broth dilution susceptibility
tests, 1379agmatine, 177airway irritation, 225aklomide, 1145, 1145falbendazole, 1036f, 1039, 1045, 1048,
1137–1138, 1137f. see alsobenzimidazoles
albuterol, 1305, 1306–1307alcohol-based handrubs, 789alcohols, use of, 782–783alcuronium (Alloferin), 202aldehyde disinfectants, 784–785aletplase, 641alfaxalone, 174, 188, 267f
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Index
chemistry, 267history, 267metabolism, 269pharmacokinetics, 268, 268tphysiological/pharmacodynamic
effects, 268preparation of, 267species differences, 269
Alfaxan®, 267alfentanil, 303alfuzosin, 143alkaloids, as antiprotozoan drugs, 1146alkalosis
metabolic, 576respiratory, 577, 577t
alkeran. see melphalanallele, 1333allethrin, 1179allometric relationship, 62allometric scaling, 1353–1354allometry, 62
in zoo medicine, 1400–1401allyltrenbolone, 683alpaca, alfaxalone effects on, 269alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,
142–144adverse effects/contraindications,
353–354atipamezole, 350, 350tclassification, 349clinical applications of
cardiovascular effects, 142–143for hypertension, 143noncardiovascular effects, 143for restoration of physiological
responses, 143reversal of sedative effects, 144for urethral relaxation, 144
drug interactions, 354indications, 349overdose/acute toxicity, 354pharmacodynamic effects
cardiovascular effects, 353CNS effects, 353muscular effects, 353
pharmacokinetics, 352tin preanesthetic period, 187species differences, 354tolazoline, 351–353, 351f, 353tyohimbine, 350–351, 351t
alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonistsadverse effects/contraindications,
349chemistry, 339classification, 338
detomidine hydrochloride, 345f,346–347, 346t
dexmedetomidine, 345f, 348, 348tdoses for sedation, 343drug interactions, 349indications, 339mechanism of action, 339medetomidine, 345f, 347, 348toverdose/acute toxicity, 349pharmacokinetics properties, 343,
344tphysiological effects
analgesic activity, 343cardiovascular effects, 340–341CNS effects, 339–340equine receovery, 342gastrointestinal effects, 341on glucose homeostasis, 342musculoskeletal effects, 341neuroendocrine stress response,
342platelet activism, 342renal effects, 341reproductive effects, 342respiratory effects, 341thermoregulation of body, 342
preparation, 339ratio of drug selectivity and
imidazoline receptor activity,339t
romifidine, 345f, 347, 347tspecies differences, 348xylazine hydrochloride, 343–346,
345falpha-chloralose
chemistry, 269–270degree of CNS depression, 270dose, 270tdrug availability, 270history, 269indication for use, 270mechanism of action, 270physiology, 270preparation, 270regulatory information, 270
alphadolone, 267alpha interferon, 1017, 1020alternate-day therapy, glucocorticoids,
746–747altrenogest, 678t, 683alveolar partial pressure (PA) of
anesthetic, 219–220alveolar ventilation, 220alvimopan, 1254amantadine, 1016–1017
AMDUCA. see Animal MedicinalDrug Use Clarification Act
American Academy of VeterinaryPharmacology and Therapeutics(AAVPT), 5, 1466
American Board of Anesthesiologists(ABA), 180
American Board of ClinicalPharmacology (ABCP), 5
American College of VeterinaryAnesthesiologists, 180
American College of VeterinaryClinical Pharmacology(ACVCP), 5
American Feed Industry Association(AFIA), 1462
American Society of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics, 4
American Veterinary MedicalAssociation (AVMA), 1373,1462, 1466
amicarbalide, 1157f, 1158amikacin, 877, 888–889
once-daily dosages for, 880tpharmacokinetic data for, 888t, 889tstructure of, 879f
amiloride, 611–612amines, as neurotransmitters, 174–176
acetylcholine, 174dopamine, 174–175histamine, 1755-hydroxytryptamine, 175–176norepinephrine and epinephrine,
175aminoacetonitrile derivatives (AADs),
1069, 1071amino acids, as neurotransmitters,
172–174, 173tGABA, 172, 174glutamate, 172glycine, 172
aminoglycosides, 198, 877, 1433activity of, factors effecting
cations, 880cellular debris, 879–880other drugs, 880oxygen tension, 880pH effect, 879
amikacin, 888–889as antiprotozoan drugs, 1138–1139apramycin, 890dihydrostreptomycin and
streptomycin, 890–891gentamicin, 886–888kanamycin, 889–890
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Index
aminoglycosides (Continued)local administration, 881–882neomycin, 890for ocular infections, 1327paromomycin, 891pharmacokinetic–
pharmacodynamic properties,880
pharmacokinetics of, 882–884absorption, 882distribution, 882–883general, 882metabolism and excretion, 883in nonmammals, 883–884
pharmacology of, 877–882clinical uses, 880–882general properties, 877mechanism of action, 877–878spectrum of activity, 878–880
regulatory status, 882resistance mechanisms, 880single daily dose administration,
881susceptibility testing guidelines for,
881ttobramycin, 890toxicity, 884–885, 884t
cats, 885–886dogs, 885horses, 886
aminopentamide, 1264, 1264t4-aminoquinolines, 11565-aminosalicylic acid, 1268, 1268faminosteroid neuromuscular blocking
agents, 199pancuronium, 200rocuronium bromide, 201vecuronium, 200–201
aminosteroids, 199, 749amiodarone, 549–550amitraz, 1182–1183
efficacy, 1182safety/toxicity, 1182–1183
amitriptyline, 176, 430amnestic effects of inhaled anesthetics,
223amoxicillin–clavulanate, 837amoxicillin, in aquatic animals, 1386amphibian, drugs for, 1396amphotericin B, 990–993
adverse effects, 991, 993clinical use, 991combination therapy with, 990dosing protocols for, 992tformulations of, 990
mechanism of action, 990for ocular infections, 1328pharmacokinetics, 991spectrum of activity, 990–991structure of, 990f
amprolium, 1144, 1144fanabolic steroids, 684–685anabolic steroids, use of, in racing
horses, 1445–1446ANADAs. see Abbreviated New
Animal Drug Applicationsanalgesia
barbiturates, 252butyrophenone and, 329dissociative anesthetics, 262etomidate, 265flumazenil and, 337guaifenesin and, 355meperidine, 312–313morphine, 312–313neurosteroid anesthetics, 268nitrous oxide, 224opioids, 281, 285–286phenothiazines, 326xenon, 224
anandamide, 177anemia, sulfonamides and, 806anesthesia, 180, 183
anesthetic protocol and drug,selection of, 185, 186t
classification of, 183–185, 183tdepth of, 189general, 184–185immediate postanesthetic period,
drugs in, 188–189local and regional, 183–184, 183tperianesthetic period, drugs in, 188,
188tpreanesthetic medication, 186α2-adrenergic drugs, 187dissociative drugs, 187drug classes for, 186tdrug combinations, 187goals for, 186thypnotic-sedatives, 187opioids, 187parasympatholytic
(anticholinergic) drugs, 187–188tranquilizer-sedatives, 186–187
response to, evaluation of, 189–191,190f
route of administration, 183tanesthesiology
anesthetic use, 181timmobility, 183
perception of noxious stimulus,181–183
definition of, 180anesthetic recovery period, 188–189,
189tanesthetics
and acid-base metabolism, 588–589for food animals, 1369–1370inhalation ( see inhalation
anesthetics)injectable ( see injectable
anesthetics)local ( see local anesthetics)
anesthetist, role of, 180angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE),
65, 66, 84angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors (ACEIs), 558, 615–617absorption and elimination of, 616adverse effects, 518, 616–617chemistry/formulations of, 615in chronic kidney disease, 520drug interactions, 520, 616–617efficacy, 518–520mechanisms and sites of action,
517–518, 615–616therapeutic uses, 617toxicity, 616–617in use, 520
angiotensin I, 558angiotensin II, 558
effects on renal functions, 597–599angiotensin receptor antagonists,
615–617angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),
615, 616–617angular limb deformities in foals,
tetracyclines for, 870Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service, 1408Animal Drug Availability Act (ADAA),
1410–1411Animal Drug User Fee Act (ADUFA),
1361Animal Health Institute (AHI) website,
1412Animal Medicinal Drug Use
Clarification Act (AMDUCA),41, 882, 1185, 1346–1348, 1358,1373, 1395, 1410, 1472
anion gap (AG), 571–572Anoplocephala perfoliata infections,
1081ANP. see atrial natriuretic peptideantacids, 1255–1256
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Index
adverse effects, 1255dose recommendations, 1255–1256formulations, 1255
anterior uveitis, 1232anthelmintics, 1369anthraquinone, 1270antiandrogens, 678tantiarrhythmic agents
amiodarone, 549–550atenolol, 546beta-blockers, 545calcium channel blocking drugs, 545classification, 542–543, 542t–543tdigoxin, 544–545esmolol, 546heart rhythmicity
arrhythmogenic mechanismclassification, 540–542,540f–541f
cardiac cell electrophysiologicproperties, 537–540, 538f–539f
isoproterenol, 544lidocaine, 548–549mexiletine, 549procainamide, 547propantheline bromide, 543–544quinidine, 547–548sotalol, 546, 550
antibacterial agents, for ocularinfections, 1326–1328
antibiotic-impregnatedpolymethylmethacrylate(AIPMMA), 881
antibiotic-responsive enteropathy,1265
antibiotic use, in food animals,1361–1365, 1362t–1363t
anticestodal drugs, 1081bunamidine, 1081–1082, 1082fepsiprantel, 1085, 1085fniclosamide, 1082, 1082fpraziquantel, 1082–1085, 1082f
anticholinergics, 188, 1310adverse effects, 1310for diarrhea, 1263–1264, 1264tin horses, 1310for inflammatory bowel diseases,
1268anticoagulants
for blood and blood componenttransfusions, 629
natural, in hemostasis, 628new drugs, 636t
anticoccidials, 1365, 1366tanticonvulsant drugs
bromide, 409–411clonazepam, 404clorazepate, 404–405diazepam, 402–404felbamate, 405gabapentin, 405–406imepitoin, 401–402levetiracetam, 407–408midazolam, 404phenobarbital, 395–399phenytoin, 400–401pregabalin, 406–407primidone, 399–400used in veterinary medicine, 396tvalproic acid, 401zonisamide, 408–409
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 558, 600,665–667
absorption, metabolism, andexcretion of, 665
for diagnosis of diabetes insipidus,666
mechanism of action, 665, 666tpreparation of, 665stimulus for release, 665structure of, 665therapeutic uses, 666–667toxicity of, 667
antiemetic drugs, 1245–1250, 1246tantihistamines, 1246antimuscarinic drugs, 1245–1246cannabinoids, 1247–1248glucocorticoids, 1247metoclopramide, 1247mirtazapine, 1249–1250NK-1 receptor antagonists,
1248–1249phenothiazine tranquilizers, 1245serotonin antagonists, 1247
antiepileptic potassium bromide, 702antifibrinolytic drugs, 641–642antifungal drugs, 988
amphotericin B, 990–993azole, 993–1006drug–drug interactions, 995tflucytosine, 1008griseofulvin, 988–990lufenuron, 1007–1008for ocular infections, 1328sites of action, 989fsodium or potassium iodide, 1008terbinafine, 1006–1007topical
clotrimazole, 1009enilconazole, 1008–1009
mefenoxam, 1009–1010miconazole, 1009natamycin, 1010nystatin, 1010
antihistamines, 1246, 1246tchemistry, 456–457development, 456H1 receptor antagonists, 456, 457tH2 receptor antagonists, 460pharmacological effects, 457side effects and interactions,
459–460therapeutic uses, 457–459therapeutic uses of, 459
antiinflammatories use, in foodanimal, 1365–1368, 1366t
antiinflammatory and antiallergictherapy, glucocorticoids, 745
antimetabolites, 1206–1210cytosine arabinoside, 1207–1208,
1208f5-fluorouracil, 1209–1210, 1209fgemcitabine, 1208–1209, 1209fmethotrexate, 1206–1207, 1207f,
1208fantimicrobials, for diarrhea, 1264t,
1265–1267antimicrobial susceptibility testing
(AST), 1378, 1379antimicrotubule agents, 1210–1211
vinca alkaloids, 1210–1211, 1210fantimuscarinic drugs, 1245–1246,
1246tantinematodal drugs, 1035
benzimidazoles andpro-benzimidazoles, 1035–1054
administration routes, 1050anthelmintic spectrum,
1047–1049chemistry of, 1035–1037, 1036fdisposition kinetics and efficacy
of, 1050–1053drug transfer into target parasites,
1046–1047formulations of, 1050, 1053pharmacodynamics, 1037pharmacokinetics, 1037–1046structures of, 1035, 1036fwithdrawal times, safety, and
toxicity, 1053–1054drug combinations, use of,
1067–1069heartworm adulticides, 1064heterocyclic compounds,
1062–1064
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
antinematodal drugs (Continued)diethylcarbamazine, 1063–1064,
1063fphenothizaine, 1062piperazine, 1062–1063, 1063f
imidazothiazoles, 1054–1058novel drugs, 1069–1072organophosphate compounds,
1061–1062resistance to, 1065–1067tetrahydropyrimidines, 1058–1061
antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 717antiplatelet drugs, 638–640
aspirin, 638–639clopidogrel, 639–640ticlopidine, 640
antiprostaglandins, 178antiprotozoan drugs, 1128,
1129t–1131talkaloids, 1146
halofuginone, 1146, 1146faminoglycosides, 1138
paromomycin, 1138–1139,1138f
4-aminoquinolines, 1156chloroquine, 1156
arsenicals, 1137azalides, 1156
azithromycin, 1156benzimidazoles, 1137, 1137f
albendazole, 1137–1138febantel, 1138fenbendazole, 1138
for coccidiosis, 1132t–1133tdiamidine derivatives, 1157, 1157f
amicarbalide, 1158diminazene diaceturate,
1157–1158imidocarb diproprionate,
1158–1159pentamidine isethionate, 1158phenamidine isethionate, 1158
dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylatesynthase inhibitors, 1152, 1153f
ormetoprim, 1153f, 1154pyrimethamine, 1153f, 1154–1155trimethoprim, 1152–1154, 1153f
guanidine derivatives, 1143robenidine, 1143–1144, 1143f
hydroxyquinolones andnaphthoquinones, 1141, 1141f
atovaquone, 1141f, 1142–1143buparvaquone, 1141f, 1143decoquinate, 1141–1142, 1141fparvaquone, 1141f, 1143
lincosamides, 1155, 1155fclindamycin, 1155–1156, 1155f
nicarbazin, 1145–1146, 1145fnitrobenzamides, 1144–1145, 1145f
aklomide, 1145, 1145fdinitolmide, 1145, 1145f
nitrofurans, 1139nifurtimox, 1139–1140, 1140f
nitroimidazoles, 1128, 1134fbenznidazole, 1135metronidazole, 1128, 1131,
1133–1134ronidazole, 1135secnidazole, 1135tinidazole, 1134–1135
nitrothiazole derivatives, 1159nitazoxanide, 1159
pentavalent antimonials,1135–1136, 1136f
meglumine antimonate, 1136sodium stibogluconate, 1136,
1136fpolyether ionophores, 1146–1147,
1147flasalocid, 1147–1148, 1147fmaduramicin, 1147f, 1148monensin, 1147f, 1148narasin, 1147f, 1148salinomycin, 1149semduramicin, 1147f, 1148–1149
pyridinols, 1143clopidol, 1143, 1143f
sulfonamides, 1151, 1152ftetracyclines, 1140thiamine analogues, 1144
amprolium, 1144, 1144ftriazine derivatives, 1149, 1149f
diclazuril, 1149–1150, 1149fponazuril, 1150–1151toltrazuril, 1149f, 1150
antipseudomonas penicillins, 835–836antiseptics, 781
alcohols as, 782–783biguanides as, 784definition of, 782and disinfectants, 781factors affecting efficacy of, 786
biofilms, 788concentration, 786contamination, 787exposure time, 787organism types, 787pH, 787temperature, 787
halogens as, 783–784
ideal, 782oxidizing agents as, 785phenol as, 785–786resistance to, 788–789use of, examples of, 782, 789
open wounds, treatment of, 790presurgical skin cleansers, 789
antithrombin, 628antithyroid drugs, 715–719, 715f, 716t
carbimazole, 718goitrogens, 715methimazole, 715, 716–718, 716tpropylthiouracil, 716, 716tthioureylenes, 715–719, 715f
antitrematodal drugs, 1085–1087,1087t
benzenesulfonamides, 1087clorsulon, 1092–1093
benzimidazoles, 1087, 1093triclabendazole, 1093–1097
nitrophenolic compounds, 1087nitroxynil, 1087–1088, 1087f
phenoxyalkanes, 1087diamphenetide, 1097–1098
salicylanilides, 1087, 1088closantel, 1088–1091oxyclozanide, 1091rafoxanide, 1091
antitumor antibiotics, 1204–1206actinomycin D, 1206, 1207fdoxorubicin, 1204–1205, 1204fmitoxantrone, 1205–1206, 1206f
antitussive drugs, 1302butorphanol, 1303codeine, 1302–1303cough reflex, 1302dextromethorphan, 1303hydrocodone, 1303mechanism of action of, 1302morphine, 1302tramadol, 1304
antiviral therapy, 1010acyclovir and valacyclovir,
1010–1012amantadine and rimantadine,
1016–1017and antibacterial therapy, difference
between, 1010cidofovir, ganciclovir, and
valganciclovir, 1013cytarabine and vidarabine, 1014idoxuridine and trifluridine,
1013–1014interferon, 1017–1020L-lysine, 1020
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Index
for ocular infections, 1328–1329oseltamivir, 1015–1016penciclovir and famciclovir,
1012–1013ribavirin, 1014zidovudine, PMEA, and lamivudine,
1014–1015Anypril, 751API. see active pharmaceutical
ingredient (API)apixaban, 636–637, 636tapomorphine, 304apomorphine hydrochloride, 304apoptosis, 1194appendages of the skin, 18apramycin, 890aprepitant, 1248aprotinin, 642aquaretics, 614–615aquatic animals, antimicrobial for use
in, 1373administration routes in fish, 1375
antimicrobial dosages,1376t–1377t
dipping treatments, 1378immersion baths, 1377–1378injections, 1377oral treatment, 1378
antimicrobials prohibited fromextralabel use, 1375
beta-lactams, 1386clinical approaches, 1378–1381
antimicrobial susceptibilitytesting and interpretive criteria,1379–1381, 1380t
salinity effects, 1381temperature effects, 1381timing of treatment, 1381
ELU in food-producing animal, 1375florfenicol, 1385, 1388–1389general conditions for ELU, 1375legal considerations, 1373
valid veterinarian–client–patientrelationship (VCPR), 1373, 1375
oxytetracycline, 1381, 1384,1386–1397
pharmacokinetics of, 1386–1389in poikilothermic food species,
1374tquinolones, 1385–1386sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim,
1384–1385, 1387–1388aqueous humor (AH), 1321arachidonic acid (AA), 467, 471f2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), 177
Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologieund Pharmakologie, 4
arecoline, 157, 1081argon, 389arsenicals, 1137arterial oxygen tension (Pao2)
effects of volatile inhalationanesthetics, 224, 225f
in spontaneously breathing, 225farthritis, tetracyclines for, 870Ascaris suum, 1046aspirin, 11, 471f, 638–639
for food animal, 1365Association of Racing Commissioner’s
International (ARCI), 1440astrocytes, 178asymmetric mixed-onium
chlorofumarates, 201atenolol, 145–146, 147, 546atipamezole, 144, 350, 350t, 351f, 354atopic dermatitis, 1294–1297
cyclosporine for, 1229atovaquone, 1141f, 1142–1143ATP-binding cassette (ABC)
transporters, 179, 1105, 1196atracurium, 196, 197, 199–200
characteristics of, 199tatrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 561Atropa belladonna, 159atropine, 159–160, 174, 1263–1264,
1264tas bronchodilator, 1310in preanesthetic period, 187
aurothioglucose, 1238–1239. see alsogold therapy
automaticity, with cardiac glycosidesand digitalis, 507–508
autonomic ganglionic blocking drugs,162, 162t
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 113,114f
anatomy of, 119–121enteric nervous system, 121nonadrenergic–noncholinergic
neurons, 121parasympathetic nervous system
(PSNS), 120–121sympathetic nervous system
(SNS), 119–120neurohumoral transmission
ACh synthesis, 122–123adrenergic, 123–126, 132–134catecholamine synthesis,
123–124, 125fcholinergic, 122–123, 123f
enzyme choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) synthesis, 122
exocytic process of, 125postganglionic sympathetic
nervous system, site of, 126fsynaptic, 125vesicle synthesis, 122
physiology of function andregulation
neurotransmitter synthesis,storage, release, andinactivation, 122–126
peripheral nerve activity andtransmission of actionpotentials, 122
receptor types, typical anatomicallocations, and their primarymechanisms of action, 124t
autonomic receptors, 126–129adrenergic receptors, 128–129cholinergic receptors, 127–128, 151G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), 128, 151muscarinic receptors, 128, 151nicotinic receptors, 127–128, 151
autoreceptors, 171avermectins, 1102, 1103f, 1109, 1175.
see also macrocyclic lactones(MLs)
avian influenza, 791–792avian medicine, 1397AVMA. see American Veterinary
Medical Associationazalides, 1156azaperone, 329f
adverse effects/contraindications,330
analgesic activity, 329cardiovascular effects, 329CNS effects, 329dose, 330tdrug interactions, 330dysphoric effects, 330indications, 329musculoskeletal effects, 329overdose/acute toxicity, 330paraphimosis and, 330preparation, 330regulatory information, 330respiratory effects, 329thermoregulation effects, 330veterinary approved products,
330azapirones, behavioral responses of,
427
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
azathioprine, 1235–1237adverse effects, 1236clinical use, 1236for inflammatory bowel disease,
1269mechanism of action, 1235metabolism of, 1235, 1235ftoxicity, 1236–1237
azithromycin, 912t, 924–925, 1156chemical structures of, 914fclinical use of, 925pharmacokinetics of, 917tsafety of, 925
azole antifungal drugs, 993–1006,993f, 993t
drug–drug interactions, 994, 995tfluconazole, 997–998imidazoles, 993itraconazole, 998, 1000–1003ketoconazole, 994, 996–997mechanism of action, 993–994for ocular infections, 1328physicochemical properties and in
vitro activity of, 993tposaconazole, 1005–1006triazoles, 993voriconazole, 1003–1005
AZT. see zidovudine
Bbabesiosis, drugs for, 1129tbacampicillin, 835bacitracin, 930balanced anesthesia, 184barbiturate acid, 248, 249fbarbiturates, 248–255, 249f, 390
adverse effects/contraindications,253
analgesic effects of, 252chemical structure of, 248chemistry, 248classification, 248, 249tCNS depressant effects, 248dose, 253–254, 254tdrug interactions, 255duration of action, 254history, 248indications, 249mechanism of, 248–249metabolism, 253methohexital, 248, 249f, 249t,
250–251overdosage/acute toxicity, 255pentobarbital, 248, 249f, 249tpharmacokinetics of, 252–253
phenobarbital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250physiological effects
arterial pressure changes, 251cardiovascular effects, 251CNS effects, 251dose-dependent effects, 251on gastrointestinal tract, 252on kidney, 252muscular effects, 252respiratory effects, 251–252
in preanesthetic period, 187preparation of, 248on reticular activating system (RAS),
249species differences, 254–255thiamylal (Surital), 250thiopental, 248, 249–250, 249f, 249ttolerance level of, 253
basal metabolic rate (BMR), 62base excess (BE), 571behavior drugs
drug classesalpha-2-agonists, 438anticonvulsant drugs, 436–437antidepressants, 428–436antipsychotics, 422–423anxiolytics, 423–427beta-blockers, 438hormonal therapy, 437–438nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics,
427–428nutraceuticals, 439opiates, 437selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), 431–436tramadol, 438–439
drug combinations, 439neurotransmitters, 419–422
acetylcholine (ACh), 422dopamine, 421gamma amino butyric acid
(GABA), 422norepinephrine (NE), 421serotonin, 421
pharmacokinetics of, 416–419, 418ttreatment success with, 440
Beitrage zur Arzneimittellehre, 4benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
reproductive hormonal drugs for,687
treatment options for, 685fbenzathine penicillin G, 834benzimidazoles, 1035–1054, 1066,
1087, 1093–1097administration routes, 1050
albendazole, 1036f, 1045, 1048anthelmintic spectrum, 1047–1049as antiprotozoan drugs, 1137–1138,
1137falbendazole, 1137–1138febantel, 1138fenbendazole, 1138
chemistry of, 1035–1037, 1036fdisposition kinetics and efficacy of,
1050–1053GI transit time and, 1051, 1052fnutritional status and parasite
infection and, 1051, 1053ruminant esophageal groove
closure and, 1050–1051types of diets and, 1051
distribution to parasite location,1042–1044, 1043f, 1044f
drug transfer into target parasites,1046–1047
fenbendazole, 1036f, 1048–1049flubendazole, 1036f, 1049formulations of, 1050, 1053GI tract, reductive metabolism in,
1042hepatic and extrahepatic oxidative
metabolism, 1039–1042, 1040f,1041f
mebendazole, 1036f, 1049oxfendazole, 1036f, 1049oxibendazole, 1049pharmacodynamics, 1037pharmacokinetics
in nonruminant species,1044–1046
in ruminant species, 1037–1044,1038f
ricobendazole, 1048structures of, 1035, 1036fthiabendazole, 1048withdrawal times, safety, and
toxicity, 1053–1054benznidazole, 1135benzocaine, 384
gel, 392, 393hydrochloride, 392
benzodiazepine antagonistsclassification, 336flumazenil, 337–338history, 336
benzodiazepines (BZDs)adverse effects/contraindications,
336behavioral responses of, 423–425,
424f
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
cerebral uptake of, 335–336chemistry, 331classification, 331drug interactions, 336history, 330indications, 331mechanism of action, 331metabolism of, 336overdose/acute toxicity, 336pharmacodynamic effects
cardiovascular effects, 331CNS effects, 331musculoskeletal effects, 331–332respiratory effects, 331
pharmacokinetics in various species,333t, 424
safety margin of, 424–425sedation by, 187
benzylisoquinoliniums, 199–200atracurium, 199–200doxacurium, 200mivacurium, 200
beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, clinicalapplications of
for cardiovascular regulation, 145metabolic and endocrine effects, 146for obstructive pulmonary disease,
145for reducing dynamic LVOT
obstruction, 147for reducing intraocular pressure,
146, 148for supraventricular and ventricular
tachyarrhythmias, 148β-adrenergic receptor agonists. see
bronchodilatorsβ agonists, nebulized, 1306–1307β-lactam antibiotics, 826
in aquatic animals, 1386binding sites for, 826carbapenems, 848–849
ertapenem, 849imipenem, 849meropenem, 849
cephalosporins, 838adverse reactions, 847–848classification, 839–840, 839tfirst-generation, 843–844fourth-generation, 847general pharmacology, 838–839mechanism of action, 840pharmacokinetics, 840–843, 841tsecond-generation, 844special species considerations, 848third-generation, 844–847
mechanism of action of, 826–827microbial resistance to, 827β-lactamases, 827–828binding sites, reduced access to,
828penicillins
adverse effects, 836aminopenicillins, 834–835antimicrobial activity, 829–830antistaphylococcal, 835β-lactamase inhibitors, 836–838extended-spectrum, 835–836general pharmacology, 828–829natural, 834pharmacokinetics, 830, 833–834special species considerations,
836pharmacokinetic–
pharmacodynamic (PK-PD)properties, 827
β-lactamase inhibitors, 836–838examples and clinical use
amoxicillin–clavulanate, 837new combinations, 838piperacillin–tazobactam, 838sulbactam–ampicillin, 838ticarcillin–clavulanic acid, 838
mechanism of action, 837pharmacokinetics, 837structure of, 837, 837f
β-lactamases, 827–828gram-negative, 828staphylococcal, 828
beta-blockers, 438, 545for glaucoma, 1323
betamethasone, 740t, 741fbethanechol, 156–157, 1252bethanecol, 156beyond-use dating (BUD), 143511-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
system (11-β-HSD), 730–731bile acids, 1271biliary drug elimination, 36biliary drug transport, 37–38, 38tbiodegradable gels, 1460bioequivalence studies, 1420biofilms, formations of, 788biologically effective dose (BED),
1192biological spaces, 9birds
fluoroquinolones for, 971herpesviral infections in, 1012opioid effects on, 312propofol effect on, 258–259
pyrimethamine for, 1154voriconazole in, 1005
bismuth subsalicylate, 1263the bispectral index (BIS), 191bleeding disorders, cephalosporins
and, –848bleomycin, 1213blood–brain barrier (BBB), 178–180,
179fblood coagulation factors, 627tblood/gas solubility of anesthetics, 219blood pressure, 113, 116f
adrenergic receptor agonists and,135–137
adrenergic receptor antagonists and,142–143
antagonism of β-adrenergicreceptors, 145
with cardiac glycosides and digitalis,507
PK/PD modeling approach and,80
sympathomimetics and, 138–139blood samples, 1441blood substitutes, 585–588
hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers,586–588
adverse effects of, 587–588osmolality of, 586
perfluorochemicals, 585–586blood volumes, in animals, 556tBlue Book, 1470body fluids
anesthetics and, 588–589cations and anions in,
concentrations of, 557tcompartments, 555–556, 556tcomposition and distribution of,
555–558fluid and electrolyte distribution,
556–558units of measure, 555, 556t
drug distribution andextracellular fluid, 556fluid therapy and, 578–580intracellular fluid, 556potassium, 565–569
disorders of balance, 566–569homeostasis, 565–566renal regulation of excretion of,
566total body water, 556transcellular fluid, 556water, sodium, and chloride,
558–565
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Index
body fluids (Continued)disorders of balance, 561–565homeostasis, 558–559, 559frenal regulation of excretion of,
559–561, 560fboldenone, 685botulinum toxin, 171, 198bovine leukemia virus, 1015bovine respiratory disease (BRD), 1313bovine serum encephalopathy (BSE),
96bovine somatotropin, 1368bradyarrhythmias, antiarrhythmic
agents for, 543–544braking phenomenon, 76breast cancer resistance protein
(BCRP), 1335British Pharmacopeia, 4bromide, 409–411
adverse effects, 411clinical use, 410dose, 410drug interactions, 411effect on diet, 410pharmacokinetics, 410therapeutic monitoring, 411
bromosdalans, 1088bromosulfophtalein (BSP), 37bronchodilators, 1304
adverse effects from, 1307clinical use, 1304inhalant formulations, 1306–1307longer-acting, 1305–1306
albuterol, 1305clenbuterol, 1305–1306metaproterenol, 1305salmeterol and formoterol,
1306terbutaline, 1305
mechanism of action, 1304short-acting, 1304–1305
epinephrine, 1304isoproterenol, 1305
tolerance with chronic use,1307
broth dilution susceptibility testing ofaquatic bacterial pathogens,1379, 1380t
budesonide, 1269bulk drug substances, 1431bulk flow, 11bulk laxatives, 1270–1271, 1271tbunamidine, 1081–1082, 1082fbuparvaquone, 1141f, 1143bupivacaine, 382–383
physical–chemical properties andpharmacological properties of,376t
buprenorphine, 292, 293, 304–306,306t, 312
administration of, 305bioavailability of, 306cardiovascular safety of, 305dose, 306tduration of pain control in animals,
305lipophilicity of, 305oral bioavailability of, 305
buspirone, 427butorphanol, 179, 293, 307, 312,
313as antitussive, 307, 1303cardiovascular effects, 307dose, 307onset of effects, 307sedative effects of, 307
butoxypolypropylene glycol, 1184butyrophenone, 328–330
adverse effects/contraindications,330
chemistry, 329mechanism of action, 329pharmacodynamic effects
analgesic activity, 329cardiovascular effects, 329CNS effects, 329musculoskeletal effects, 329respiratory effects, 329
pharmacokinetics properties,329–330
butyrophenones, 187BZD. see benzimidazoles
CCaenorhabditis elegans, 74CAIs. see carbonic anhydrase
inhibitorscalcium channel blocking drugs,
523–524, 545Calf Antibiotic and Sulfa Test (CAST),
1472calf diarrhea, antimicrobials for, 1266calorigenesis, thyroid hormones and,
705Campylobacter enteritis, 1266cancer, 1191
adjuvant therapy, 1192biology, 1192–1193
cancer cell, chemotherapy of,1194–1197
drug toxicity, 1197–1199pharmacodynamic response, 1197
cure, 1191drugs for
alkylating agents, 1199–1200,1203–1204
antimetabolites, 1206–1210antimicrotubule agents,
1210–1211antitumor antibiotics, 1204–1206bleomycin, 1213corticosteroids, 1214cyclooxygenase inhibitors, 1213L-asparaginase, 1212–1213nitrogen mustard, 1200–1202nitrosoureas, 1202platinum containing agents,
1211–1212rabacfosadine, 1215–1216taxanes, 1211tyrosine kinase inhibitors,
1214–1215immunotherapy, 1191induction therapy, 1192maintenance therapy, 1192neoadjuvant/primary therapy,
1192palliation, 1191related terminology and treatment
perspectives, 1191–1192salvage therapy, 1192
Canine Cancer Clinic, 1191canine influenza virus (CIV), 1016canine transmissible venereal tumor
(CTVT), 1211cannabinoid receptors (CB1-2), 177cannabinoids, 1247–1248canrenone, 612, 613capsaicin, 168carbachol, 156carbadox, 936carbamates, 1182carbamazepine, 667carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae (CRE),828
carbapenems, 826, 827, 848–849ertapenem, 849imipenem, 849meropenem, 849
carbaryl, 1169tcarbimazole, 716t, 718carbolic acid, 785–786carbomycin, 913carbon dioxide, 388–389
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs),601–603
absorption and elimination, 602chemistry/formulations of, 601contraindications, 602drug interactions, 602for glaucoma, 1323–1324mechanisms and sites of action
extrarenal actions, 602renal mechanisms, 601–602
therapeutic uses of, 602–603toxicity, adverse effects, 602
carbon monoxide, 389carboplatin, 1212, 1212fcarboxypenicillins, 836cardiogenic edema, furosemide for,
608–609cardiorespiratory effects, of
glucocorticoids, 738–739cardiovascular effects, of thyroid
hormones, 707cardiovascular system (CVS)
alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,effects of, 353
basic aspectscellular concepts, 504–505,
505fintrinsic regulation, 503nervous system regulation,
503–504drugs, effects of
acetylcholine (ACh), 155adrenergic receptor agonists,
135–137β-adrenergic receptor antagonists,
145alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists,
142–144barbiturate, 251benzodiazepine derivatives, 331buprenorphine, 305butorphanol, 307butyrophenone, 329choline esters, 156desflurane, 229digitalis and cardiac glycoside, 505dissociative anesthetics, 261ephedrine, 139etomidate, 265flumazenil, 337guaifenesin, 355halothane, 230inhalation anesthetics, 225–226isoflurane, 228ketamine, 261
muscarinic receptor antagonists,160
neurosteroid anesthetics, 268nitrous oxide, 232opioids, 287–288pentobarbital, 250phenothiazine, 325physostigmine, 158propofol, 256–257sevoflurane, 230thiopental, 251
management of cardiovasculardisease, 528
carfentanil, 303–304carprofen, 471fcarriers, 66carvedilol, 146, 527, 546castor oil, 1271catechol, 131catecholamines, 131–132
arrhythmogenic effects of, 226chemical structures of, 132fclassification of, 132f
catsabsorption of buprenorphine, 306aminoglycosides toxicity in,
885–886amprolium for, 1144antiherpetic therapy for, 1011apixaban for, 636–637aspirin dose for, 639atovaquone for, 1143azathioprine in, 1236, 1237azithromycin for, 1156benzodiazepine derivatives in, 333tbromide in, 411butorphanol in, 307cisapride in, 1252clindamycin for, 1155–1156clopidogrel dose for, 640corticosteroids in, 1311, 1312tcyclosporine in, 1229diabetes in, insulin for treatment of,
767–768diazepam hydrochloride in, 335,
403–404digitalis in, 510–513, 512tdiminazene for, 1158doxorubicin in, 1205etomidate in, 266febantel for, 1138fenbendazole for, 1138florfenicol for, 911fluconazole for, 998fluoroquinolones for, 968–970
griseofulvin for, 989imidocarb for, 1159itraconazole for, 1002ketamine in, 262tlevothyroxine dosages for, 712macrocyclic lactones for, 1113maropitant in, 1249metronidazole for, 1133mineralocorticoid receptor blockers
and, 521–522morphine in, 295oclacitinib in, 1233paromomycin for, 1139parvaquone and buparvaquone for,
1143pimobendan in, 515ponazuril for, 1151propofol in, 258proton pump inhibitors in,
1259–1260psychotropic agents used in, 420tpyrimethamine for, 1154rivaroxaban for, 637ronidazole for, 1135streptokinase for, 641sulfonamides for, 1151theophylline in, 1309thyroid hormone and iodide kinetics
in, 700tthyroxine kinetics in, 701ttinidazole for, 1134–1135tissue-type plasminogen activator
for, 641toltrazuril for, 1150topical antifungal products for,
1006ttramadol in, 310TRH for diagnosis of
hypothyroidism in, 657triiodothyronine suppression test in,
713trimethoprim for, 1154vitamin K1 dose for, 638voriconazole in, 1005
cat scratch disease, 1166cattles
acid-base metabolism in, 588albendazole for, 1138amprolium for, 1144azithromycin for, 1156chloral hydrate in, 357decoquinate for, 1142diminazene for, 1157fenbendazole for, 1138florfenicol for, 911
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
cattles (Continued)griseofulvin for, 989guaifenesin in, 356halofuginone for, 1146imidocarb for, 1158ketosis in, insulin for treatment of,
768lasalocid for, 1148maduramicin for, 1148metronidazole for, 1134monensin for, 1148oxytetracycline for, 1140paromomycin for, 1139parvaquone and buparvaquone for,
1143pentamidine for, 1158ponazuril for, 1151sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim for,
816sulfonamides for, 1151theophylline in, 1310trimethoprim–sulfadiazine for, 815vitamin K1 dose for, 638
cefadroxil, 843cefazolin, 844cefepime, 840, 847cefovecin, 840, 846–847cefoxitin, 844cefpodoxime proxetil, 847cefquinome, 840, 847ceftazidime, 846ceftazidime–avibactam, 838ceftiofur, 840, 845–846, 845tCentauraTM Insect Repellent, 1184Center for Drug Evaluation and
Research (CDER), 1451Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition (CFSAN), 1448Center for Veterinary Medicine
(CVM), 1346, 1407, 1409, 1411,1448, 1461. see also regulation ofanimal drugs
ADE reports, evaluation ofreview process, 1453signal detection, 1453–1455
adverse drug experience (ADE),reporting of, 1449–1453, 1450f
animal devices, 1450–1451approved versus unapproved
drugs, 1450medication errors, 1451–1452pesticide products/vaccines, 1453pet food adverse event and
product problem reporting, 1452product defect, 1451
case series, 1454Division of Veterinary Product
Safety (DVPS), 1448drug safety information,
communication of, 1455international pharmacovigilance
activities, 1456Office of Surveillance and
Compliance (OS&C), 1448pharmacovigilance, 1449–1453safety measures beyond labeling,
1455central analgesic drugs, 309–311, 310tcentral nervous system (CNS), 167
alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,effects of, 353
alpha-chloralose and, 270barbiturates and, 251benzodiazepine derivatives, effects
of, 331blood–brain barrier, 178–180, 179fbutyrophenone and, 329chloral hydrate and, 357depressant effects of barbiturates,
248depression, 223, 247desflurane and, 228–229dissociative anesthetic and, 260–261enflurane and, 231epidural barrier, 180, 180f, 181fetomidate and, 265flumazenil and, 337glucocorticoids and, 742–743, 742tguaifenesin and, 355injectable anesthetics in, 247isoflurane and, 228ketamine and, 261neuroanatomy and neurophysiology,
167–168neurosteroid anesthetics in, 268neurotransmitters and receptors,
171–172agmatine, 177amines, 174–176amino acids, 172–174endocannabinoids, 177peptides, 176–177purines, 177
neurotransmitter systems,interactions between, 178
nitrous oxide and, 231–232nonneuronal cells, role of, 177–178opioids and, 286partial pressure of anesthetic,
219–220
phenothiazines and, 324–325postsynaptic processes, 171presynaptic processes, 168,
170–171, 170fpropofol and, 256sevoflurane and, 229–230transduction, 168, 169f
cephalexin, 843–844cephalosporins, 826, 838
adverse reactions, 847–848bleeding disorders, 848blood disorders, 848gastrointestinal, 848glycosuria, 848hypersensitivity reactions,
847–848classification, 839–840, 839tfirst-generation, 839, 839t, 843–844
cefadroxil, 843cefazolin, 844cephalexin, 843–844cephapirin, 844
fourth-generation, 840, 847general pharmacology, 838–839mechanism of action, 840pharmacokinetics, 840–843, 841t
elimination, 843metabolism, 843oral absorption, 842pharmacokinetics–
pharmacodynamics,840–841
susceptibility testing, 841, 842ttissue concentrations and protein
binding, 841–842second-generation, 839, 839t, 844special species considerations, 848third-generation, 839–840, 839t,
844–847cefovecin, 846–847cefpodoxime proxetil, 847ceftazidime, 846ceftiofur, 845–846, 845t
Cephalosporium acremonium, 826cephapirin, 844cerebral ischemia, 224cerebral perfusion pressure, 224certification of analysis (COA), 96cetirizine, 458Charm Tests, 1472chemical residues, in tissues of food
animals, 1469concern over, 1469–1471drugs prohibited from extralabel
use, 1476
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
pharmacokinetics and, 1473–1476prevention of, 1476–1477regulation of, 1471–1473
chemical sterilization, 782chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ),
178, 1245chemotherapy
of cancer cell, 1194–1199combination chemotherapy,
1196–1197tumor cell resistance, 1194–1196tumor cell sensitivity, 1194
definition of, 1191drugs
actinomycin D, 1206, 1207falkylating agents, 1199–1200bleomycin, 1213cell cycle and, 1192, 1193fchlorambucil, 1201–1202, 1201fcorticosteroids, 1214COX-2 inhibitors, 1213cyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea,
1202, 1202fcyclophosphamide, 1200, 1200fcytosine arabinoside, 1207–1208,
1208fdacarbazine, 1203, 1203fdosing of, 1192doxorubicin, 1204–1205, 1204f5-fluorouracil, 1209–1210, 1209fgemcitabine, 1208–1209, 1209fifosfamide, 1200–1201, 1200fL-asparaginase, 1212–1213masitinib, 1215maximum tolerated dose (MTD),
1191mechlorethamine, 1201, 1201fmelphalan, 1202, 1202fmethotrexate, 1206–1207, 1207f,
1208fmitoxantrone, 1205–1206, 1206fpaclitaxel, 1211, 1211fplatinum containing agents,
1211–1212procarbazine, 1203–1204, 1204frabacfosadine, 1215–1216temozolomide, 1203, 1203ftoceranib, 1214–1215, 1214fvinca alkaloids, 1210–1211, 1210f
fractional kill hypothesis, 1193metronomic, 1193resistance to, 1194–1196, 1195t
chickensamprolium for, 1144decoquinate for, 1142
diclazuril for, 1150dinitolmide for, 1145halofuginone for, 1146lasalocid for, 1148monensin for, 1148narasin for, 1148nicarbazin for, 1146ormetoprim for, 1154robenidine for, 1144semduramicin for, 1149sulfonamides for, 1151
chloral hydrate, 357–358, 357fin preanesthetic period, 187
chloralose, 269–270, 270fchlorambucil, 1201–1202, 1201f,
1234–1235adverse effects, 1234clinical use, 1235for inflammatory bowel disease,
1269chloramine-T, 790chloramphenicol, 254, 903, 1470
adverse effects and precautions, 905,907
aplastic anemia, 907bone marrow suppression, 905,
907GI disturbances in dog, 907peripheral neuropathy, 907toxicty in cats, 907
chemical features, 903clinical uses, 907–908derivatives, 908
florfenicol, 909–912thiamphenicol, 908–909
drug interactions, 907formulations, 903–904mechanism of action, 904for ocular infections, 1327–1328pharmacokinetics, 904–905, 905t,
906tabsorption and distribution,
904–905metabolism and excretion, 905
resistance to, 904spectrum of activity, 904structure of, 904f
chlorhexidine (Chx), 784, 790chlorine-containing solutions,
783–784chloroquine, 1156chlorpheniramine, 459chlorpromazine, 1245, 1246tchlorpromazine hydrochloride, 327,
327f, 328
chlorpropamide, 667chlorpyriphos, 1181chlortetracycline, 859f, 859t, 861t,
866–867, 1140choline, 174choline esters, 153
cholinergic receptor activatingproperties of, 154t
clinical uses, 156–157molecular structures of primary,
154fpharmacological mechanisms and
effects, 156target organ effects, 156
cholinesterase inhibitors, 66, 198–199pharmacological mechanisms and
effects, 157reversible, 158–159structure–activity relationships,
158cholinomimetic alkaloids, 154f,
157Chondrodendron tomentosum, 198choroid plexus, 178chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),
1201chronic palliative therapy,
glucocorticoids, 746Chrorulon, 678tchrysotherapy. see gold therapychukar partridges, lasalocid for, 1148cidofovir, 1013cimetidine, 1256–1257, 1256tcimicoxib, 470, 471fciprofloxacin, 953, 954t, 955f
for dogs and cats, 969–970circumventricular organs (CVOs),
178cisapride, 1251–1252
clinical use, 1252formulations, 1252mechanism of action, 1251pharmacokinetics, 1251–1252side effects and interactions, 1252
cisatracurium, 198, 199–200characteristics of, 199t
cisplatin, 1212, 1212fcitalopram, 434citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine
(CPDA-1), 629clarithromycin, 1262clathrins, 171cleansers, 781
types of, 781clemastine, 458, 459
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
clenbuterol, 138, 1305–1306, 1368in food-producing animals, 1306in horses, 1306unapproved use of, 1306
Client Information Sheet (CIS), 1455clindamycin, 927–930, 1155–1156,
1155fabsorption and distribution,
928–929adverse effects and precautions,
929–930chemical structures of, 925fclinical use, 930mechanism of action, 928metabolism and excretion, 929pharmacokinetics –
pharmacodynamics, 928–929resistance to, 928source and chemistry, 927spectrum of activity, 928
Clinical and Laboratory StandardsInstitute (CLSI), 1379
clinical anesthesia, 185–189clinical breakpoint, 1381clomipramine, 431clonazepam, 404clopidogrel, 639–640, 1261clopidol, 1143, 1143fcloprostenol, 678tclorazepate, 404–405
behavioral responses of, 426clorsulon, 1092–1093
chemical structure of, 1092fdosage, 1092elimination of, 1093with ivermectin, 1092pharmacokinetic behavior of, 1093safety and toxicity, 1093
closantel, 1088–1091, 1089f, 1092fand ivermectin, 1089mechanism of action, 1089pharmacokinetic behavior of,
1089–1090, 1090ftoxicity, 1091
Clostridium spp., 198, 1265clotrimazole, 1009cloxacillin, 835coagulopathies, agents for treatment
of, 638cocaine, 175coccidiosis, drugs for, 1131t,
1132t–1133tcodeine, as antitussive, 1302–1303Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),
1408
Codex Alimentarius, 1426Codex Committee on Residues of
Veterinary Drugs in Foods(CCRVDF), 1426
colitis-X, 865colloid osmotic pressure (COP),
583–584colloid therapy, 583–584column chromatography, 1441common ion effect, 94comparative pharmacokinetics,
1351–1353comparative pharmacology, 6Compliance Policy Guide (CPG),
1348–1349, 1358, 1431compounded drugs, 1430
current status of, 1430–1432potential problems from, 1432–1434signs of drug instability, 1432ttransdermal medications for pets,
1434–1435veterinarians and veterinary
pharmacists, guidelines for,1435
compounding of drugs, 1359. see alsocompounded drugs
concentration gradient, 10congestive heart failure (CHF), 601
ancillary therapy in, 527digitalis for, 510
conivaptan, 614–615constant flow treatments, 1377constant-rate infusion (CRI), 607Consumer Complaint Coordinator,
FDA, 1452Controlled Internal Drug Release
(CIDR), 104, 683–684, 684fcontrolled-release dosage
formulations, 1460controlled substances, 1430
inventory records, 1436medical record, 1436prescribing, 1436prescription for, 1437tstorage and security, 1436
coprophagy, 15–16corticosteroids
in cancer chemotherapy, 1214in cats, 1311, 1312tin dogs, 1311in horses, 1312inhaled, 1312–1313as metered-dose inhalers, 1312tfor ocular inflammation, 1325–1326,
1325t
corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH), 649–651, 650t, 651t
dosage protocols for, 654tstimulation test, 654
cortisol, 732, 741fcortisone, 740t, 741fcosolvent, 94cotransmission, 420cotrimoxazole, 815cough reflex, 1302coumaphos, 1061coumarin derivatives, 632–638COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donors
(CINODs), 472Cremephore-free paclitaxel, 1211cresols, 786cromolyn, 1307crufomate, 1061cryptorchidism
in dogs, hCG for, 679reproductive hormonal drugs for,
687cryptosporidiosis, drugs for, 1130tcrystalline penicillin, 834crystalloid therapy, 582–583crystalluria, sulfonamides and, 805CTBP. see cytosolic thyroid
hormone-binding proteinsCTX. see cyclophosphamidecurare alkaloids, 194cutaneous metabolism, 19CVM. see Center for Veterinary
Medicinecyclodextrin molecule, 268fcyclohexanones, 185cyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea
(CCNU), 1202, 1202fcyclooxygenase (COX), 467
cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)characteristics, actions, and roles
of, 469tcyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 1213
characteristics, actions, and rolesof, 469t
inhibition of, 477–478, 478tefficacy, potency, and sensitivity
of, 478–480in vivo and ex vivo determination
of, 480cyclophosphamide, 1200, 1200f,
1233–1234adverse effects, 1234clinical use, 1234mechanism of action, 1234
cycloplegics, 1330
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
cyclosporine, 1227–1232administration, 1230adverse effects and precautions,
1231–1232, 1231tclinical use
in cats, 1229in dogs, 1228–1229
drug interactions, 1232formulations and pharmacokinetics,
1229–1230for inflammatory bowel disease,
1270mechanism of action, 1228, 1228fmonitoring, 1230–1231, 1231ffor ocular disease, 1329ophthalmic use
anterior uveitis, 1232keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 1232
structure of, 1228fcyfluthrin, 1179Cyklokapron, 642cylcooxygenase (COX), 600CYP2D6, 1337–1338cypermethrin, 1179cystic ovaries therapy, gonadorelin for,
676Cystorelin, 676, 678tcytarabine, 1014. see also cytosine
arabinoside (Ara-C)cytauxzoonosis, drugs for, 1130tcytosine arabinoside (Ara-C),
1207–1208, 1208fcytosolic binding proteins, thyroid
hormones and, 704cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor
(cGR), genomic effects by,732–733
cytosolic thyroid hormone-bindingproteins (CTBP), 698
cytotoxic drugs, 1194
Ddabigatran etexilate, 635, 636tdacarbazine (DTIC), 1203, 1203fdactinomycin (DACT). see
actinomycin Ddalbavancin, 936dalteparin (Fragmin), 631–632danofloxacin, 954t, 973dapsone, 1239–1240
adverse effects, 1240clinical use, 1239–1240mechanism of action, 1239pharmacokinetics, 1239
Datura stramonium, 159
dazamide, 601Dear Doctor Letters, 1455decamethonium, 197decongestants, 1315
for incontinence, 1316systemic, 1315–1316topical, 1315
decoquinate, 1141–1142, 1141fdehydration
physical findings in, 562ttypes of, 561–562
dehydrocholic acid, 1271deiodinase enzymes, regulation of,
695–698Delvo tests, 1472demulcents, 1315deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 730depot preparations, 1460deracoxib, 470, 471fdermatological effects
of glucocorticoids, 743of thyroid hormones, 706
dermis of the skin, 18derquantel, 1069DERs. see Drug Experiencing Reportsdesflurane, 228–229
biotransformation, 228cardiovascular actions of, 229CNS, effect on, 228–229CO2 absorbent stability, 228convulsive activity of, 224respiratory system, effect on, 229rubber or plastic/gas partition
coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228, 228t
desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), 638,665, 666–667
desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA),751
desoxycorticosterone pivalate(DOCP), 751
detomidine hydrochloride, 345f,346–347, 346t
dexamethasone, 740, 740t, 741f, 1214,1247
in food animal, 1365, 1368in horses, 1312
dexmedetomidine, 345f, 348, 348tin preanesthetic period, 187
dexrazoxane, 1205Dextran 40, 582tDextran 70, 582tdextromethorphan, 1303diabetes insipidus (DI)
ADH for diagnosis of, 666central, chlorpropamide for
treatment of, 667nephrogenic, treatment of, 667
Diabinese, 667diamidine derivatives, 1157, 1157f
amicarbalide, 1158diminazene diaceturate, 1157–1158imidocarb diproprionate,
1158–1159pentamidine isethionate, 1158phenamidine isethionate, 1158
diaminopyrimidines, 796Diamox, 601diamphenetide, 1097–1098
chemical structure and metabolicfate, 1097, 1097f
mechanism of action, 1098safety, 1098
diarrhea, sulfonamides and, 807diarrhea, treatment for, 1262
antimicrobials, 1265–1267motility modifiers, 1263–1264mucosal protectants and adsorbents,
1262–1263opioids, 1264–1265
diazepam, 402–404adverse reactions and tolerance,
402behavioral responses of, 425–426in cats, 403clinical use, 403induced eating in anorexic cats,
404mechanism of action, 402pharmacokinetics, 402–403routes of administration, 403
rectal administration, 403as skeletal muscle relaxant, 404in treatment for anxiety, 404
diazepam hydrochloride, 331–334chemical name, 331–332dose, 333tmolecular formula, 331regulatory information, 333–334
diazoxide, 773dichlorvos, 1061diclazuril, 1149–1150, 1149fdiethylcarbamazine, 1063–1064, 1063fdiethylenediamine. see piperazinediethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), 1184diethylstilbestrol (DES), 683diffusional coefficient of drug, 10difloxacin, 954tdiflubenzuron, 1183
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
digitalis, 505–513cardiac energy metabolism with, 507cardiac output with, 506, 507fcardiovascular effects of, 505in cats, 510–513, 512tcellular mechanisms, 505–506chemistry and sources, 505combined effects during atrial
fibrillation and flutter, 508electrophysiological effects, 508excitability and automaticity,
507–508impulse conduction and refractory
periods, 508kidneys and diuresis with, 508–509myocardial contractility, 505neuroendocrine effects, 507pharmacokinetics, 509–510preparations, 513therapeutic indications for, 510toxicity
clinical signs, 509electrolyte involvement, 509–510plasma concentrations, 509
digoxin, 544–545dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate
synthase inhibitors, 1152, 1153formetoprim, 1153f, 1154pyrimethamine, 1153f, 1154–1155trimethoprim, 1152–1154, 1153f
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPD), 1195
dihydrostreptomycin andstreptomycin, 890–891
dimenhydrinate, 1246, 1246tdiminazene diaceturate, 1157–1158,
1157fdinitolmide, 1145, 1145fdinoprost, 678t, 681dinotefuran, 1174di-npropyl isocinchomeronate (MGK
326), 1184dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate, 1271dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS),
1271dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, 772diphemanil, 1264, 1264tdiphenhydramine, 1245, 1246, 1246tdiphenoxylate, 1264diphenylmethane, 1270diprenorphine, 309dip treatments, 1378direct-acting parasympathomimetic
agonistsacetylcholine, 154–155
choline esters, 156–157cholinomimetic alkaloids, 157effects of, 153tgeneral characteristics, 153structure–activity relationships,
153–154direct compression technique, 106direct stimulants, 1314disinfectant footbaths, 791disinfectants, 781, 782
alcohols as, 782–783aldehyde, 784–785factors affecting efficacy of, 786
biofilms, 788concentration, 786contamination, 787exposure time, 787organism types, 787pH, 787temperature, 787
gas, 786ideal characteristics of, 781oxidizing agents as, 785Q10 coefficient, 787, 787tresistance to, 788–789use of, examples of, 790–791
avian influenza, 791–792Salmonella species, 791
disinfection, 782high-level, 782intermediate-level, 782low-level, 782
disk diffusion susceptibility tests, 1379disophenol, 1087, 1088Dispensatorium, 3displacement, with plasma protein
binding, 25dissociation constant of ligand, 69dissociative anesthetics, 259–264
adverse effects/ contraindications,263
chemistry, 260classification, 260dose, 263drug availability, 264drug interactions, 264history, 259–260indications, 260mechanism of action, 260metabolism, 262–263overdosage/acute toxicity, 264pharmacokinetics, 262physiological/pharmacodynamic
effects, 260–262analgesic effects, 262
cardiovascular effects, 261CNS effects of, 260–261effects on ICP, 260–261muscular effects, 262norepinephrine affects, 261respiratory effects, 261–262
preparation, 260regulatory information, 264
dissociative drugs, 187distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 595,
596, 599fdistribution, drug
aminoglycosides, 882–883chloramphenicol, 904–905clindamycin, 928–929extent of tissue binding, 25–26factors affecting, 22–23, 25–26florfenicol, 909–910fluoroquinolones, 967lincomycin, 926of lipophilic compounds, 9–10macrolide antibiotics, 918–920penicillins, 833–834physiological determinants of, 23plasma protein binding, 24–25sulfonamides, 800, 802, 804tetracyclines, 861–864, 861t–863ttissue barriers to, 23–24volume of, 26
diureticsaquaretics, 614–615carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,
601–603dopamine receptor agonists, 615edema formation, 601effect on water and electrolyte
elimination, 601tloop/high-ceiling, 605–610mineralocorticoid receptor
antagonists, 612–614neutral endopeptidase inhibitors,
615osmotic, 603–605principles of, 600–601renal epithelial sodium channel
inhibitors, 611–612renal physiology, 593–600, 594f,
596fepithelial transport and secretion,
600nephron function, 593–597, 595f,
596fthiazide and thiazidelike, 610–611
d-limonene, 1182dobutamine, 513
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
dogsabsorption of buprenorphine in, 306acepromazine in, 328acquired cardiac disease in,
treatment of, 146–147albendazole for, 1137–1138alfaxalone in, 269aminoglycosides toxicity in, 885amprolium for, 1144apomorphine dosage for, 304aspirin dose for, 639atovaquone for, 1142–1143azithromycin for, 1156barbiturate in, 254–255benzodiazepine derivatives in, 333t,
425bromide in, 410butorphanol in, 307carvedilol in, 147chloramphenicol for, 904, 907–908cisapride in, 1252clindamycin for, 1155–1156clopidogrel dose for, 640colloids in, indications, dosages and
administration of, 582tcyclophosphamide in, 1200cyclosporine in, 1228–1229decoquinate for, 1142diabetes in, insulin for treatment of,
767–768digitalis in, 509diminazene for, 1157doxorubicin in, 1205doxycycline for, 1140etomidate in, 267febantel for, 1138fenbendazole for, 1138fluconazole for, 998fluoroquinolones for, 968–970griseofulvin for, 989guaifenesin in, 356heparin dose for, 630imepitoin in, 401–402imidocarb for, 1158–1159with immune-mediated hemolytic
anemia, 625itraconazole for, 1002ketamine in, 262tleflunomide in, 1238levothyroxine dosages for, 711–712macrocyclic lactones for, 1113maropitant in, 1249mechlorethamine in, 1201meglumine antimonate for, 1136metoclopramide in, 1250
metronidazole for, 1133morphine in, 294–295nifurtimox for, 1140oclacitinib in, 1233ormetoprim for, 1154paromomycin for, 1139pentamidine for, 1158phenamidine for, 1158pimobendan in, 514, 514tponazuril for, 1151propofol in, 258proton pump inhibitors in,
1259–1260pyrimethamine for, 1154rivaroxaban and apixaban for,
636–637ronidazole for, 1135selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs) in, 432skin reactions in, 806sodium stibogluconate for, 1136sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in, 1200streptokinase for, 641subaortic stenosis (SAS) in, 147sulfonamides for, 1151theophylline in, 1309thyroid hormone and iodide kinetics
in, 700tthyroxine kinetics in, 701ttinidazole for, 1135tissue-type plasminogen activator
for, 641toltrazuril for, 1150topical antifungal products for,
1006ttramadol in, 309–310TRH for diagnosis of
hypothyroidism in, 656–657trimethoprim for, 1153–1154ulcerative colitis in, 1266vitamin K1 dose for, 638warfarin dose for, 635
domperidone, 680, 1251dopamine, 124, 129, 138, 421, 513, 679,
1245as neurotransmitters, 174–175receptors, 175termination of action of, 175
dopamine receptor agonists, 615doping control, 1439doramectin, 1102, 1103f, 1116, 1175,
1177dosage form considerations, 99–105,
1459biomass products, 103–104
bolus, 102capsules, 103chewable tablets, 102–103common veterinary forms, 99fconsiderations when formulating,
100fcontrolled internal drug release
system (CIDR), 104cream, 101delayed release, 101–102different types, use of, 1459ease of drug administration, 1461emulsions, 100extended release (ER) tablets, 101feed additives, 1461–1463, 1463fgels, 101granules, 103immediate release (IR) tablets, 101implants, 102liquid suspension, 99–100lotions, 101medicated feed, 103modified release (MR) tablets, 101ointment, 101parenteral products, 104–105pastes, 101pharmacokinetic considerations and
controlled-drug delivery,1459–1461, 1460f
powders, 103site-directed therapy, 1463solutions, 99suspoemulsion (SE), 101tablets, 101topical products, 105transdermal drug delivery, 105
dosage regimens, 57–62adjusting for disease, 60–62, 61fconstant-dose, interval-extension
method (IE), 61, 61fconstant-interval, dose-reduction
(DR), 61determination of an effective and
safe, 77dosage rate, 59efficacy and safety, 60factors important in designing, 59instantaneous dose rate, 59loading dose, 58–59maintenance dose, 58plasma concentration vs time
profile, 58ffor quinolone, 82, 83relative dosage interval, 59selection of dose, 81–83
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
dosagesalpha-chloralose, 270tapomorphine, 304atipamezole, 350tazaperone, 330tbarbiturates, 253–254, 254tbromide, 410buprenorphine, 306tbutorphanol, 307chloral hydrate, 357clorsulon, 1092detomidine hydrochloride, 346tdiazepam hydrochloride, 333tdissociative anesthetics, 263dose–effect relationship vs PK/PD
modeling, 66fetomidate, 266etorphine in animals for
immobilization, 303tgentamicin, 880tglucocorticoids, 1227guaifenesin, 355–356hydromorphone, 297tketamine, 263levamisole, 1057metomidate, 272midazolam maleate, 334opioids, 312tpimobendan, 516piperazine, 1062–1063praziquantel, 1083propofol, 259, 259tromifidine, 347tspecies differences, 269telazol, 263tetracycline antibiotics, 866ttetrahydropyrimidines, 1060tolazoline, 353ttribromoethanol, 272–273trimethoprim–sulfadiazine, 814urethane, 271xylazine hydrochloride, 345tyohimbine, 351t
dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), 1198dose titration trial, 78–79, 78f, 79fdown-regulation, 76doxacurium, 200
characteristics of, 199tdoxapram, 1316doxazosin, 143doxil, 1205doxorubicin, 1204–1205, 1204fdoxycycline, 859f, 859t, 864–865,
868–869, 1140pharmacokinetic parameters of, 863t
dronabinol, 1248droperidol, 328drug administration, routes of
intraperitoneal injection, 22parenteral dosage forms, 21subcutaneous (SC or SQ) and
intramuscular (IM) route, 21drug approval process, for minor
food-producing animals,1345–1346
Drug Enforcement Authority (DEA),1436
Drug Experiencing Reports (DERs),1423–1424
drug receptor theories, 74–76, 75fdrugs, 3
absorption of ( see absorption, drug)affinity, efficacy, and potency of,
69–70, 69f, 70fas agonist or antagonist, 67–69binding of, and chemical forces,
72disposition of, 8–10distribution of
factors affecting, 22–23, 25–26physiological determinants of,
23plasma protein binding, 24–25tissue barriers to, 23–24
hepatic disposition, 32–38hepatic clearance, 34–35metabolism impact, 34metabolism induction and
inhibition, 35–38phase I and phase II reactions,
33–34, 33tmechanism of action, 67fpartial agonist vs full agonist, 74receptors, 72–74renal elimination, 26–32
clearance, 30–31mechanism of, 27–30physiology relevant to, 26–27tubular secretion and
reabsorption, 31–32specificity and selectivity of,
70–72drug targets, types of, 65–67, 66fdrug transporters, 1334d-tubocurarine, 197, 198, 200
histamine release by, 207neuromuscular blocking effect of,
204–205, 204f, 205fDyrenium, 611dysautonomia, 118
Eear tags, 1167Eat this Bug, 1395Eazi-Breed CIDR, 678t, 684, 684fEbers Papyrus, 3Echinococcus granulosus, 1081ectoparasiticides, 1166
amitraz, 1170t, 1182–1183approval and registration in US,
1184–1185, 1184tcarbamates, 1182chemical structures and
physicochemical properties of,1169t–1170t
d-limonene and linalool, 1182fipronil, 1170–1172, 1170tideal, 1166indoxacarb, 1180insect growth regulators, 1170t,
1183insect development inhibitors,
1183juvenile-hormone analogs, 1183
macrocyclic lactones, 1175–1177mechanisms of action, 1168, 1170tneonicotinoids
dinotefuran, 1174imidacloprid, 1172–1173isoxazoline, 1174–1175nitenpyram, 1173spinosad, 1174
organophosphates, 1170t,1180–1182
pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 1170t,1178–1180
resistance to, 1168, 1170routes of dermal absorption,
1167–1168, 1167fsynergists and repellents, 1170t,
1183–1184topical formulations, 1167transdermal delivery, 1167
edema formation, diuretics and,601
Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, 3edrophonium, 158–159
for reversal of neuromuscularblockade, 210
effect compartment model, 79efficacy of drugs, 69–70, 69f, 70f
clinical, 69intrinsic, 69
eicosanoids, 467–468, 485, 600eicosapentanoic acid, for colitis,
1269–1270
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
EIPH. see exercise-induced pulmonaryhemorrhage
electrocardiogram, cardiac glycosidesand digitalis effects on, 508
Electronic Submissions Gateway(ESG), FDA, 1453
Electronic Submissions System (ESS),1453
elimination, drugof aminoglycosides, 883of angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors, 616of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,
602of cephalosporins, 843of florfenicol, 910of loop diuretics, 607of mannitol, 603–604of mineralocorticoid receptor
antagonists, 613of osmotic diuretics, 603–604of penicillins, 833of tetracyclines, 861t–863t, 864
elimination half-life, 1474emodepside, 1069, 1070, 1070fendectocides, 1369endocannabinoids, 177endocrine effects
of glucocorticoids, 742, 742tof thyroid hormones, 708
endometritis, persistentoxytocin for, 681prostaglandins analogs and, 681
endothelial NO synthase (eNOS),121
energy metabolism, glucocorticoidsand, 737
enflurane, 228CNS, effects of, 231pharmacokinetics, 231rubber or plastic/gas partition
coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218ttonic–clonic muscle activity, 224undesirable features of, 231vapor pressure of, 228t
enilconazole, 1008–1009enoxaparin (Lovenox), 632enrofloxacin, 953, 954t, 955f, 969t,
1337, 1433enteric nervous system, 121enterohepatic recycling, 15–16
concentration vs time profile, 16fEnvironmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 781, 1408, 1453, 1470
enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA),1443, 1472
eosinophilic colitis, 1269epidural barrier, 180, 180f, 181fepinephrine, 136, 175, 1304, 1304teplerenone, 614eprinomectin, 1102, 1103f, 1108, 1116,
1175, 1176, 1460pour-on formulation, 1177
epsiprantel, 1085, 1085f, 1086fEquidone, 680equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG),
678t, 679equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1),
1011equine, propofol effect on, 258equine protozoal myelitis, drugs for,
1130tequine protozoal myeloencephalitis
(EPM), 799, 1142, 1149Equipoise, 685ertapenem, 849erythromycin, 11, 912t, 920–921, 1253
chemical structures of, 913fclinical use of, 921formulations, 920for ocular infections, 1328pharmacokinetic parameters of, 919tregulatory considerations, 921
erythropoietin, 1446escitalopram, 434esmolol, 546esters, 742estradiol, 682estradiol benzoate, 682–683estrogens, 682–683estrous cycle, 674–675, 675festrous synchronization, 681Estrumate, 678testrus synchronization, 676E-test, 1379ethyl alcohol, 782–783ethylenediamine dihydroiodide
(EDDI), 1008, 1314ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid
(EDTA), 628ethylene oxide, 786etofenprox, 1179etomidate
adverse effects/ contraindications,266
chemistry, 264, 264fclassification, 264–265compatibility of, 267dose, 266
drug availability, 267drug interactions, 267history, 264indications, 265mechanism of action, 265metabolism, 266overdosage/acute toxicity, 267pharmacokinetics, 265–266physiological effects, 265, 266f
analgesic effects, 265cardiovascular effects, 265CNS effects, 265endocrine system, 265muscular effects, 265respiratory system, 265
preparation, 264–265regulatory information, 267species differences, 266–267stability of, 267storage of, 267
etorphine, 303–304eucalyptus oil, 1314European Association for Veterinary
Pharmacology and Toxicology(EAVPT), 5
European Medicines Agency (EMA),1453
European Union (EU), 1425euthanasia, 388euthanizing agents
in animals, 393immersion agents, 391–392
benzocaine hydrochloride, 3922-phenoxyethanol, 392quinaldine sulfate, 392tricaine methane sulfonate,
392inhaled agents, 388–390
anesthetic overdose, 390argon, 389carbon dioxide, 388–389carbon monoxide, 389nitrogen, 389–390
injected agentsbarbiturate, 390carfentanil citrate, 391dissociative agents, 391embutramide, 391etorphine hydrochloride, 391potassium chloride, 391tributame, 390–391
miscellaneous considerations,392–393
opioids, 391evidence-based pharmacology, 4
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Index
Evidence-Based Veterinary MedicalAssociation (EBVMA), 1466
evidence-based veterinary medicine(EBVM), 1465–1467
clinical decision making, 1465definition of, 1465evidence hierarchy, 1466, 1467fevidence rating system, 1467, 1467f
excitatory amino acid transporters(EAATs) neurotransmitters, 172
excretionchloramphenicol, 905clindamycin, 929fluoroquinolones, 967macrolide antibiotics, 920pharmacogenetics of, 1339–1340sulfonamides, 805
exercise-induced pulmonaryhemorrhage (EIPH), 609–610,1445
exocytosis, 171exogenous glucocorticoids, 701–702exotic animals, antifungal drugs for,
998, 999t–1000texpectorants and mucolytics, 1314
acetylcysteine, 1315demulcents, 1315direct stimulants, 1314guaifenesin, 1315saline expectorants, 1314
extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs), 828
extracellular fluid (ECF), 556cations in, 557–558osmolality, 557
extralabel use (ELU), 1358–1359, 1375,1410
definition of, 1472drugs prohibited for, 1429t, 1473tregulatory discretion for, 1427requirements for, 1429tveterinarian and, 1472–1473
extrusion processes, 106
Ffactor Xa inhibitors, 636–637Factrel, 676, 678tfamciclovir, 1012–1013
adverse effects, 1013clinical use, 1013pharmacokinetics, 1012–1013
famotidine, 1256–1257, 1256tfamphur, 1181FARAD. see Food Animal Residue
Avoidance Databank (FARAD)
Fasciola hepatica, 1046, 1053,1085–1087, 1087t
fasciolosis, 1085–1086. see alsoantitrematodal drugs
febantel, 1039, 1048, 1138Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA), 1407, 1408, 1425Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
RodenticideAct (FIFRA), 1408Federation Equestre International
(FEI), 1440felbamate, 405feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1),
1011, 1013fenbendazole, 1036f, 1048–1049,
1137f, 1138. see alsobenzimidazoles
fenleuton, 1314fentanyl, 178, 1398–1399fenthion, 1169t, 1181fenvalerate, 1179fescue toxicosis, 1251FFDCA. see Federal Food Drug and
Cosmetic Actfibrinolytic agents, 640–641Fick’s law of diffusion, 10, 31field-block anesthesia, 370finasteride, 678t, 685fipronil, 1166, 1170–1172, 1170t
chemistry, 1171efficacy, 1171formulations, 1170–1171mechanism of action, 1171pharmacokinetics, 1171safety/toxicity, 1171–1172
firocoxib, 471f, 475tfish
florfenicol for, 911–912fluoroquinolones for, 971–972morphine and, 296propofol and, 259
flea allergy dermatitis, 1166flip-flop phenomenon, 47florfenicol, 909–912, 1361
adverse effects, 912in aquatic animals, 1385, 1388–1389clinical use, 911–912
cattle and pigs, 911fish, 911–912horses, 912other species, 912small animals, 911topical forms, 911
pharmacokinetics of, 909–911, 910tabsorption, 909
distribution, 909–910metabolism and elimination, 910pharmacokinetic–
pharmacodynamic properties,911
regulatory information, 912structure of, 909
flubendazole, 1036f, 1049. see alsobenzimidazoles
fluconazole, 993t, 997–998adverse effects, 998clinical use
exotic animals, 998, 999t–1000tlarge animals, 998small animals, 997–998
interactions, 998pharmacokinetics, 997spectrum of activity, 997structure of, 1004f
flucytosine, 1008fluid therapy, 577–588
diagnosis and monitoring for,577–578, 579t
fluid volume and type for, 578–580products for, 582–588
blood substitutes, 585–588colloids, 583–584crystalloids, 582–583hypertonic solutions, 584–585
rates and routes of administration,580–582
solutions, composition of, 579tunits of measure and conversions
used in, 556tflumazenil
adverse effects/contraindications,337
analgesic activity of, 337cardiovascular effects, 337CNS depressant effects, 337doses, 338indications, 337mechanism of action, 337molecular formula, 337musculoskeletal effects, 337pharmacokinetics properties,
338regulatory information, 338respiratory effects, 337
flumequine, 1385–1386flumethasone, 740t, 741fflunixin, 1475–1476flunixin meglumine, 1313fluoroquinolone-induced retinal
toxicity, 1337
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
fluoroquinolones, 953, 1265advantages of, 953antibacterial spectrum, 956–957,
956tchemical features, 953–955clinical use
birds, 971dogs and cats, 968–970fish, 971–972horses, 972–973nursing animals, 974pigs, 973–974pregnant animals, 974reptiles, 971ruminants, 973small mammals, 970–971young animals, 974–975
dose guidelines, 968, 969tdrug interactions, 977formulations, 977–978mechanism of action, 955–956for ocular infections, 1327pharmacokinetics, 958, 959t–964t,
965–987excretion, 967intramuscular and subcutaneous
injection, 966metabolism, 966oral absorption, 965–966protein binding, 965t, 967tissue distribution, 967
pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics,967–968
resistance to, 957–958clinical, 957–958human health risks of, 958
safety of, 975–976blindness in cats, 975–976CNS effects, 975problems in young animals, 976
structure–activity relationships,954–955
susceptibility testing, 954t, 957third-generation, 953, 955used in veterinary medicine, 954t
5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 1008,1209–1210, 1209f
fluoxetine, 176, 432–433fluralaner, 1174–1175flush treatments, 1377fluticasone, 1312–1313fluvoxamine, 434FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs),
1070–1071
foals, antimicrobials for diarrhea in,1267
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),649, 651f, 675f, 678t, 679
Follitropin, 678tFollutein, 678tFood and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), 1426, 1476Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
6, 96, 1407–1409, 1409t, 1431,1448, 1470–1471. see alsoregulation of animal drugs
postapproval surveillance program,1448
Food and Drug AdministrationAmendments Act (FDAAA),1452
Food Animal Residue AvoidanceDatabank (FARAD), 816, 882,1348, 1351, 1352, 1469, 1477
food animals, use of drugs in, 1358anesthetics and analgesics,
1369–1370antibiotics, 1361–1365, 1362t–1363tanticoccidials, 1365, 1366tantiinflammatories, 1365–1368,
1366tantiparasitics, 1367t, 1369extralabel use, 1358–1359hormones for reproductive use,
1367t, 1369miscellaneous drugs, 1370production enhancement drugs,
1366t, 1368–1369residues andwithdrawal times,
1359–1361food code, 1426food-producing animals
major, 1345minor, 1345
Food Safety and Inspection Service(FSIS), USDA, 1470–1472
formaldehyde, 784–785, 791formulation elements, 95–99
function of excipients, 95International Conference on
Harmonization (ICH)guidelines, 96
in liquid and semisolid formulationsantimicrobial agents, 98antioxidants, 98buffering agents, 97bulking agents, 97chelating agents, 98coloring agents, 99
complexing and dispersing agents,98
flavors, 99flocculating/suspending agents,
98humectants, 99preservatives, 98solubilizing agents, 98thickening agents, 98–99tonicity agents, 98wetting agents, 98
for modified release formulationscoated tablets, 97matrix tablets, 97
natural ingredients, 95semisynthetic ingredients, 95–96for solid dosage forms
binders, 97coating agents, 97disintegrants, 97fillers (diluents), 96–97glidants, 97lubricants, 97
synthetic ingredients, 96Freedom of Information (FOI)
summaries, 1407free hormone hypothesis, 698–699frog
metomidate in, 272opioid in, 312, 312t
Frontline Plus, 1166, 1170furazolidone, 934–935furosemide, 605–610, 1234,
1444–1445
GGABA, as neurotransmitters, 172,
173t, 174gabapentin, 405–406
adverse effects, 406clinical use, 406pharmacokinetics, 406
GABA receptors, 174, 174fGADPTRA. see Generic Animal Drug
and Patent Term RestorationAct
gallamine (Flaxedil), 201–202γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 174γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), 731gamithromycin, 912t, 923
chemical structures of, 914fpharmacokinetics of, 917t
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA),422
ganciclovir, 1013
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
gantacurium, 198, 201characteristics of, 199t
gas chromatography (GC), 1441–1442gas disinfectants, 786GastroGard®, 1260gastrointestinal effects, of
glucocorticoids, 742t, 743gastrointestinal function, drugs
affectingacetylcholine (ACh), 155alpha-2-adrenergic receptor
agonists, 341barbiturates, 252bethanecol, 156carbachol, 156choline esters, 156inhalation anesthetics, 226muscarinic receptor antagonists,
160nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 482–484opioids, 288–289
gastrointestinal stasis, 188gastrointestinal tract, thyroid hormone
effect on, 707gastrointestinal ulcers, drugs for, 1254,
1254t, 1255fantacids, 1255–1256Helicobacter gastritis and, 1262histamine H2-receptor antagonists,
1256–1257proton pump inhibitors, 1258–1261,
1258tsucralfate, 1257–1258, 1257fsynthetic prostaglandins, 1261–1262
gatifloxacin, 953GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ)
gene, 738gemcitabine, 1208–1209, 1209fgeneral anesthesia, 184–185
injectable agents for, 188, 188tmechanism of action, 185stages of, 184, 184ftechniques of, 184–185
balanced anesthesia, 184single-agent technique, 184
general visceral afferent (GVA) system,118
general visceral efferent (GVE) system,113
Generic Animal Drug and Patent TermRestoration Act (GADPTRA),1409, 1420
generic product application, 1421gentamicin, 877, 886–888
chemical structure of, 877, 878fdisposition of
age on, effect of, 886body condition and disease on,
effect of, 886, 888once-daily dosages for, 880tpharmacokinetic data for, 887t–888t
ghrelin, 661giardiasis, drugs for, 1129tglaucoma, 1323–1325
pharmacological therapy, 1323beta-blockers, 1323carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,
1323–1324hyperosmotic agents, 1324–1325parasympathomimetics, 1325prostaglandin analogues, 1324
physiology of, 1323glial cells, 177–178glomerular filtration, 27–28, 28fglomerular net filtration pressure, 596fglomerulus, anatomy of, 598fglucagon, 771–772glucagon-like peptide 1, 772glucocorticoids, 729–750
adverse effects, 1227cellular effects, 1226–1227chemistry of, 740–742, 740t, 741f
esters, 742source, 740steroid base, 741–742structure–activity relationships,
740, 740t, 741fchoice of drugs, 1227classes of therapy with, 744–750
adrenal reserve testing, 747alternate-day therapy, 746–747antiinflammatory and antiallergic
therapy, 745chronic palliative therapy, 746immunosuppressive therapy,
745–746intensive short-term and shock
therapy, 745intraarticular administration,
748–749neurologic applications, 749ophthalmic applications, 749physiological replacement
therapy, 744–745stress supplementation, 747–748topical and intralesional usage,
748clinical dosing and cellular actions
of, relationship of, 734t
clinical use, 1311–1312dosage, 1227every-other-day (EOD) therapy,
1227exogenous, 701–702fatal sequela in dog, 743genomic mechanisms of action,
732–736, 733fgenomic effects via cGCR,
732–733lipocortin induction and
phospholipase A2 inhibition,734, 735f
posttranslational modifications,736
steroid receptor isoforms,735–736
hypoadrenocorticism management,729
for immune-mediated diseases,1226–1227
immunosuppressive effects,1227
for inflammatory bowel diseases,1268–1269
laminitis in horse, 743, 749mechanism of action, 1311mechanism of action of, 734, 734fmolecular mechanisms of action,
732newer preparations of, 749–750nonadrenal disorder management,
729nongenomic effects of, 736–737and NSAIDs, 735f, 748pharmacologic effects of, 737–740
cardiorespiratory, 738–739CNS, 739, 742–743, 742tendocrine, 739, 742, 742tenergy metabolism, 737gastrointestinal, 739–740, 742t,
743growth and development, 737immune and hematologic effects,
738water and electrolyte balance,
737–738physiological effects of, 737physiology and, 729–737
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenalaxis, 731–732, 731f
negative feedback, cellularmechanisms of, 732
steroids biosynthesis, 729–731,730f
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
plasma binding, metabolism, andexcretion of, 732
principles of rational therapy,743–744
for respiratory diseases, 1311–1313thyroid function and, 701–702toxicity of, 742–743, 742tfor vomiting, 1247withdrawal from, 747
glucoreceptor (GR), 71glucose effect, 252glucose metabolism
diazoxide, 773dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors,
772glucagon, 771–772glucagon-like peptide 1, 772hypoglycemic agents, oral, 768–771
acarbose, 770–771metformin, 770sodium–glucose cotransporters,
771sulfonylureas, 768–770thiazolidinediones, 770
insulin, 763–768adverse effects ofchemistry and biosynthesis of,
763–764history of, 763mechanism of action, 765metabolism of, 765–766preparations and properties of,
766–767, 766tsecretion of, 764–765therapeutic uses of, 767–768,
768tsomatostatin, 772–773toceranib phosphate, 773
glutamate, as neurotransmitters, 172,173t
glutamate-gated chloride channels(GluCl), macrocyclic lactonesand, 1104–1105
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD),172
glutaraldehyde (GLT), 785, 791glycine, as neurotransmitters, 172,
173tglycine xylidide (GX), 381glycopeptides, 936–937glycopyrrolate, 161, 1310goats
amprolium for, 1144decoquinate for, 1142monensin for, 1148
paromomycin for, 1139vitamin K1 dose for, 638
goitrogens, 715gold therapy, 1238–1239
adverse effects, 1239clinical use, 1239dosage, 1239formulations for, 1239
gonadorelin, 675t, 676–677clinical use of, 676–677dosage of, 678t
gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH), 676
gonadotropins, 677–679, 678thuman chorionic, 677–679mechanism of, 677secretion and function of, 677therapeutic uses of, 677
Good Manufacturing Practices(cGMPs), 1451
G-protein, 655G protein-coupled receptors (GRPCs),
72, 73f, 168granisetron, 176Green Book, 1409griseofulvin, 988–990
clinical useadverse effects, 990large animals, 989–990small animals, 989
mechanism of action, 988microsized formulations,
988pharmacokinetics, 988–989spectrum of activity, 988ultramicrosized formulations, 988
growth hormone–releasing hormone(GHRH), 661
guaiacol, 1315guaifenesin, 354f, 1315
adverse effects/contraindications,355
classification, 354dose, 355–356drug interactions, 356indications, 355mechanism of action, 355metabolism, 355overdosage/acute toxicity, 356pharmacokinetics, 355physiological effects, 355regulatory information, 356species differences, 356
guanidine derivatives, asantiprotozoan drugs, 1143–1144
HHaemonchus contortus, 1046Hageman factor, 627thalf-life of drug, 1474halofuginone, 1146, 1146fhaloperidol, 328halothane, 228
advantages, 230biotransformation, 229, 230cardiovascular actions of, 230CO2 absorbent stability, 230complete respiratory arrest, 230declining use and availability,
230–231hepatic injury related with, 230–231pharmacokinetics, 230rubber or plastic/gas partition
coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228t
halothane hepatitis, 231haloxon, 1061hCG. see human chorionic
gonadotropinheartworm adulticides, 1064Helicobacter gastritis, 1262hemicholinium, 198hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
(HBOCs), 586–588adverse effects of, 587–588osmolality of, 586
Hemopure, 587hemorrhagic cystitis, 1234Hemospan, 587hemostasis, 625–629
coagulation phase in, 627–628calcium involvement, 627t, 628fibrin formation, 626f
fibrinolysis phase in, 628natural anticoagulants in, 628vascular and platelet phases in,
626–627, 627fin vitro anticoagulants and clotting
tests, 628–629Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, 10,
27, 29, 570fheparin, 629–632
adverse effects of, 630for IMHA, 630indications and clinical uses,
629–630low-molecular-weight, 629, 630–632pharmacological properties of, 633treversing agent for, 632unfractionated, 629
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
hepatic disposition of drugs, 32–38bile formation, 36–37biliary drug elimination, 36cytochrome (Cyt) P450-dependent
mixed-function oxidation, 33,34t
hepatic clearance, 34–35metabolism impact, 34metabolism induction and
inhibition, 35–38phase I and phase II reactions,
33–34, 33thepatic necrosis, sulfonamides and,
806hepatozoonosis, drugs for, 1130tHetastarch, 582thigh-ceiling diuretics. see loop
diureticshigh ceiling effect, 69highly effective antiretroviral therapy
(HAART), 1015Hill model, 80Hippocrates, 3histamine, 175
antihistamineschemistry, 456–457development, 456H1 receptor antagonists, 456, 457tH2 receptor antagonists, 460pharmacological effects, 457side effects and interactions,
459–460therapeutic uses, 457–459therapeutic uses of, 459
pharmacological effects, 455–456receptors, 453–455, 454trelease, 452–453serotonin
agonists and antagonists, 463metabolism, 460–461neuronal uptake of, 461–462pharmacological effects, 462–463physiological and pathological
processes, 463side effects and interactions, 463sources, 460–461subtypes, 462
sources, 451–452synthesis, 451–452
histamine H2-receptor antagonists,1256–1257
adverse effects, 1256antiallergic effects, 1257clinical use, 1256immunological effects, 1257
mechanism of action, 1256potency of, 1256tsmooth muscle activity, effects on,
1257HIV-1 protease inhibitors, 1337Hofmann elimination reaction, 199homeostasis
of potassium, 565–566of water, sodium, and chloride,
558–559, 559fhormesis, 74hormone implants, 1368hormone response elements (HRE),
682hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormone,651–655, 654t, 662t
antidiuretic hormone, 662t, 665–667corticotropin-releasing hormone,
649–651follicle-stimulating hormone, 649,
651f, 675f, 678t, 679hypothalamic hormones, 649–668,
650t, 651tluteinizing hormone, 649, 651f, 675pituitary hormones, 649–668
anterior, 649–665posterior, 665–668
reproductive hormones, 674–687,675t
thyrotropin-releasing hormone,655–657
hormones for reproductive use, 1367t,1369
horsesacepromazine in, 327–328airway diseases in, 1305alfaxalone in, 269aminoglycosides toxicity in, 886anticholinergic drugs in, 1310antiherpetic therapy for, 1011–1012azathioprine in, 1236benzodiazepine derivatives in, 333tbutorphanol in, 307chloral hydrate in, 357chloramphenicol for, 908cisapride in, 1252corticosteroids in, 1312decoquinate for, 1142diazepam hydrochloride in, 335diclazuril for, 1149–1150digitalis in, 509diminazene for, 1157dissociative anesthetics in, 263domperidone in, 1251
florfenicol for, 912fluoroquinolones for, 972–973guaifenesin in, 356heparin dose for, 630imidocarb for, 1158intraarticular glucocorticoid usage
in, 748–749itraconazole for, 1002ketamine in, 262tlevothyroxine dosages for, 712macrocyclic lactones for, 1112metoclopramide in, 1250metronidazole for, 1133misoprostol in, 1262morphine in, 295–296phenytoin in, 401ponazuril for, 1150–1151proton pump inhibitors in, 1260pyrimethamine for, 1154–1155rifampin use in, 933tetracyclines for, 1140tetracyclines in, effects of, 865theophylline in, 1309–1310thiopental in, 255tinidazole in, 1135toltrazuril for, 1150tramadol in, 311TRH for diagnosis of
hypothyroidism in, 657trimethoprim–sulfadiazine for,
814vitamin K1 dose for, 638warfarin dose for, 635
HSS. see hypertonic salineHSS plus dextran (HSD), 585human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),
677–679, 678tadverse reactions and side effects,
679dosage of, 678ttherapeutic uses of, 677–679
Human Genome Project, 1332humidity, 92hyaloideocapsular ligament, 1322Hydodan®, 1303hydralazine hydrochloride, 522–523hydrochlorothiazide, 667hydrocodone, 1303hydrocortisone, 740thydrogen peroxide, 785
gas plasma, 786hydrolysis, 92hydromorphone, 296–297
dosages, 297t4-hydroxycoumarin, structure of, 633f
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
hydroxyquinolones andnaphthoquinones, 1141, 1141f
atovaquone, 1141f, 1142–1143buparvaquone, 1141f, 1143decoquinate, 1141–1142, 1141fparvaquone, 1141f, 1143
5-hydroxytryptamine, 175–176Hyoscyamus niger, 159hyperadrenocorticism, adrenolytic
drugs for, 751–752hyperbolar agonist–effect
relationships, 74hypercapnia, 224hyperchloremia, 565hyperkalemia, 567–568
causes of, 567, 567tmanagement of, 568t
hypernatremia, 562–563, 563fhyperosmotic agents, for glaucoma,
1324–1325hyperosmotic cathartics, 1270hypersensitivity reactions
cephalosporins and, 847–848sulfonamides and, 805–806
hyperthyroidism, 691hypertonic saline (HSS), 584–585,
790hypervolemia, 563hypnotic-sedatives, in preanesthetic
period, 187hypoadrenocorticism management,
glucocorticoids for, 729hypochloremia, 565hypochlorites as disinfectants,
783–784hypoglycemic agents, oral, 768–771
acarbose, 770–771metformin, 770sodium–glucose cotransporters, 771sulfonylureas, 768–770thiazolidinediones, 770
hypokalemia, 568–569causes of, 568tpotassium supplementation in, 569t
hyponatremia, 563–565, 564fhypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,
731–732, 731fhypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis,
694–695, 695fhypothyroidism, 691
therapeutic trial for diagnosis of,713
thyroid replacement therapy of, 710fhypotonic fluid loss, 561, 563hysteresis loop, 79
II-653. see desfluraneibafloxacin, 954tidiosyncratic reactions, 1340idoxuridine, 1013–1014ifosfamide, 1200–1201, 1200fimazalil, 1008imepitoin, 401–402
adverse effects, 402clinical use in dogs, 402drug interactions, 402pharmacokinetics, 402
IMHA. see immune-mediatedhemolytic anemia
imidacloprid, 1166, 1170t, 1172–1173chemistry, 1172efficacy, 1172–1173mechanism of action, 1172pharmacokinetics, 1172products, 1172safety/toxicity, 1173
imidazothiazoles, 1054–1058. see alsolevamisole
imidocarb diproprionate, 1157f,1158–1159
imipenem, 849imipramine, 430–431immersion disinfection, 782immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
(IMHA), 625, 1226, 1227immunoblotting, 1354–1355immunological effects, of
glucocorticoids, 743immunosuppressive drugs, 1226
azathioprine, 1235–1237, 1235fchlorambucil, 1234–1235cyclophosphamide, 1233–1234cyclosporine, 1227–1232dapsone, 1239–1240glucocorticoids, 745–746,
1226–1227gold therapy, 1238–1239for inflammatory bowel diseases,
1269leflunomide, 1238mycophenolate mofetil, 1237–1238oclacitinib, 1233pimecrolimus, 1232sirolimus, 1232–1233tacrolimus, 1232
inamrinone, 516–517Increlex, 664infections, ocular
antibacterial agentsaminoglycosides, 1327
chloramphenicol, 1327–1328double antibiotic/triple antibiotic
preparations, 1326–1327erythromycin, 1328fluoroquinolones, 1327tetracyclines, 1327
antibacterial agents for, 1326–1328antifungal agents
azoles, 1328polyenes, 1328
antifungal agents for, 1328antimicrobial therapy for,
1326–1329antiviral agents for, 1328–1329
purine analogues, 1329pyrimidine analogues, 1328–1329
infertility therapygonadorelin for, 676hCG for, 677
inflammation, ocular, 1325and antiinflammatory therapy,
1325–1326corticosteroids for, 1325–1326,
1325tnonsteroidal antiinflammatory
agents for, 1326, 1326tinflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
drugs for, 1267anticholinergics, 1268glucocorticoids, 1268–1269immunosuppressive drugs, 1269sulfasalazine, 1267–1268
inhalation anestheticsas cerebral vasodilators, 224drug kinetics properties, 218–219methods of characterization, 217pharmacodynamics of, 222–232
cardiovascular system effects,225–226
central nervous system effects,223–224
desflurane, 228–229effects of volatile anesthetics on
arterial oxygen tension (Pao2),224, 225f
enflurane, 231gastrointestine, 226halothane, 230–231isoflurane, 227–228kidneys, 226–227liver, 226methoxyflurane, 231nitrous oxide, 231–232respiratory system effects,
224–225
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
inhalation anesthetics (Continued)sevoflurane, 229–230skeletal muscle, 227
pharmacokineticsblood flow characteristics in
different tissue groups, 221tdelivery to alveoli, 220dosage, 222factors contributing to anesthetic
elimination, 222factors promoting rapid changes,
220tminimum alveolar concentration
(MAC), 222, 222tmovement, 219foil/gas partition coefficients vs
potency (MAC), 223fpartial pressure between alveoli
and venous blood, 221recovery from, 221–222removal from alveoli, 220–221standard index of potency for,
222upper limit of inspired
concentration, 220uptake and elimination, 219–222
physicochemical characteristics of,216–218
chemical, 216–217forms, gas vs vapor, 217physical, 217of volatile anesthetics, 218t
postanesthetic cognitive dysfunctionand, 224
preconditioning effects, 224solubility characteristics of
in blood and tissues, 220blood/gas solubility, 219high agent solubility, 219oil/gas partition coefficient,
219rubber or plastic/gas partition
coefficients, 219tfor tissues, 219
trace concentrations of, 232inhaled corticosteroids, 1312–1313injectable anesthetics
barbiturates, 248–255, 254tCNS activity in seizing patients, 247disadvantages of, 247dissociative anesthetics, 259–264etomidate, 264–267indications for, 247intramuscular, 247neurosteroids, 267–269
properties of ideal, 248pharmacological, 248physiological, 248
propofol, 255–259, 255f, 259tInnovar-Vet, 328inodilators, 513–516inodoxacarb, 1179inosine monophosphate
dehydrogenate (IMPDH), 1237inotropic agents, 516–517inotropic effect, 506insect development inhibitors (IDIs),
1183insect growth regulators (IGRs), 1183inspired concentration, of inhalation
anesthetics, 220, 231Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP), 1451insulin, 763–768
chemistry and biosynthesis of,763–764
history of, 763mechanism of action, 765metabolism of, 765–766preparations and properties of,
766–767, 766tsecretion of, 764–765therapeutic uses of, 767–768, 768t
intact animals, gonadorelin for, 677interferons, 1017
administration of, 1017adverse reactions, 1020alpha, 1017, 1020clinical and experimental uses of,
1018t–1019tomega, 1020types of, 1017
International Conference onHarmonization of TechnicalRequirements for Registration ofPharmaceuticals for Human Use(ICH), 1425
International Federation ofHorseracing Authorities (IFA),1440
interspecies extrapolations, 62–63, 62fintraarticular administration, of
glucocorticoids, 748–749intracranial pressure (ICP), diuretics
to reduce, 605intramuscular (IM) injection of
anesthetics, 247intraocular pressure (IOP), 1321,
1323intraosseous fluids, 581
intravenous regional nerve block(IVRA or Bier block), 370
intrinsic sympathetic activity (ISA),145
iodinated radiocontrast agents, 719,719f
iodine, as antiseptic/disinfectant, 783iodine metabolism, 691–693iodophors, 783ion channels, 66ionic strength of a solution, 94ionotropic receptors, 72, 171ion trapping, 10, 11fiopanoic acid, 716tischemia–reperfusion injury,
associated with HBOCs, 587isoflurane, 227
anticonvulsant effects of, 228biotransformation, 227–228cardiovascular actions of, 228CNS, effect on, 228CO2 absorbent stability, 227immobilizing effects of, 224respiratory system, effect on, 228rubber or plastic/gas partition
coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228, 228t
isophosphamide. see ifosfamideisopropamide, 1264, 1264t, 1310isopropyl alcohol, 782–783isoproterenol, 137, 138, 544, 1305isosorbide dinitrate, 524–526isoxazolines, 1174–1175
efficacy, 1175mechanism of action, 1175pharmacokinetics, 1174–1175safety/toxicity, 1175
itraconazole, 993t, 998, 1000–1003adverse effects, 1002–1003clinical use, 1001–1002
cats, 1002dogs, 1002large animals, 1002
formulations, 998, 1000pharmacokinetics, 1001spectrum of activity, 1000–1001structure of, 1004f
ivermectin, 1102, 1103f, 1104f, 1111f,1115–1116, 1168, 1169t, 1175,1176. see also macrocycliclactones (MLs)
pour-on products, 1167sustained release device, 1115–1116toxicity, 179
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
JJanuvia, 772Joint Expert Committee on Food
Additives (JECFA), 1476Journal of Biological Chemistry, 4Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics, 4Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, 1476Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics (JVPT), 5juvenile-hormone analogs (JHAs),
1183juxtaglomerular cells, anatomy of, 598f
KK9 AdvantixTM, 1173Kahun Papyrus, 3kanamycin, 889–890
structure of, 879fkaolin–pectin, 1262–1263keratinization, 1279keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), 1232
sulfonamides and, 805keratomycosis, in horses, 1328ketamine, 187, 260f, 263
adverse effects/contraindications,263
bronchodilating properties of, 261cardiovascular effects, 261chemistry, 260CNS effects of, 261in different species, 262tdose, 263history, 259–260metabolism, 262pharmacokinetics, 262preparation, 260salivation stimulation of, 261species differences, 264
ketoacidosis, 575–576ketoconazole, 752f, 754, 993t, 994,
996–997adverse effects, 996clinical use, 996interactions, 997pharmacokinetics, 994, 996spectrum of activity, 994structure of, 1004f
ketoprofen, 471f, 1368kidneys
cardiac glycosides and digitalis with,508–509
factors regulating function of,597–600
antidiuretic hormone, 600cylcooxygenase, 600renin–angiotensin–aldosterone
system, 597–600, 599fsympathetic nervous system, 600
physiology of, 593–600, 594f, 596fepithelial transport and secretion,
600nephron function, 593–597, 595f,
596fkinesin, 170Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
(KPC), 828
Llabeling error, 1451labor induction, oxytocin for, 681lacrimogenics, for ocular disease, 1329lactic acidosis, 575lamivudine, 1014–1015
clinical use, 1015pharmacokinetics, 1015
larval development assay (LDA), 1109lasalocid, 1147–1148, 1147fL-asparaginase, 1212–1213laudanosine, 200law of mass action, 24Lawsonia intracellularis, 1267laxatives and cathartics, 1270, 1270t
bulk laxatives, 1270–1271, 1271tlubricant laxatives, 1271saline cathartics, 1270stimulants, 1270stool softeners, 1271
lazaroids, 749L-deprenyl, 752f, 754–755leflunomide, 1238
adverse effects, 1238indications and clinical uses, 1238
leishmaniasis, drugs for, 1130tleucovorin, 1207leukeran. see chlorambucilleukotriene inhibitors, 1314leukotriene receptor blockers, 1314levamisole, 1055–1058, 1066
anthelmintic spectrum, 1057dosages, 1057formulations, 1057immunomodulatory effects,
1057–1058metabolic pathways of, 1055fmode of action, 1055–1056pharmacokinetics, 1056–1057routes of administration, 1057safety and toxicity, 1058
levetiracetam, 407–408adverse effects, 408clinical use, 407–408pharmacokinetics, 407
levobupivacaine, 383levofloxacin, 953levothyroxine, 708–712, 709t
dosage considerations for, 710–711dosages
for cats, 712for dogs, 711–712for horses, 712
quality control of, 710LFRs (Livestock Food Reports), 1452lidocaine, 250, 251, 381–382, 548–549,
1253behavioral changes attributed to,
382in food animals, 1369–1370pharmacokinetics of, 381pharmacological and
nonpharmacological features,381
physical–chemical properties andpharmacological properties of,376t
uses, 382ligand-gated ion channels, 67lincomycin, 926–927
absorption and distribution, 926adverse effects and precautions,
926–927chemical structures of, 925fclinical use, 927formulations, 926mechanism of action and spectrum,
926metabolism and excretion, 926regulatory considerations, 927source and chemistry, 926
lincomycin methyl, 1155flincomycin–spectinomycin, 927lincosamides, 925–926, 1155–1156,
1155fclindamycin, 925f, 927–930lincomycin, 925f, 926–927
lindane, 1470linezolid, 940lipid and carbohydrate metabolism,
thyroid hormones influence on,706
lipid-soluble drugs, 12lipid : water partition coefficient, 10lipocortin, 734lipooxygenase inhibitor, 1314
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
liquid chromatography (LC), 1442,1443
liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), 1441liquid petrolatum, 1271liver
bile secretion in lobule of, 37fdrug localization and
biotransformation in, 32relationship between blood flow and
hepatic clearance, 35, 35fliver fluke, 1085–1086. see also
antitrematodal drugsL-lysine, 1020lobendazole, 1039local anesthetics, 183–184
activity-dependent blockade, 371chemical properties
amino-ester vs amino-amideclasses, 373
effect of local pH, 373–375stability and formulations,
375–376stereoisomerism, 375
clinical uses in veterinary medicine,369–370
differential effects on nerve fibers,371–373
drug interactions, 378general ADME considerations,
377–378major classes of, 373fmechanism for, 371–373metabolic degradation of, 378model for sodium channel blockade
by, 372ffor ocular disease, 1330–1331onset and duration of action,
376–377physical–chemical properties and
pharmacological properties of,376t
regulatory issues of, 380–381topical use of, 370toxicity of
cardiovascular system, 380central nervous system, 379–380
logit, 81lomustine. see
cyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea(CCNU)
long-acting rodenticides, 635loop diuretics
absorption and elimination of, 607chemistry/formulations of, 605–606mechanisms and sites of action, 606
therapeutic uses, 608–610toxicity, adverse effects,
contraindications, andinteractions, 607–608
loop of Henle, 27, 595–596, 595f, 598floperamide, 1114, 1264–1265lorazepam
behavioral responses of, 426–427chemical name, 334–335molecular formula, 334regulatory information, 335
low-molecularweight heparin(LMWH), 629, 630–632
dalteparin (Fragmin), 631–632enoxaparin, 632
L-triiodothyronine, synthetic, 709t,712–713
lubricant laxatives, 1271lufenuron, 1007–1008, 1183Lutalyse, 678tlymphocytic–plasmacytic colitis, 1269lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 1398
Mmacrocyclic lactones (MLs), 1064,
1102and ABC transporters, interactions
between, 1114–1115ecotoxicological impact, 1121as ectoparasiticides, 1175–1177,
1175tchemistry, 1175–1176efficacy, 1176–1177mechanism of action, 1176pharmacokinetics, 1176safety/toxicity, 1177
general pharmacology of,1102–1104
mechanism of action, 1104–1106,1105f
pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship,1109–1111
pharmacokinetics of, 1106–1109drug and host-related factors
affecting, 1116–1120, 1118f,1119f
exchange between bloodstreamand target tissues, 1106–1108,1106f, 1107f
hepatic metabolism, 1108–1109preparations available, 1115–1116resistance to, 1113–1114safety and toxicity, 1120–1121therapeutic uses, 1111
dogs and cats, 1113horses, 1112ruminants, 1111–1112swine, 1112
tissue residues and withdrawaltimes, 1120
macrolide antibiotics, 912, 912tadverse effects and precautions, 920antibacterial activity of, 915azithromycin, 924–925clarithromycin, 923drug interactions, 920erythromycin, 920–921gamithromycin, 923immunomodulatory effects,
916–918interpretive criteria for, 916tmechanism of action, 915pharmacokinetic–
pharmacodynamic properties,916–917, 917t
pharmacokinetics, 918–920, 919tabsorption and distribution,
918–920metabolism and excretion, 920
resistance to, 915source and chemistry, 912–915spectrum of activity, 915–916, 916tstructure of, 913, 913f, 914ftildipirosin, 923–924tilmicosin, 922tulathromycin, 922–923tylosin, 921–922
macula densa, anatomy of, 598fmaduramicin, 1147f, 1148magnesium hydroxide, 1255, 1256Malassezia dermatitis, terbinafine for,
1007male infertility, hCG for, 677–679mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR), 1232mammals, drugs in, 1397
farmed/domestic species,1397–1398
small/pocket pets/rodents, 1397zoo/marine mammals, 1398–1400
mammary gland, oxytocin function in,680
Mannheimia hemolytica pneumonia,816
mannitolabsorption and elimination of,
603–604for prophylaxis of acute renal failure,
604–605
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Index
Manual of Operative VeterinarySurgery, 183
manufacturing defect, 1451manufacturing process
direct compression, 106extrusion, 106factors influencing product
dissolution, 106–107roller compaction, 106slugging, 106tableting processes, 106wet/dry granulation, 105–106
marbofloxacin, 954t, 955f, 973marcfortine, 1069marketing exclusivity, for new animal
drug, 1409maropitant, 1248–1249masitinib, 1215mass spectrometry (MS), 1442, 1443mast cells, 1304materia medica, 3, 5mavacoxib, 470, 471fmaximum residual limits for
veterinary drugs (MRLVD), 1426Maximum Residue Level (MRL), 1360MDR-1 deficient dogs, 179mebendazole, 1036f, 1049. see also
benzimidazolesmecasermin, 664mechlorethamine, 1201, 1201fmedetomidine, 345f, 347, 348tmedical devices, 1407–1408medication control programs, 1439.
see also performance animals,medication control programs in
medication errors, 1451–1452mefenoxam, 1009–1010meglumine antimonate, 1136melarsomine, 1064melengestrol acetate (MGA), 683meloxicam, 471f
in food animal, 1368melphalan, 1202, 1202fmenadiol, 637menadione, structure of, 633fmeperidine, 176, 313
analgesic effects of, 312–313mepivacaine, 376t, 3836-mercaptopurine (6-MP), 1235meropenem, 849mesalamine, 811, 1268, 1268f, 1268tmesna (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate),
1200, 1234metaanalysis, 1353metabolic acidosis, 574–576, 575f
metabolic alkalosis, 576metabolic effects, of glucocorticoids,
742metabolism, drug, 32–33, 33t
aminoglycosides, 883azathioprine, 1235, 1235fbenzimidazoles, 1038–1042cephalosporins, 843chloramphenicol, 905clindamycin, 929florfenicol, 910fluoroquinolones, 966macrolide antibiotics, 920penicillins, 834pharmacogenetics of, 1337–1339sulfonamides, 804–805tetracyclines, 864
metabotropic receptors, 171metaproterenol, 1305metered-dose inhalers, 1306,
1312–1313, 1312tin horses, use of, 1313in small animals, use of, 1313
metformin, 770methacholine, 156methantheline, 162methenamine
(hexamethylenetetramine), 938methicillin, 835methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA), 835methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
pseudintermedius (MRSP), 957methimazole (MMI), 715, 716–718,
716tadverse effects of, 716–717diagnostic scintigraphy, 718monitoring of patients on, 718pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of, 716transdermal, 717–718
methohexital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250–251dose of, 254teffects on dogs, 254generalized excitement and
activation of epileptic foci, 251regulatory information, 250t
methoprene, 1166, 1170, 1183methotrexate (MTX), 1206–1207,
1207f, 1208fmethoxyflurane, 228
advantages, 231biotransformation, 231pharmacokinetics, 231renal failure and, 231
rubber or plastic/gas partitioncoefficient of, 219t
solubility of, 218tundesirable effects of, 231vapor pressure of, 228t
methscopolamine, 1264, 1264tmethylatropine, 162methylnaltrexone, 1254methylprednisolone, 740tmethylprednisolone acetate, 1269methylthioinosine monophosphate
(MeTIMP), 1235methylxanthines, 614, 1307–1308
adverse effects, 1309antiinflammatory effects, 1308clinical use, 1309–1310drug interactions, 1309formulations, 1308pharmacological effects, 1308
metioprim, pharmacokinetics of, 804tmetoclopramide, 680, 1247, 1250
adverse effects, 1247antiemetic effects, 1247pharmacokinetics, 1247
metomidate, 271fchemistry, 271dose, 272drug availability, 272history, 271indications for, 271mechanism of action, 271pharmacokinetics, 271physiology, 271–272preparation, 271regulatory information, 272species differences, 272
metoprolol, 146, 147, 546metronidazole, 1128, 1131,
1133–1134, 1262benzoate, 1131chemical structure of, 1134fclinical use, 1133–1134
metronidazole-responsive diarrhea,1265–1266
metronomic chemotherapy, 1193mexiletine, 549Meyer–Overton rule, 185Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics,
28Michaelis Menten equation, 69miconazole, 1009microglia, 178Microzide, 667Midamor, 611midazolam, 404
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
midazolam maleatechemical name, 334dose, 334molecular formula, 334regulatory information, 334
migration inhibition assay (LMIA),1109
milbemycin oxime, 1102, 1169t,1177
milbemycins, 1102, 1104, 1175. seealso macrocyclic lactones (MLs)
milk discard time, 1469, 1476milk letdown, oxytocin for, 681milrinone, 517mineralocorticoid, 740tmineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 71mineralocorticoid receptor
antagonists, 612–614absorption and elimination of, 613chemistry/formulations of, 612–613mechanisms and sites of action, 613therapeutic uses, 613–614toxicity, adverse effects,
contraindications, and druginteractions, 613
mineralocorticoid receptor blockers,520–522
clinical uses, 521–522mineralocorticoids, 750–751
history of, 750preparations and properties of, 751secretion and mechanism of action
of, 750side effects of, 751sructure of, 751ftherapeutic use of, 751
mineral oil, 1271minimum alveolar concentration
(MAC), 222, 222t, 303cortical function and, 223volatile anesthetic concentrations
and, 223minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC), 827minocycline, 178, 859f, 859t, 869
pharmacokinetic parameters of,863t
minor food-producing animals,veterinary pharmaceuticals in,1345
approval process for use of,1345–1346
considerations and challenges, 1345FDA-approved drugs, 1346
for aquaculture species, 1349t
for cervids/other ruminants,1348t
for small ruminants, 1347tlegislation and policies supporting
availability of, 1346–1350Animal Medicinal Drug Use
Clarification Act, 1346–1348Compliance Policy Guide (CPG),
1348–1349Minor Use and Minor Species
Animal Health Act, 1349–1350programs supporting use of,
1350–1351Food Animal Residue Avoidance
and Depletion Program, 1351Minor Use Animal Drug Program,
1350–1351withdrawal intervals, estimation of,
1351–1355allometric scaling, 1353–1354comparative pharmacokinetics,
1351–1353species grouping, 1354in vitro and molecular studies,
1354–1355Minor Use and Minor Species
(MUMS) Animal Health Act,1349–1350, 1401, 1422–1423
conditional approval, 1350designation of drugs, 1350indexing, 1350
Minor Use Animal Drug Program,1350–1351
Miostat®, 157mirtazapine, 435, 1249–1250misoprostol, 1261–1262mitotane, 752–753mitoxantrone, 1205–1206, 1206fmivacurium, 198, 200MLs. see macrocyclic lactonesThe Modern Horse Doctor, 183monensin, 1147f, 1148monepantel, 1071–1072Moniezia expansa, 1046Monitored Adverse Reaction
Committee (MARC) meeting,1454
monoamine oxidase inhibitors(MAOIs), 175, 435–436
monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 1214monoethylglycine xylidide (MEGX),
381MonteCarlo simulations, 83f, 84montelukast, 1314morantel, 1058, 1059f, 1060
morphine, 178, 312analgesic effects of, 312–313as antitussive, 1302
mosapride, 1251motility modifiers, for diarrhea,
1263–1264Motilium, 680moxidectin, 1102, 1104, 1104f,
1107–1108, 1108f, 1111f, 1116,1175, 1177
moxifloxacin, 953, 973MSRT (morantel slow release
trilaminate bolus), 1060Mucinex®, 1315mucosal protectants and adsorbents,
1262–1263bismuth subsalicylate, 1263kaolin–pectin formulations,
1262–1263multiple drug resistance (MDR), 12,
1196muscarinic receptor antagonists,
159–161antimuscarinic effects of, 161clinical uses, 161pharmacological effects, 160–161
mustargen. see mechlorethaminemutation, 1333myasthenia gravis, 1237mycophenolate, 1237–1238
adverse effects, 1238clinical use, 1237pharmacokinetics/
pharmacodynamics,1237
mydriasis, 188mydriatics, 1330myocardial contractility, with digitalis
and cardiac glycosides, 505myxedema coma, thyroid hormones
for treatment of, 714–715
Nnaftifine, 1006nalbuphine, 308nalidixic acid, 1386N-alkane anesthetics, 226nalmefene, 308nalorphine, 308naloxegol, 1254naloxone, 308naltrexone, 308nandrolone, 685naphtalophos, 1061naphthalophos, 1061
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
narasin, 1147f, 1148narcotics, 1430natamycin, 1010National Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring System (NARMS),958
National Coordinating Council forMedication Error Reporting andPrevention (NCCMERP),1451–1452
National Formulary (NF), 96National Human Genome Research
Institute, 1332National Pesticide Information Center
(NPIC), 1453National Research Support Project #7
(NRSP-7). see Minor Use AnimalDrug Program
National Residue Program (NRP), 1470Naunym-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of
Pharmacology, 4N-butylscopolamine bromide (NBB),
161–162N-butylscopolammonium bromide,
1264, 1310NCCMERP. see National Coordinating
Council for Medication ErrorReporting and Prevention
nebulization, 1306nedocromil sodium, 1307nemadectins, 1175neomycin, 890
structure of, 879fneonicotinoids, 1168
dinotefuran, 1174imidacloprid, 1172–1173isoxazoline, 1174–1175nitenpyram, 1173spinosad, 1174
neosporosis, drugs for, 1130tneostigmine, 158–159, 205, 1252–1253
for reversal of neuromuscularblockade, 210
nephronaatomy of, 594ffunction of, 593–597ion and water movement, 596fstructure of, 26–27, 27f
Neptazane, 601netobimin, 1039, 1048neural NO synthase (nNOS), 121neuroendocrine effects, of cardiac
glycosides and digitalis, 507neurokinin, 1245neurokinin-1 (NK-1), 1248
neurokinin receptor (NK), 1302neuromuscular blocking (NMB)
agents, 194action mechanism of, 194characteristics of, 199tclinical use of, 208–211competitive nondepolarizing agents,
195, 198–202, 199tasymmetric mixed-onium
chlorofumarates, 201atracurium, 199–200doxacurium, 200mivacurium, 200pancuronium, 200rocuronium bromide, 201trisquaternary ether NMB agent,
201–202vecuronium, 200–201
depolarizing agents, 195, 202–204phase I block, 202phase II block, 202
development of, 194–195drug interactions, 208impulse transmission at somatic
NMJ, 195pharmacological considerations,
198physiological and anatomic
considerations, 195–196, 195findications for, 194margin of safety of neuromuscular
transmission, 209pharmacological effects of, 204
autonomic effects, 206–207cardiovascular effects, 207–208central nervous system, 207histamine release, 207ocular effects, 208serum potassium, 208skeletal muscle, 204–206, 204f,
205freversal of blockade, 209–210
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors,210
sugammadex, 210–211sporadic use of, 194
neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 194neuropeptide Y (NPY), 120neurosteroid anesthetics
adverse effects/ contraindications,269
classification, 267dose, 269drug availability, 269history, 267
indications, 268mechanism of action, 267metabolism, 269overdosage/acute toxicity, 269pharmacokinetics, 268, 268tphysiological/pharmacodynamic
effects, 268allergic reactions, 268analgesic effects, 268cardiovascular effects, 268CNS effects, 268following cesarean section, 268muscular effects, 268respiratory effects, 268
regulatory information, 269species differences, 269
neurotransmitters, 168, 170–171,170f
and receptors, 171–172agmatine, 177amines, 174–176amino acids, 172–174endocannabinoids, 177peptides, 176–177purines, 177
neutral endopeptidase inhibitors,615
New Animal Drug Applications(NADAs), 1346, 1361, 1407,1412–1419
n-3 fatty acids, for colitis, 1269–1270N-halamines, 784nicarbazin, 1145–1146, 1145fniclofolan, 1087, 1088niclosamide, 1082, 1082fnicotine injections, 224nicotinic cholinergic receptor, 72, 194,
196–198, 196fNMB agents and, 197, 197f
nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), 174nifurtimox, 1139–1140, 1140fnitarsone, 1137nitazoxanide (NTZ), 1069, 1159nitenpyram, 1173
efficacy, 1173pharmacokinetics, 1173safety/toxicity, 1173
nitric oxide (NO), 121nitrobenzamides, 1144–1145, 1145f
aklomide, 1145, 1145fdinitolmide, 1145, 1145f
nitrofurans, 934–935as antiprotozoan drugs, 1139–1140in food-producing animals, 1470
nitrogen, 389–390
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Index
nitrogen mustard, 1191, 1200–1202chlorambucil, 1201–1202, 1201fcyclophosphamide, 1200, 1200fifosfamide, 1200–1201, 1200fmechlorethamine, 1201, 1201fmelphalan, 1202, 1202f
nitroglycerin, 524–526nitroimidazoles, 1128, 1129t, 1134f
benznidazole, 1135metronidazole, 1128, 1131,
1133–1134ronidazole, 1135secnidazole, 1135tinidazole, 1134–1135
nitroprusside, 524–526nitrosoureas, 1202nitrosteroids, 749nitrous oxide
analgesic actions of, 224biotransformation, 231cardiovascular actions of, 232cerebral blood flow, in, 232CNS, effects of, 231–232kidney, effects of, 232liver, effects of, 232potency of, 231respiratory system, effects of, 232vapor pressure of, 228t
nitrovasodilators, 524–526adverse effects, 526clinical uses, 525–526mechanism of action, 524pharmacokinetics, 524tolerance, 526
nitroxynil, 1087–1088, 1087fadministration of, 1088chemical structure of, 1087fmechanism of action, 1088pharmacokinetic behavior, 1088side effects, 1088
nizatidine, 1256–1257, 1256tNizoral, 754NK-1 receptor antagonists, 1248–1249
adverse effects, 1249clinical use, 1249pharmacokinetics, 1248–1249
N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDAreceptor), 172, 178
nociceptors, 168, 182nonadrenal disorder management,
glucocorticoids for, 729nonadrenergic–noncholinergic
(NANC) fibers, 121nonadrenergic–noncholinergic
neurons, 121
nonhuman primates, morphine effectson, 296
nonlinear zero order kinetics, 29nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), 65, 606, 703additional actions of, 481chemical classification of classical,
470tSAID, 470–472
eicosanoids and, 467–468in food animals, 1370and glucocorticoids, 735f, 748history of, 469–470for ocular inflammation, 1326, 1326tpharmacodynamics
central sites and mechanisms ofaction of, 480–481, 482t
efficacy, potency, and sensitivity ofCOX inhibition, 478–480
inhibition of COX and 5-LO,477–478, 478t
pharmacokinetics of, 472tabsorption, 472distribution, 472–473drug residues, 476–477excretion and metabolism
(elimination), 473–476species differences in, 474, 475tterminal half-life of, 474t
for respiratory diseases, 1313–1314selection of dose and dose regimen,
81therapeutic uses of
acute pain and inflammation,487–488, 488t
antihemostatic actions of aspirin,489
antipyresis, 489calf and piglet scours, 491cancer, 489–490chronic pain, 488–489mastitis, metritis, and
endotoxemia, 490neurodegenerative diseases, 491ophthalmic uses, 491respiratory diseases, 490–491
toxicity ofbone, tendon, and ligament
healing, 486cardiovascular system and blood
cells, 485–486gastrointestinal, 482–484hepatotoxicity, 485local irritancy, 484nervous system, 487
renal, 484–485reproductive system, 487respiration, 487skin, 487soft tissue healing and repair,
486–487No Observable Effect Level (NOEL),
1359norepinephrine (NE), 136, 175, 421,
1304, 1304tnovobiocin, 930–931noxious stimulus, 181Noyes–Whitney equation, 106NSAIDs. see nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugsnuclear thyroid hormone receptors,
704–705nucleoside analogs
acyclovir and valacyclovir,1010–1012
cidofovir, ganciclovir, andvalganciclovir, 1013
cytarabine and vidarabine, 1014idoxuridine and trifluridine,
1013–1014penciclovir and famciclovir,
1012–1013ribavirin, 1014zidovudine, PMEA, and lamivudine,
1014–1015nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor (NRTI), 1014nutraceuticals, 439nystatin, 1010
Ooccupancy theory, 74Occupational Safety
andHealthAdministration(OSHA), 1199
oclacitinib, 1233clinical use, 1233mechanism of action, 1233pharmacokinetics, 1233safety and adverse effects, 1233
octreotide, 661–662ocular globe, 1321Office of Minor Use and Minor Species
Animal Drug Development(OMUMS), 1422–1423
Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation(ONADE), 1454
oil/gas partition coefficient ofanesthetics, 219
ointments, 1322
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
oleandomycin, 913oligodendrocytes, 178omega interferon, 1020omeprazole, 1258–1259, 1258t, 1262,
1433ondansetron, 176, 1247ophthalmic applications, of
glucocorticoids, 749ophthalmic pharmacology, 1321
anatomy and physiology related to,1321
corticosteroid formulations, 1325tdrug levels in tissues, factors
influencingadministration factors, 1322–1323drug factors, 1322ocular factors, 1321–1322
glaucoma and, 1323–1325infections and, 1326–1329inflammation and, 1325–1326lacrimogenics, 1329local anesthetics, 1330–1331mydriatics and cycloplegics, 1330topical administration, 1322,
1323topiate antagonists, 1253–1254opioid peptides, 177opioids, 437
advantage of, 281adverse effects of, 281agonists
alfentanil, 303apomorphine, 304carfentanil, 303–304codeine, 298etorphine, 303–304fentanyl, 300–303heroin, 298–299hydrocodone, 297–298hydromorphone, 296–297meperidine (pethidine), 300methadone, 299–300morphine, 294–296oxycodone, 298oxymorphone, 297propoxyphene, 304remifentanil, 303sufentanil, 303
antagonistscentral, 309diprenorphine, 309nalmefene, 308naloxone, 308naltrexone, 308peripheral, 309
chemical properties, 290tclinical pharmacology
analgesia, 291as anesthetic, 291as antidiarrheal drug, 291antitussive use, 291effects on temperature regulation,
292in patients with head trauma,
292in treatment of congestive heart
failure, 291contraindications, warnings, and
drug interactions, 292–294for diarrhea, 1264–1265, 1264tdose, 312temetic properties, 288–289in food-producing animals, 294history of, 281interactions between, 292
with drug clearance, 293with other analgesics and
antidepressants, 293–294in nonmammal species, 311–313,
312tpartial and mixed, 304–308
buprenorphine, 304–306butorphanol, 307nalbuphine, 308nalorphine, 308pentazocine, 308
pharmacodynamics, 285–290antitussive effect, 288cardiovascular effects, 287–288central nervous system excitation,
286gastrointestinal effects, 288–289gastrointestinal motility, 289immune system effects, 290respiratory depression, 285supraspinal pathways, 285tolerance and dependence, 290urinary tract, 289
pharmacokinetics of, 287t, 290–291physiology of, 282–285potency of, 296tas preanesthetics, 187, 1302receptor density in different species,
312treceptor types and their associated
effects, 284trole in analgesia, 281, 285–286routes of administration
epidural, 311periheral, 311
therapeutic uses in animals, 282tUnited States drug scheduling of,
283torbifloxacin, 954torganophosphates, 1061–1062, 1170t,
1180–1182chemistry, 1181efficacy, 1181mechanism of action, 1181safety/toxicity, 1181–1182
oritavancin, 936ormetoprim, 1153f, 1154
pharmacokinetics of, 804toseltamivir, 1015–1016
adverse effects, 1016clinical use, 1016
osmotic compensation, 604osmotic diuretics, 603–605
absorption and elimination of,603–604
adverse effects of, 604chemistry/formulations of, 603contraindications of, 604drug interactions of, 604mechanisms and sites of action,
603therapeutic uses of, 604–605
Ostwald ripening, 90ototoxicity, aminoglycosides and, 884outsourcing facility, 1431Ovagen, 678tOvernight Rapid Beef Identification
Test (ORBIT), 1472over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, 1430ovulation induction, gonadorelin for,
676Ovuplant, 676oxantel, 1058, 1059oxazepam, behavioral responses of,
426–427oxazolidinones, 940
adverse effects, 940clinical use, 940drug interactions, 940
oxfendazole, 1036f, 1049. see alsobenzimidazoles
oxibendazole, 1049oxidation, 92Oxoject, 681oxolinic acid, 1385oxybarbiturates, 248oxyclozanide, 1089f, 1091, 1092foxygen carrier, 585oxyglobin, 586–587oxymetazoline, 1315
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
oxytetracycline, 859f, 859t, 867–868,1140, 1327
in aquatic animals, 1381, 1384,1386–1397
pharmacokinetic parameters of, 862toxytocin, 668, 678t, 680–681
adverse reactions and side effects,681
clinical uses of, 681function of, 680mechanism of action, 681structure of, 680
Ppachycurares, 199paclitaxel, 1211, 1211fpain, 181
acute, 182amantadine for, 1017in animals, 181–182chronic, 182–183mechanisms of, 182–183, 182f
Palladia, 773pancuronium, 197, 198, 200
characteristics of, 199tparaherquamide, 1069parasympathetic nervous system
(PSNS), 113, 115f–116f,116–119, 117t, 120–121, 151
ganglionic nicotinic receptors, 121parasympatholytics, for ocular disease,
1330parasympathomimetics, 151
for glaucoma, 1325for ocular disease, 1329
parathyroid hormone (PTH), 561receptors, 596
parecoxib, 470, 471fparomomycin, 891, 1138–1139, 1138fparoxetine, 433partition coefficients of API, 91parturition
prostaglandins analogs for, 681reproductive hormonal drugs for,
686parvaquone, 1141f, 1143P450 assays, 1354patent term restoration, 1409Pausinystalia yohimbe, 144pegvisomant, 662penciclovir, 1012–1013
adverse effects, 1013clinical use, 1013pharmacokinetics, 1012–1013spectrum of activity, 1012
penems. see carbapenemspenetration-enhancing vehicles, 1434penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), 826penicillin G, 1360penicillins, 11
adverse effects, 836aminopenicillins, 829, 834–835
dosages for, 835telimination of, 835formulations of, 835
antimicrobial activity, 829–830antistaphylococcal, 829, 835β-lactamase inhibitors, 836–838extended-spectrum, 829–830,
835–836general pharmacology, 828–829
structure, 829, 829funitage, 828–829
natural, 829, 834formulations, 833t, 834penicillin G, 834penicillin V, 834
pharmacokinetics, 830, 832t,833–834, 833t
absorption, 830, 833distribution, 833–834elimination, 833metabolism, 834
special species considerations, 836susceptibility testing, 830, 831t
pentamidine isethionate, 1157f, 1158Pentastarch (PEN), 582tpentavalent antimonials, 1135–1136,
1136fmeglumine antimonate, 1136sodium stibogluconate, 1136, 1136f
pentazocine, 308pentobarbital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250
adverse effects on fetus andneonates, 252
cardiovascular activity of, 250delivery mode of, 250dose of, 254tduration of action of, 250euthanasia solutions, 250regulatory information, 250t
pentoxifylline, 1307Pen Tsao, 3Penzyme III, 1472peptides neurotransmitters, 176–177,
176t, 177tPepto Bismol®, 1263perfluorochemicals, 585–586performance animals, medication
control programs in, 1439
and controversiesanabolic steroids, 1445–1446furosemide, 1444–1445recombinant products, 1446
drug testing process, 1440detection, 1442extraction, 1441overview, 1442–1443referee sample analysis,
1443–1444sample type, 1440–1441separation process, 1441–1442
regulatory agencies and stakeholderorganizations, 1439
nonracing drug and medicationrules, 1440
racing animals, 1439–1440thresholds, reporting levels, and
cutoffs, 1444, 1444twithdrawal times, factors affecting,
1444peripheral nociceptors, 168periventricular nucleus (PVN)
neurons, 731permeability coefficient, 10permethrin, 1169t, 1179pesticides, 1408pet food adverse events, reporting of,
1452Pet Food EarlyWarning and
Surveillance System (PFEWSS),1452
PF1022A, 1070PG600, 678tP-glycoprotein (P-gp), 12, 179, 1196,
1334–1335efflux pump, 994macrocyclic lactones and,
1105–1106in oral drug absorption, 1334substrates, 1341t
pharmaceutic principlesactive pharmaceutical ingredient
(API), characteristics of, 87–88,88f
formulation challenges, 87pharmacodynamics (PD), 65
alfaxalone, 268alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists, 353benzodiazepines, 331–332butyrophenone, 329dissociative anesthetics, 260–262dose and dosage regimen selection,
81–83in vivo drug selectivity, 79f
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
dose titration designs, 77–78, 78fdose titration vs PK/PD modeling,
78–79, 78f, 79fdown-and up-regulation, 76inhalation anesthetics, 222–232neurosteroid anesthetics, 268nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs, 480–481, 482topioids, 285–290PK/PD model building, 79–81,
80f–81ffundamental differences between
dose-ranging trial and, 79in graded concentration response
relationship, 80–81Hill model, 80limitation of, 84quantal concentration–response
relationship, 80rate of change of response over
time, 80stimulation or inhibition function,
80PK/PD predictive indices, 82population, 76–77population PK/PD, 83–84types of drug targets, 65–67, 66f
pharmacogenetics, 1332, 1333in clinical practice, 1341–1342of drug distribution, 1335–1337,
1336fof drug excretion, 1339–1340
P-gp mediated biliary excretion,1339–1340
solute carrier-mediated renalexcretion, 1340
of drug metabolism, 1337–1339canine, CYP polymorphisms in,
1338CYP polymorphisms in other
species, 1338Phase II metabolic enzymes,
1338–1339of drug receptors, 1340future directions, 1342and idiosyncratic reactions, 1340of oral drug absorption, 1334–1335,
1335fand protein binding, 1340–1341
pharmacogenomics, 1332. see alsopharmacogenetics
pharmacokinetics (PK), 65acyclovir, 1011afoxalaner, 1174alfaxalone, 268, 268t
alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists, 352talpha-2-adrenergic receptor
agonists, 343, 344tof aminoglycosides, 882–884barbiturates, 252–253behavior drugs, 416–419benzodiazepines (BZDs), 333tbromide, 410butyrophenone, 329–330cephalosporins, 840–843, 841tchloramphenicol, 904–905, 905t,
906tcisapride, 1251–1252of clindamycin, 929tcyclosporine, 1230dapsone, 1239definition, 41diazepam, 402–403digitalis, 509–510dissociative anesthetics, 262dosage regimens, 57–62
adjusting for disease, 60–62, 61fconstant-dose, interval-extension
method (IE), 61, 61fconstant-interval, dose-reduction
(DR), 61dosage rate, 59efficacy and safety, 60loading dose, 58maintenance dose, 58relative dosage interval, 59
drug passage across membranes,10–12
enflurane, 231etomidate, 265–266famciclovir, 1012–1013fipronil, 1171florfenicol, 909–911, 910tfluconazole, 997flumazenil, 338fluoroquinolones, 958, 959t–964t,
965–987fluralaner, 1174–1175fundamental axioms of, 8–10gabapentin, 406griseofulvin, 988–989guaifenesin, 355half-life, 44halothane, 230imepitoin, 402imidacloprid, 1172interspecies extrapolations, 62–63,
62fitraconazole, 1001ketamine, 262
ketoconazole, 994, 996lamivudine, 1015language of, 41–43levamisole, 1056–1057levetiracetam, 407lidocaine, 381macrolide antibiotics, 917t,
918–920, 919tmethoxyflurane, 231metomidate, 271multicompartmental models, 52–53mycophenolate, 1237neurosteroid anesthetics, 268, 268tnitenpyram, 1173nitrovasodilators, 524noncompartmental models, 53–55nonlinear, 55–56nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs, 472–476, 472toclacitinib, 1233one-compartment open model,
44–48, 45fabsorption in, 46–48, 47fclearance, 45fC-T profile, 47–48equilibrium compartments, 44parameters of, 45–46, 46fsemilogarithmic
concentration-time profile for,45f
volume of distribution (Vd),44–45
opioids, 287t, 290–291penciclovir, 1012–1013penicillins, 830, 832t, 833–834, 833tphenobarbital, 253phenothiazines, 325phenytoin, 400physiological-based
pharmacokinetic (PBPK)modeling, 57
pimobendan, 516population, 56–57praziquantel, 1083–1085, 1084fprimidone, 399propofol, 257and residues, 1473–1476rifampin/rifampicin, 932, 932tof sulfonamides, 800–805,
801t–804tterbinafine, 1006–1007tetrahydropyrimidines, 1059–1060theophylline, 1308, 1309tthiopental, 252–253tramadol, 310t, 311
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
pharmacokinetics (PK) (Continued)tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),
429–430two-compartment open model,
48–52absorption in, 51clearance, 51data analysis and limitations,
51–52volumes of distribution, 50–51
valacyclovir, 1011voriconazole, 1003–1005zidovudine, 1014–1015zonisamide, 408–409
pharmacologydefinition of, 3history of, 3–4regulations and standards, 5–6veterinary, 4–7
pharmacopeia, 3pharmacovigilance, 1449–1453. see
also Center for VeterinaryMedicine (CVM)
Pharmacy CompoundingAccreditation Board (PCAB),1435
pharmacy, veterinary, 1427, 1428tclassification of drugs
compounded drugs, 1430controlled substances, 1430drug, definition of, 1429legend (prescription) drugs,
1429–1430over-the-counter
(nonprescription) drugs, 1430VFD drug, 1430
compounded drugscurrent status of, 1430–1432potential problems from,
1432–1434transdermal medications for pets,
1434–1435veterinarians and veterinary
pharmacists, guidelines for, 1435drug dispensing labeling
requirements, 1436–1437extralabel use
drugs prohibited for, 1429tregulatory discretion for, 1427requirements for, 1429t
legal extralabel use, need for,1427–1429
prescribing controlled substances,1436
inventory records, 1436
medical record, 1436storage and security, 1436
prescription writing, 1437, 1437tunapproved drugs available by
importation, 1435–1436Phased Review process, 1421–1422
Administrative NADA, 1422presubmission conference, 1422protocol development meetings,
1422standard operating procedures
(SOPs), 1422study documentation and
submission, 1422study protocols, 1422submissions, 1422
pheasants, amprolium for, 1144phenamidine isethionate, 1157f, 1158phencyclidine, 260fphenobarbital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250,
395–399adverse effects
association with blood disorder,398
on corticosteroid metabolism, 398on fetus and neonates, 252on hormone levels, 398on liver, 397–398
clinical monitoring, 399clinical use, 398–399dose of, 254tdrug interactions, 397mechanism of action, 396pharmacokinetics of, 253, 396–397regulatory information, 250t
phenolphthalein, 1270phenothiazine, 1245, 1246tphenothiazines, 175, 179, 186–187,
324–328acepromazine maleate, 326, 327fanalgesic activity of, 326as antiemetic, 326antihistamine properties of, 326chemistry, 324chlorpromazine hydrochloride, 327,
327fcontraindications, 328drug interactions, 328hematocrit of animals, effect of, 326indications, 324mechanism of action, 324overdose/acute toxicity, 328phototoxicity properties of, 326physiological effects
cardiovascular effects, 325
CNS effects, 324–325musculoskeletal effects, 325pharmacokinetics and
metabolism, 325respiratory effects, 325
platelet aggregation, effect of, 325promazine hydrochloride, 326–327,
327fregulatory information, 328species differences, 327–328thermoregulation with, 325veterinary approved products, 328
phenothizaine, 1062phenothrin, 1179phenoxybenzamine, 1432-phenoxyethanol, 392phentolamine, 143phenylbutazone, 11, 474tphenylephrine, 136phenylpropanolamine (PPA),
1315–1316phenytoin, 250, 400–401
clinical use, 400mechanism of action, 400pharmacokinetics, 400therapeutic drug monitoring, 401
phosmet dips, 1181phosphodiesterase enzyme, 1308phospholipase A2 (PLA2), inhibition
of, 734photolysis, 92photophobia, 118pH partitioning phenomenon, 10–11,
11fPhRMa website, 1412physiologically based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) modeling, 57, 1353physostigmine, 158–159phytonadione, 637pigeons, ronidazole for, 1135pigs
acepromazine in, 328antimicrobials for diarrhea in,
1266–1267dissociative anesthetics in, 264florfenicol for, 911fluoroquinolones for, 973–974macrocyclic lactones for, 1112ponazuril for, 1151propofol in, 258toltrazuril for, 1150trimethoprim–sulfadiazine for, 815
pilocarpine, 157for ocular disease, 1329
pimecrolimus, 1232
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
pimobendan, 513–516adverse effects, 516clinical application, 514–515formulations and dosing, 516mechanism of action, 515–516pharmacokinetics, 516
pinocytosis, 693piperacillin–tazobactam, 836,
838piperazine, 1062–1063, 1063f
dosages, 1062–1063mode of action, 1062safety and toxicity, 1063
piperonyl butoxide, 1171piromidic acid, 1386piroxicam, 1213Pitocin, 678t, 681pituitary hormones, 649–668,
651tanterior, 649–665, 650t
adrenocorticotropin, 651–655corticotropin-releasing hormone,
649–651glycoprotein hormones and
associated releasing hormones,655–661
melatonin, 655somatomammotropins and
regulatory hormones, 661–665posterior, 665–668
antidiuretic hormone, 665–667oxytocin, 668
pivampicillin, 835planar chromatography, 1441plasma
cations and anions in,concentrations of, 557t
hypertonicity, 558plasma hormone binding, of thyroid
hormones, 698plasma membrane transporters,
thyroid hormones translocatedby, 704
plasma protein binding, 24–25assessment of, 25covalent binding, 24, 26displacement with, 24–25dissociation in, 24hydrogen bonding, 25noncovalent binding, 24
plasma volume, in animals, 556tplasmin, 628pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO), 717,
1434p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, 178
PMEA, 1014–1015adverse effects, 1015clinical use, 1015
poikilothermic animals, 1354Poison Prevention Packaging Act,
1436–1437polyenes, for ocular infections, 1328polyether ionophores, 1146–1147,
1147f, 1368–1369lasalocid, 1147–1148, 1147fmaduramicin, 1147f, 1148monensin, 1147f, 1148narasin, 1147f, 1148salinomycin, 1149semduramicin, 1147f, 1148–1149
PolyHeme, 587polyhexamethylene biguanide
(PHMB), 784polymorphisms, 89, 1333, 1337–1338polymyxins, 938–939ponazuril, 1150–1151population pharmacokinetics, 1352posaconazole, 1005–1006postantibiotic effect (PAE), 878Postapproval Experience (PAE)
section, 1454Postapproval Monitoring Programs
(PAMPs), 1455postsynaptic processes, 171potassium, 565–569
disorders of balance, 566–569homeostasis, 565–566renal regulation of excretion of, 566
potassium clavulanate, 837potassium iodide, 716t, 1008, 1314potassium peroxymonosulfate
(PPMS), 785potency
of drugs, 69–70, 69f, 70fof inhaled anesthetic, 222
potentiated sulfonamides, 813sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim, 816trimethoprim–sulfachlorpyridazine,
815trimethoprim–sulfadiazine,
813–815trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole,
815pradofloxacin, 953, 954t, 955, 955f
for dogs and cats, 970pranlukast, 1314praziquantel, 1082–1085
chemical structure of, 1082fdosage of, 1083and epsiprantel, 1085, 1086f
febantel and, 1083formulations, 1083mode of action, 1083pharmacokinetics of, 1083–1085,
1084fpyrantel, oxantel and, 1083safety, 1085
prazosin, 143, 157, 522preanesthetic medications, 186α2-adrenergic drugs, 187dissociative drugs, 187drug classes for, 186tdrug combinations, 187hypnotic-sedatives, 187opioids, 187parasympatholytic (anticholinergic)
drugs, 187–188tranquilizer-sedatives, 186–187
prednisolone, 740, 740t, 741f, 1214,1269
for feline asthma, 1311prednisone, 740t, 741f, 1269pregabalin, 406–407premature ventricular contraction
(PVCs), 84preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone
(preproTRH), 655prescription, 1437
for controlled substances, 1437tfor noncontrolled substances, 1437twriting of, 1437, 1437t
prescription drugs, 1429–1430presynaptic processes, 168, 170–171,
170fPrimer on the Autonomic Nervous
System, 113primidone, 399–400
adverse effects, 400clinical efficacy, 399–400clinical use, 400pharmacokinetics, 399therapeutic monitoring, 400
probenecid, 834pro-benzimidazoles
administration routes, 1050anthelmintic spectrum, 1047–1049chemistry of, 1035–1037, 1036fdisposition kinetics and efficacy of,
1050–1053drug transfer into target parasites,
1046–1047febantel, 1048formulations of, 1050, 1053netobimin, 1048pharmacodynamics, 1037
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
pro-benzimidazoles (Continued)pharmacokinetics
in nonruminant species,1044–1046
in ruminant species, 1037–1044withdrawal times, safety, and
toxicity, 1053–1054procainamide, 547procaine, 384procaine penicillin G, 834procarbazine (PCB), 1203–1204,
1204fprochlorperazine, 1245, 1246tproduct defects, 1451
reporting of, 1451production enhancement drugs, 1366t,
1368–1369progesterone, 678tprogestins, 678t, 683–684Proglycem, 773proinsulin, 763, 764fprokinetic drugs, 1250
bethanechol, 1252cisapride, 1251–1252domperidone, 1251erythromycin, 1253H2-receptor antagonists, 1253lidocaine, 1253metoclopramide, 1250neostigmine, 1252–1253opiate antagonists, 1253–1254
prolactin (PRL), 664–665, 679–680drugs affects, 680mechanism of, 679regulation of, 679structure and function of, 679therapeutic uses, 680
prolactin-inhibitory hormone, 651tprolactin-releasing hormone, 651tproliferative enteropathy, 1267promazine hydrochloride, 326–327,
327f, 328promethazine, 1246, 1246tproopiomelanocortin (POMC), 176propantheline, 162, 1264, 1264t, 1268,
1310propantheline bromide, 543–544proparacaine, 384propofol, 138, 188, 255–259, 259t
adverse effects/contraindications,258
chemistry, 255classification, 255–256compatibilities and
incompatibilities, 259
dose, 259induction dose and constant rate
infusion dose, 259tdrug availability, 259drug interactions, 259history, 255mechanism of, 256metabolism, 257–258overdosage/acute toxicity, 259pharmacokinetics of, 257physiological effects
antioxidant effects, 257cardiovascular effects, 256–257CNS effects, 256muscular effects, 257nausea and vomiting, 257respiratory effects, 257
preparation of, 256regulatory information, 259species differences, 258–259structure, 255fsyndrome, 258withdrawal times, 259
propoxyphene, 304propranolol, 145, 146, 546propylthiouracil (PTU), 716, 716tProscar, 678t, 685prostaglandin analogues, for
glaucoma, 1324prostaglandin (PG)H synthase, 467prostaglandins, 678t
analogs, 681–682adverse reactions, 682clinical uses of, 681–682
protamine sulfate, 632proteomics, 1354, 1355prothrombin time (PT), 628proton pump inhibitors (PPIs),
1258–1261, 1258tadverse effects, 1260–1261clinical use, 1259
in dogs and cats, 1259–1260in horses, 1260
drug interactions, 1261pharmacokinetics and metabolism,
1259proximal convoluted tubule (PCT),
594–595, 597–598, 597fpseudoephedrine, 1315–1316pseudomembranous colitis, 927, 929pseudopregnancy, reproductive
hormonal drugs for, 686Publius Vegetius, 3pulmonary edema, furosemide for,
608–609
purine analogues, for ocularinfections, 1329
purines, 177pyrantel, 1058–1061, 1059f. see also
tetrahydropyrimidinespyrethrins and pyrethroids, 1170t,
1178–1180chemistry, 1178efficacy, 1179–1180fifth-generation pyrethroids, 1179first-generation pyrethroids, 1179formulations, 1178fourth-generation pyrethroids, 1179mechanism of action, 1178–1179pharmacokinetics, 1178pyrethroid ether, 1179–1180safety/toxicity, 1180second-generation pyrethroids, 1179third-generation pyrethroids, 1179
pyridinols, 1143pyridostigmine, 158–159
for reversal of neuromuscularblockade, 210
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), 172pyrimethamine, 1153f, 1154–1155pyrimidine analogues, for ocular
infections, 1328–1329pyriproxyfen, 1174, 1183
Qquaternary ammonium compounds
(QACs), 781quinaldine sulfate, 392quinidine, 547–548quinolones, in aquatic animals,
1385–1386
Rrabacfosadine, 1215–1216rabbits
alfaxalone and, 269diclazuril for, 1150dissociative anesthetics in, 264lasalocid for, 1148morphine and, 296robenidine for, 1144sulfonamides for, 1151
rabeprazole, 1259racing animals, medication rules for,
1439–1440Racing Medication and Testing
Consortium (RMTC), 1440ractopamine, 1368radioactive iodine (131I) therapy, 719rafoxanide, 1089f, 1091, 1092f
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
ranitidine, 1256–1257, 1256tRational Questionnaire (RQ), 1453Rauwolfia root, 144RBC volume, in animals, 556treceptor internalization, 171receptor reserve, 74receptors, 172, 173t, 174
neurotransmitters and, 171–172agmatine, 177amines, 174–176amino acids, 172–174endocannabinoids, 177peptides, 176–177purines, 177
receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family,72, 1214
recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO),1446
recombinant growth hormone (rGH),1446
Red Book, 1470Reglan, 680regulation of animal drugs, 1407
FDA/CVM on, 1407animal drugs, 1407device, 1407–1408history of, 1408–1409, 1409tpesticides, 1408veterinary biologics, 1408
Federal Food Drug and CosmeticAct (FFDCA) on, 1407, 1408
amendments to, 1409–1411international harmonization,
1425–1426laws, regulations, and guidance,
1408minor use/minor species, drugs for,
1422–1423new animal drug, 1408, 1431–1432
challenges in development of,1411–1412
premarket evaluation of,1411–1412
New Animal Drug Applications(NADAs), 1407, 1412–1419
abbreviated, 1420–1421components of, 1412–1419Phased Review process,
1421–1422over-the-counter (OTC) products,
1420postapproval monitoring of drugs,
1423–1425Adverse Drug Experience
Reports, 1424–1425
Drug Experiencing Reports,1423–1424
prescription (Rx) products, 1420veterinary feed directive drugs
(VFD), 1420Regumate, 678t, 683remifentanil, 303renal elimination, 26–32
of aminoglycoside antibiotics, 31biotransformation, 30clearance, 30–31
calculating, 30–31para-amino hippurate (PAH), 32
determinants of, 27–30brush-border tubular membrane,
28, 28fcellular structure of transport
systems, 28, 28fdifferences in urinary pH, 29glomerular filtration barrier,
27–28, 28fmechanism of nonionic passive
tubular reabsorption, 29organic anion and organic cation
transporters, 28mechanism of, 27–30nephron, structure of, 26–27, 27fphysiology relevant to, 26–27of pinocytozed drugs, 29tubular secretion and reabsorption,
31–32renal epithelial sodium channel
inhibitors, 611–612renal insufficiency, furosemide for, 608renal vasculature, anatomy of, 598frenin–angiotensin–aldosterone
system (RAAS), 597–600, 599frepellents, 1184replacement therapy, glucocorticoids,
744–745Reportable Food Registry (RFR), 1452reproductive hormonal drugs, uses of,
686–687for abortion, 686–687for benign prostatic hypertrophy,
687for cryptorchidism, 687for parturition, 686for pseudopregnancy, 686for superovulation, 686
reproductive hormones, 674–687, 675tanabolic steroids, 684–685androgens, 684equine chorionic gonadotropin, 679estrogens, 682–683
estrous cycle, 674–675finasteride, 685follicle-stimulating hormone, 679gonadorelin, 676–677gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
676gonadotropins, 677–679human chorionic gonadotropin,
677–679overview, 674oxytocin, 680–681progestins, 683–684prolactin, 679–680prostaglandin analogs, 681–682steroid hormones, 682–685
reptilesdrugs for, 1396fluoroquinolones for, 971metronidazole for, 1134
resiniferatoxin, 168resmethrin, 1179respiratory acidosis, 576–577, 576trespiratory alkalosis, 577, 577trespiratory stimulants, 1316Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid
Tumors (RECIST), 1197retinoid X receptor (RXR), 704rheology, 92ribavirin, 1014ricobendazole, 1045, 1048rifampin/rifampicin, 931–934
adverse effects, 933clinical use, 933–934interactions, 932–933mechanism of action and spectrum,
931–932pharmacokinetics, 932, 932t
rifaximin, 1265rimantadine, 1016–1017Risk Minimization Action Plans
(RiskMAPs), 1455rivaroxaban, 636–637, 636trobenacoxib, 470, 471frobenidine, 1143–1144, 1143frocuronium, 198
characteristics of, 199trocuronium bromide (Zemuron), 201romifidine, 345f, 347, 347t
in preanesthetic period, 187ronidazole, 1135, 1266
chemical structure of, 1134fclinical use, 1135
ropivacaine (Naropin), 383–384roxarsone, 1137rumen flukes, 1085
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
ruminantsbarbiturate and, 254–255fluoroquinolones for, 973macrocyclic lactones for, 1111–1112metoclopramide for, 1250morphine and, 296
RXR. see retinoid X receptor (RXR)
SSafety Reporting Portal (SRP), 1452safety signal, 1453salicylanilides, 1087, 1088
closantel, 1088–1091oxyclozanide, 1091rafoxanide, 1091
saline cathartics, 1270, 1270tsaline expectorants, 1314saline, hypertonic, 790salinomycin, 1149Salmonella, 791, 1266Sandostatin, 773sarcocystis, drugs for, 1131tsaturated vapor pressure, 218scopolamine, 160, 1245–1246secnidazole, 1135sedation, 184sedatives
alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,349–354
alpha-2-adrenergic receptoragonists, 338–349
benzodiazepine antagonists,336–338
benzodiazepine derivatives,330–336
butyrophenone, 328–330chloral hydrate, 357–358guaifenesin, 354–356phenothiazines, 324–328
selamectin, 1102, 1103f, 1175, 1177selective glucocorticoid receptor
agonists (SEGRAs), 733, 734f,749
selective glucocorticoid receptormodulators (SEGRMs), 733, 734f
selective relaxant binding agent(SRBA), 210
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs), 176, 431–436, 433f
adverse effects, 432–434nonbehavior modifying effects, 432
selectivity of drug, 70–72selegiline, 176, 435–436semduramicin, 1147f, 1148–1149Sentinel Initiative, 1455–1456
serotonin (5-HT), 421. see5-hydroxytryptamine
agonists and antagonists, 463metabolism, 460–461neuronal uptake of, 461–462pharmacological effects, 462–463physiological and pathological
processes, 463side effects and interactions, 463sources, 460–461subtypes, 462
serotonin antagonists, 1247serotonin syndrome, 176sertraline, 433–434seven transmembrane receptors (7TM
receptors), 72sevoflurane, 224
biotransformation, 229cardiovascular actions of, 230CNS, effect on, 229–230CO2 absorbent stability, 229respiratory system, effect on, 230rubber or plastic/gas partition
coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228t
sheepalfaxalone effects on, 269decoquinate for, 1142lasalocid for, 1148vitamin K1 dose for, 638
signal detection, at CVM, 1453sildenafil, 526–527silodosin, 143sinus tachycardia, antiarrhythmic
agents for, 544–546sirolimus, 1232–1233skin, 1278
anatomy and histology, 1278–1279,1279f
blood supply, 1280, 1281tdermis, 1279f, 1280epidermis, 1279–1280, 1279f
avian, 1280as a barrier, 17–18, 18fbiochemistry
drug biotransformation,1281–1282
energy production and utilization,1281
lipid metabolism, 1282protein metabolism, 1282
cells, 17–18cleansers, 789dermis and appendages, 18
gross features of, 18, 18flayers, 17–18medicated applications, 1293
dressings, 1294lotions, 1294ointments, 1293–1294pastes, 1294plasters, 1294poultices, 1294powders, 1294suspension, 1294
percutaneous absorptionelectrically assisted transdermal
drug delivery, 1289factors affecting, 1287penetration enhancers,
1287–1289principles of, 1283–1285, 1283f,
1284fpig, 1280–1281stratum corneum, 18–19topical vehicles, 1285–1287, 1286f,
1289adsorbents and protectives, 1289astringents, 1290caustics and escharotics, 1291demulcents, 1289–1290emollients, 1290, 1290tkeratolytics, keratoplastics, and
antiseborrheics, 1291–1293rubefacients, irritants, and
vesicants, 1291skin elasticity, and dehydration,
561–562slugging, 106small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
(SIBO), 1265SNARE proteins, 171soaker-type catheter, 370Society of Veterinary Hospital
Pharmacists, 1435sodium cromoglycate. see cromolynsodium–glucose cotransporters,
771sodium hypochlorite, 393, 783, 790sodium iodide, 1008sodium nitroprusside, 525sodium o-phenylphenol, 786sodium stibogluconate, 1136, 1136f“soft” steroids, 749–750solid-phase extraction (SPE), 1441solute carrier (SLCs) proteins, 179solute carrier (SLC) transporters,
1340somatostatin, 661, 662t, 772–773
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
somatotropin (GH), 662–664adverse effects of, 664function of, 663porcine, 663secretion of, 662, 662tstructure of, 662therapeutic use, 663–664
somatotropin-inhibitory hormone,651t
somatotropin-releasing hormone, 651tsotalol, 546, 550spare receptors, 74spatial summation, 171species grouping, 1354specificity of drug, 70–72spectinomycin, 939–940
antimicrobial activity, 939clinical use, 939–940pharmacokinetics, 939
spheroblasts, 826spinal and epidural anesthesia,
370–371spinosad, 1174spironolactone, 612–614splash blocks, 370Spot Test, 1472SRP. see Safety Reporting Portalstability of drug, 92stanazolol, 678t, 685Staphylococcus aureus, 788static baths, 1377statistical tolerance limit procedure,
1471steady state blood concentrations, 31stereochemistry of the API, 93stereoisomers, 71sterilization, 782steroid base, 741–742steroid hormones, 674, 682–685
anabolic steroids, 684–685estrogens, 682–683finasteride, 685mechanism of action of, 682progestins, 683–684testosterone, 684, 684f
steroid implants, 1368steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)
protein, 730, 730fsteroid receptor isoforms, 735–736steroid synthesis inhibitors, 751–755Stewart’s acid–base analysis, 572–573,
573tStilboestrol, 683stimulant laxatives, 1270stimulation or inhibition function, 80
St John’s wort, 176stool softeners, 1271streptokinase, 641Streptomyces avermitilis, 1102streptomycin, 879fstress supplementation, and
glucocorticoids, 747–748strong ion difference (SID), 572–573Stuart–Prower factor, 627tsubstance P, 177succinylcholine, 197, 202–204
cardiovascular effects of, 207characteristics of, 199tneuromuscular blocking effect of,
205–206, 206fside effects from, 203
sucralfate, 1257–1258clinical use, 1258drug interactions, 1258structure, 1257f
Sucromate, 676sufentanil, 303sugammadex, for neuromuscular
blockade reversal, 210–211sulbactam–ampicillin, 838sulfabromomethazine, 812sulfachlorpyridazine, 812–813sulfadiazine, 797f, 797t, 811–812,
1151, 1152fpharmacokinetics of, 802t
sulfadimethoxine, 797f, 797t, 807–808,1151, 1152f
clinical use of, 808formulations, 808pharmacokinetics of, 807–808
sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim, 816in aquatic animals, 1384–1385,
1387–1388sulfadimethoxine–sulfamethoxazole,
813sulfadimidine. see sulfamethazinesulfadoxine, 797f, 797t, 1151, 1152fsulfaethoxypyridazine, 812sulfaguanidine, 797f, 1151, 1152fsulfamerazine, 811
pharmacokinetics of, 811sulfamethazine, 797f, 808–810, 1151,
1152fpharmacokinetics of, 801t
sulfamethoxazole, 797f, 797t, 1151,1152f
pharmacokinetics of, 802tsulfanilamide, 796sulfanitran, 1151, 1152fSulfa-on-Site (SOS) test, 1472
sulfaquinoxaline, 797f, 797t, 810–811,1151, 1152f
and hypoprothrombinemia, 806sulfasalazine, 811
for inflammatory bowel diseases,1267–1268, 1268f
sulfathiazole, 811pharmacokinetics of, 811
sulfisoxazole, 812sulfonamides, 796
adverse effects, 805acetylator status and, 806–807blood clotting disorders, 806blood dyscrasias, 806carcinogenesis, 807crystalluria, 805diarrhea, 807hepatic necrosis, 806hypersensitivity, 805–806keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 805potassium regulation, 807skin reactions, 806thyroid metabolism disorders, 806
as antiprotozoan drugs, 1151, 1152fpharmacokinetics of, 800–805,
801t–804tdistribution, 800, 802, 804excretion, 805metabolism, 804–805oral absorption, 800
pharmacology of, 796–800clinical uses and microbial
susceptibility, 798–799drug resistance, 799–800interactions affecting
antimicrobial activity, 799mechanism of action, 798, 798fsusceptibility testing, 799
potentiated, 813sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim,
816trimethoprim–
sulfachlorpyridazine,815
trimethoprim–sulfadiazine,813–815
trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole,815
properties of, 797tresidues in food animals, 816–817structure of, 797fin veterinary medicine, 807–813
sulfabromomethazine, 812sulfachlorpyridazine, 812–813sulfadiazine, 811–812
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
sulfonamides (Continued)sulfadimethoxine, 807–808sulfaethoxypyridazine, 812sulfamerazine, 811sulfamethazine, 808–810sulfaquinoxaline, 810–811sulfasalazine, 811sulfathiazole, 811sulfisoxazole, 812
sulfonylurea glipizide, 769fsulfonylureas, 768–770, 769f, 769tsuperovulation, reproductive
hormonal drugs for, 686surface disinfection, 782surfactant, 94–95surfactants, 1271Swab Test on Premises (STOP), 1472swine
etomidate in, 267morphine in, 296thiopental in, 255xylazine in, 345
sympathetic nerve discharge (SND),113
sympathetic nervous system (SNS),113, 117t, 131, 600
anatomy of, 119–120“fight-or-flight” response, 114preganglionic and postganglionic
anatomical relationships ofnerves, 120f
SNS-induced physiologicalresponses, 113–115
sympathomimetics, 131–132chemical structures of, 132fdobutamine, 513dopamine, 513for ocular disease, 1330
synaptic vesicles, 170synaptosomal nerve-associated
proteins (SNAPs), 122synergists, 1183–1184SynergizeTM, 785synthetic L-thyroxine. see
levothyroxinesynthetic prostaglandins, 1261–1262synthetic vitamin K, structure of, 633fSyntocinon, 678t, 681systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS), 583–584
Ttableting processes, 106tachyarrhythmias, antiarrhythmic
agents for, 544–550
tachykinins, 177tachyphylaxis, 76tacrolimus, 1232tamsulosin, 143tapeworm infections, 1081. see also
anticestodal drugs;benzimidazoles
targeted therapies, 1191TBG. see thyroxine-binding proteinTCBZ. see triclabendazoletedizolid, 940teeth discoloration, tetracyclines and,
865Tegretol, 667telavancin, 936telazol, 187, 263–264
dose, 263species differences, 263–264
temodar. see temozolomidetemozolomide, 1203, 1203ftemperature-sensitive thermogels,
1460temporal summation, 171teratogen, 1471terazosin, 143terbinafine, 1006–1007
adverse effects, 1007clinical use, 1007pharmacokinetics, 1006–1007spectrum of activity, 1006
terbutaline, 1305testosterone, 684, 684ftetanus toxin, 171tetracaine (Amethocaine), 384tetracycline antibiotics, 858, 859f,
859t, 867adverse effects
allergy, 865esophageal lesions, 865gastrointestinal microflora
changes, 865hepatic disease, 865interactions, 865IV administration, risks from,
865–866outdated products and, 865photosensitivity, 865problems in young animals, 865renal tubular necrosis, 865
antimicrobial spectrum and clinicaluses, 864–865
as antiprotozoan drugs, 1140chemical and physical properties of,
859tchlortetracycline, 866–867
dosages, 866tdoxycycline, 868–869formulations of, 864tindications for, 858mechanism of action, 858minocycline, 859f, 859t, 869nonantimicrobial uses of, 869–870
angular limb deformities in foals,870
arthritis, 870dermatology, 869–870
for ocular infections, 1327oxytetracycline, 859f, 859t, 867–868pharmacokinetic parameters of,
862tpharmacokinetic–
pharmacodynamic properties,860
absorption, 860–861, 861tdistribution, 861–864excretion and elimination, 864metabolism, 864protein binding, 860t
resistance to, 859structure of, 858, 859fsusceptibility testing, 859–860
breakpoints for, 860ttetracycline, 859f, 859t, 867
tetrahydropyrimidines, 1058–1061anthelmintic spectrum, 1060–1061chemistry, 1058–1059, 1059fdosages, 1060formulations, 1060mode of action, 1059pharmacokinetics, 1059–1060routes of administration, 1060safety and toxicity, 1061
tetramisole, 1054tetroxoprim, 804ttheileriosis, 1143
drugs for, 1130ttheophylline, 1307–1310, 1308t, 1309t.
see also methylxanthinestherapeutic drug monitoring, 77therapeutic index, 77, 1191therapeutic window, 72, 77thermal degradation, 92thiabendazole, 1048, 1054thiacetarsamide sodium, 1064thiamine analogues, 1144thiamphenicol, 908–909thiamylal, 249t, 250thiazide, 610–611thiazidelike, 610–611thiazolidinediones, 770
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
thin layer chromatography (TLC),1441
thiobarbiturates, 188, 248, 252, 253,254, 291, 301, 390
thiopental, 248, 249–250, 249f, 249tcardiovascular effects, 251dose of, 254tpharmacokinetics of, 252–253pH of, 253regulatory information, 250t
thiophanate, 1039thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT),
1235–1237, 1339thiostrepton, 931thioureylenes/thionamides, 715–719,
715fmedical options to, 718–719
thrombin inhibitors, 635–636thrombocytopenia, sulfonamides and,
806thromboelastography (TEG) test, 629thyroglobulin (Tg), 693thyroid
antithyroid drugs, 715–719, 715f,716t
factors altering function ofillness and malnutrition effect,
699–701imaging of, 720physiology of, 691–699
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidaxis, 694–695, 695f
iodine metabolism, 691–693metabolic clearance rate, 699plasma hormone binding of
thyroid hormone, 698thyroid hormone metabolism,
695–698, 696f, 697fthyroid hormone secretion,
693–694thyroid hormone synthesis, 692f,
693tissue thyroid hormone uptake,
698–699thyroid hormones, 691–719
analogs, relative nuclear bindingaffinity of, 703t
antithyroid drugs, 715–719, 715f,716t
cellular localization of, 697fhyperthyroidism, 691hypothyroidism, 691mechanism of action of
clinical effect correlation withcellular actions, 703–704
cytosolic binding proteins, 704extranuclear actions, 705nuclear thyroid hormone
receptors, 704–705plasma membrane transporters,
704metabolism of, 695–698, 696f, 697f
clearance rate, 699, 700tcompartmental model of, 699fdrug effect on, 701–703extrathyroidal factors affects,
699–703illness and malnutrition effect,
699–701pathways of, 696f
monitoring therapy with, 713–714myxedema coma treatment,
714–715overdose effect of, 713peripheral action of, 696fphysiologic and pharmacologic
effects of, 705–708, 706tcalorigenesis and
thermoregulation, 705cardiovascular effects, 707dermatological effects, 706dermatologic effects, 706endocrine effects, 708gastrointestinal effects, 707growth and maturation effects,
705–706hematologic effects, 708immunologic effects, 708lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism, 706neuromuscular effects, 707reproductive effects, 707
plasma hormone binding of, 698preparations of, 708–715
crude products, 708synthetic L-thyroxine, 708–712synthetic L-triiodothyronine,
712–713secretion of, 693–694synthesis of, 692f, 693therapeutic failure, 714therapeutic trial for hypothyroidism,
713thyroid physiology, 691–699uptake of, 698–699
thyroid peroxidase (TPO), 693thyroid-response element (TRE), 704thyroid scintigraphy, 718thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
651t, 657–661, 692f, 694–695
alpha and beta subunits of, 658binding of, 658chemistry of, 657concentration of, effects of drugs on,
660–661glycosylation patterns, 660mechanism of action, 658preparation of, 658–659protocols for, 659tstimulation test, 659–660structural homology, 660
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),655–657
diagnosis of hypothyroidismin cats, 657in dogs, 656–657in horse, 657
stimulation test, 656–657protocols for, 657t
thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA),698
thyroxine-binding protein (TBG), 698ticarcillin, 836ticarcillin–clavulanate, 836, 838ticlopidine, 640tigecycline, 858, 859tigers, dissociative anesthetics, effects
of, 263tiletamine, 187, 260, 260f
adverse effects/contraindications,263
tilmicosin, 912t, 922chemical structures of, 914fpharmacokinetics of, 917t
timolol maleate, 148tincture of iodine, 783tinidazole, 1134–1135, 1266
chemical structure of, 1134fclinical use, 1134–1135
tissue residue depletion studies,1420–1421
tissue solubility of anesthetics, 219tissue-type plasminogen activator
(t-PA), 641tobramycin, 890
structure of, 879ftoceranib, 1197, 1214–1215, 1214ftoceranib phosphate, 773α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000
succinate (TPGS), 96tolazoline, 144, 351–353, 351f, 353t,
354tolerance, 76, 1470–1471tolfenamic acid, 471ftoltrazuril, 1149f, 1150
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
topical anesthesia, 370total body water (TBW), 556, 556ttotal intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)
techniques, 247Toxicologie Generale, 4toxoplasmosis, drugs for, 1130tTPO. see thyroid peroxidasetramadol, 176, 309–311, 310t, 312,
438–439as antitussive, 1304drug availability, 311efficacy of, 310mode of administration, 309pharmacokinetics and metabolism
of, 311uses, 309
tranquilizers, as preanesthetic drug,186–187
transduction, 168transient receptor potential vallinoid
(TRPV) family of receptors, 168transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSE), 96transpeptidation reaction, 826transthyretin (TTR), 698, 704Transylol, 642trazodone, 434–435trenbolone, 1368trenbolone acetate, 685triamcinolone, 740t, 741ftriamterene, 611–612triazine derivatives, 1149, 1149f
diclazuril, 1149–1150, 1149fponazuril, 1150–1151toltrazuril, 1149f, 1150
tribromoethanol, 272fadverse effects, 272chemistry, 272dose, 272–273drug availability, 273history, 272mechanism of action, 272physiology, 272
tricaine methanesulfonate, 273f, 392,1396
adverse effects, 273chemistry, 273drug availability, 273history, 273mechanism of action, 273physiology of, 273withdrawal information, 273
trichlorfon, 1061trichomoniasis, drugs for, 1129ttriclabendazole, 1093–1097
chemical structure and metabolicpathways, 1094f
combined formulations, 1096in lactating animals, 1096–1097pharmacokinetics of, 1094–1095,
1095fresistance to, 1096, 1096fsulfoxide metabolite of, 1094, 1095
triclosan, 786tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),
428–431, 429fadverse effects, 430–431pharmacokinetic properties,
429–430trifluoroacetic acid, 230trifluridine, 1013–1014trilostane, 752f, 753trimethoprim, 1152–1154, 1153f
pharmacokinetics of, 803ttrimethoprim–sulfachlorpyridazine,
815trimethoprim–sulfadiazine, 813–815
for bacterial skin infections, 814for cattles, 815clinical uses, 814for dogs and cats, 814–815dosage, 814formulations, 813for horses, 814for pigs, 815for urinary tract infections, 814
trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, 815trimethoprim–sulfonamides, 798–799Trusopt, 601trypanosomiasis, drugs for, 1129tTTR. see transthyretintubular secretory pathways, 31–32tubulin, 1037tulathromycin, 912t, 922–923
chemical structures of, 914fpharmacokinetics of, 917t
turkeysamprolium for, 1144diclazuril for, 1150dinitolmide for, 1145halofuginone for, 1146lasalocid for, 1148monensin for, 1148ormetoprim for, 1154sulfonamides for, 1151
two-state model of drug action, 75–76,75f
tylosin, 912t, 921–922chemical structures of, 913fpharmacokinetic parameters of, 919t
tylosin-responsive diarrhea, 1265tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 1214–1215
masitinib, 1215toceranib, 1214–1215, 1214f
UUDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT)
enzymes, 1338ulceration, gastrointestinal, 1254–1262ulcerative colitis, in dogs, 1266unfractionated heparin (UFH), 629unitary theory of narcosis, 185United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), 1350, 1470,1471
United States Equestrian Federation(USEF), 1440, 1444
United States Pharmacopeia (USP), 4,5, 1431, 1435, 1451
up-regulation, 76ureidopenicillins, 836urethane, 271f
carcinogenicity, 271chemistry, 271dose, 271drug availability, 271history, 270mechanism of action, 271metabolism, 271physiological effects, 271regulatory information, 271
urokinase, 641ursodeoxycholic acid, 1271US Controlled Substances Act, 1970,
247US Department of Agriculture,
1408USEF. see United States Equestrian
Federationuterine contractions, prostaglandins
analogs and, 681uterine infections, prostaglandins
analogs for, 682uterus, oxytocin function in, 680
Vvalacyclovir, 1010–1012
adverse effects, 1012clinical use, 1011–1012pharmacokinetics, 1011spectrum of activity, 1011
valganciclovir, 1013valproic acid, 401vancomycin, 936–937, 1265
administration guidelines, 937
JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm
Index
adverse effects, 937clinical use, 937
vapor pressure, of anesthetic, 218vasopressin, 614–615
effects of drugs and electrolytes,559f
Vasostrict, 666vecuronium, 197, 200–201
characteristics of, 199tventricular tachycardia,
antiarrhythmic agents for,546–550
vesicular glutamate transporters(VGLUTs), 172
vesicular monoamine transporter(VMAT), 175
The Veterinarian’s Vade Mecum, 5veterinary biologics, 1408Veterinary Co-operative Oncology
Group Common TerminologyCriteria for Adverse Events(VCOG-CTCAE), 1191–1192
Veterinary Drug InformationMonographs, 1466
veterinary feed additives, 1461–1463,1463f
veterinary feed directive (VFD), 1349,1411, 1420, 1430, 1461
Veterinary International Committeeon Harmonization (VICH), 1365
Veterinary Material Medica andTherapeutics, 5
Veterinary Medical Dictionary forDrug Regulatory Authorities(VeDDRA), 1453
veterinary pharmacology, 4–7Veterinary Services, 1408Veterinary Susceptibility Testing
Subcommittee (VAST) ofClinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute (CLSI), 6
Vetoryl, 753Vetstarch, 582tVICH (International Cooperation on
Harmonization of TechnicalRequirements for Registration ofVeterinary Medicinal Products),1425
vidarabine, 1014vinblastine (VBL), 1210–1211, 1210fvinca alkaloids, 1210–1211, 1210f
extravasation, 1199
vincristine (VCR), 1210–1211,1210f
Vinstrol-V, 678tvirginiamycin, 935–936Virus Serum Toxin Act, 1408visceral targets, 152fvitamin K1, 637–638vitamin K2, 637vitamin K3, 637vitreous humor (VH), 1321volatage-gated Na+ channels, 66volatile inhalation anesthetics
effects on arterial oxygen tension(Pao2), 224, 225f
myocardial contractility and, 226vomiting center, 178vomiting, neurotransmitters involved
in, 1245, 1246t. see alsoantiemetic drugs
von Willebrand factor (vWF), 626voriconazole, 993t, 1003–1005
adverse effects, 1005clinical use, 1005pharmacokinetics, 1003–1005structure of, 1003, 1004f
Wwarfarin, 632–638
adverse effects of, 635agents to reverse, 637–638clinical use, administration, and
monitoring, 634–635mechanism of action, 633pharmacological properties of, 633t,
634precautions in using, 635structure of, 633fthrombin inhibitors, 635–636vitamin-K cycle and, 634f
waterborne treatments, 1377–1378water, sodium, and chloride, 558–565
disorders of balance, 561–565homeostasis, 558–559, 559frenal regulation of excretion of,
559–561, 560fwet/dry granulation, 105–106white petrolatum, 1271Winstrol-V, 685withdrawal intervals, estimation of
allometric scaling, 1353–1354comparative pharmacokinetics,
1351–1353
species grouping, 1354in vitro and molecular studies,
1354–1355withdrawal time, 1469, 1470, 1471,
1475definition of, 1443factors affecting, 1443
Wolff–Chaikoff effect, 693World Health Organization (WHO),
1426, 1449, 1476
Xxanthines. see methylxanthinesxenobiotics, 1400xenon
analgesic actions of, 224solubility of, 218t
xylazine hydrochloride, 343–346,345f
xylazine, in preanesthetic period, 187xylitol, 96xylometazoline, 1315
Yyohimbine, 144, 350–351, 351f, 351t
Zzafirlukast, 1314zidovudine, 1014–1015
adverse effects, 1015clinical use, 1015pharmacokinetics, 1014–1015
zileuton, 1314zilpaterol, 1306, 1368Zolatel®, 259zolazepam, 262, 263
chemical name, 335molecular formula, 335regulatory information, 335
zolpidem, 427–428zonisamide, 408–409
adverse effects, 406clinical use, 409pharmacokinetics, 408–409
zoological pharmacology, 1395allometry in, 1400–1401invertebrates, 1395–1396vertebrates
avian, 1397mammalian, 1397–1400reptile and amphibian, 1396
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