imperialism definition, india, africa 2013

Building Global Empires:

Imperial ism and Colonization

Definition & Justifications,

India, Scramble for Africa

An Impressive and almost Imperial Power Point by Janet Pareja for AP World History, Signature School,

Evansville, IN

Defining Defining ImperialismImperialism ““Extending control Extending control or authority over foreign or authority over foreign entities”entities”

Direct ImperialismDirect Imperialism Military take over Territorial Conquest

Colonial ismColonial ism Settle / colonize / mercantilism

Indirect ImperialismIndirect Imperialism Exerting control over politics / economy of other societies Trade, investment, business activity… especially when PERVASIVE.

Motives/Justification

1.1. Economic Economic SurvivalSurvival

Mercantilist Industrialized

NEED Low cost raw materials NEED Low cost raw materials from “colonies” for motherland / for industry to thrive: Ores, minerals: copper, tin, iron… Cotton, other fibers Rubber, Oil

MUST employ MUST employ huge population of unskilled city dwellers

Colonies as MARKETS for f inished MARKETS for f inished goodsgoods

Excess European Excess European populationpopulation live in colonies.

Why Imperialism?

Motives Motives /Justification/Justification

2. 2. STRATEGIC STRATEGIC POSITION POSITION Economic/Mil itary Competit ion:

Get, Keep, Deny to Competitors :

Open sea lanesOpen sea lanesPorts Ports Supply l inesSupply l ines .

Motives/JustificatMotives/Justificationion

3.3. Domestic Domestic Polit icsPolit ics

Focus attention away from Focus attention away from domestic problems: domestic problems:

- abuses in factories,- overpopulation and filth of cities, - break-up of family structures, - changing class structure…

Focus attention on GLORIESFocus attention on GLORIES of Imperial ism:of Imperial ism:

-Cecil Rhodes: Imperialism as alternative to civil war

-Frequent international exhibitions such as the Chrystal Palace

Chrystal Palace in Hyde Park, Chrystal Palace in Hyde Park, LondonLondon

First public “conveniences,” the Retiring Rooms, in which sanitary engineer George Jennings installed his “Water Closets.” 827,280 visitors paid one penny each to use them, for which they got a clean seat, a towel, a comb and a shoe shine.

1851 Exhibit ion

GLASS, machinery, fountains, exotic plants animals, foods: all products of British Empire & Industrialization!

GROWING GROWING

NATIONALINATIONALI

STST

FERVORFERVOR

44 . Pride in “Great Power” . Pride in “Great Power” StatusStatus

Important to Rulers, El ite, Merchants, Masses!Masses!

-ColoniesColonies Created Created- ““The sun never sets… “The sun never sets… “- ““Wealthiest” NationWealthiest” Nation

-Use of TechnologyUse of Technology- Steam transport of goods , military, citizens;… FAST… LOTS!- Underwater telegraph cables - Suez Canal – strategic engineering feat- Quinine to cure malaria- Breech-loading rifles and machine guns

-““Game “of “Great Power” Politics Game “of “Great Power” Politics

Motives/JustificatiMotives/Justificationsons

5. 5. Cultural Justif icationsCultural Justif ications ““ Saving” Saving”

Convert to Christianity

““ Civil izing”Civil izing” “Raise the level of Civilization”

to “European Standards”

Defend them against imperialist abuses by “other

imperialists”

Motives/JustificMotives/Justificationation

6. 6. Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Strong survive, Strong survive, And dominate the weakAnd dominate the weak “ “ Nature’s Way” Nature’s Way” (Natural Law)(Natural Law)

“Science” of Eugenics

Mid Mid 1700’s1700’s

Robert CliveRobert Clive (BEIC) Drove French out of India Conquered Bengal area (now

Bangladesh) Corporate troops Knighted! Colonization of India…

INDIAINDIA

- Weak Mughal Emperors - Hindu & Muslim infighting- English-French Rivalry for Indian trade

Sepoy Rebellion, Sepoy Rebellion, 18571857

Sepoy Sepoy Indian nationals working for

British East India Company

Alarmed:Amount of land Brits taking oBritish lack of respect for culture & religious beliefs

(Sati, leather tanning factories…)

Gunbarrel grease made of Gunbarrel grease made of pork fat & beef fat!pork fat & beef fat!

Consequences of Sepoy Consequences of Sepoy Mutiny:Mutiny:

1858- Rebellion crushed by actual Brit ish soldiers British Parliament claimed India as a

““ Crown Crown ColonyColony ” ”

DIRECTDIRECT IMPERIAL RULE IMPERIAL RULE Imperial VICEROY 300 million Indians British subjects

Context: What was going on elsewhere in the world in 1858?

INDIAINDIA

Model Imperial Model Imperial ColonyColony

British British “Raj”“Raj”

The British built “infrastructure”:“infrastructure”: railroads, canals,

telegraphs, harbors, irrigation systems…

New Delhi Metro

14 M riders /day

Iconic Symbol

Upper Class Upper Class “ANGLICIZED”“ANGLICIZED”

Indian culture & institutions eclipsed by British ones…

Easy “acceptance” of British domination more Profit for British Business & Crown.

British education & culture, incl. English universities, sports, & Enlightenment values…

SRKSRK

Brit ish “Raj”Brit ish “Raj”

Indian National Congress Indian National Congress – 1885 Forum for educated Indians to communicate

their views on public affairs to colonial officials

All- Indian Muslim LeagueAll- Indian Muslim League Push for reform became a mass movement

1909- 1909- wealthywealthy Indians given right Indians given right to vote.to vote.

Educated elite learned how to work work

within the power polit ics of within the power polit ics of Western World…Western World…

NationalNational Indian IdentityIndian Identity emerged slowly, which had not existed before…

Indian Independence Indian Independence MovementMovement

Jinnah & GandhiJinnah & Gandhi

StrikesImmediate

Satyagraha AhimsaCivil Disobedience

SatyagrahaSatyagrahasatya 'truth‘ + agraha 'insistence‘

“I have also called it love-force or soul-force. …I discovered in the earliest stages that pursuit of truth did not admit of violence being infl icted on one’s opponent but that he must be weaned from error by patience and compassion .

Civil disobedience, nonviolent protest

Salt March, Home-spun Movement, Fasts to end Violence

AHIMSAAHIMSA

““ The Great The Great Game”Game”

Meanwhile… Russia Meanwhile… Russia

Planned to Planned to

Invade India:Invade India:

Ready for warReady for war : GB & Russia! But… World War I started… 1917- Russian Revolution

““New” Imperialism - 1800New” Imperialism - 1800

MORE “New” MORE “New” ImperialismImperialism

French IndochinaFrench Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos- 1859-1893)

-European schools-Worked with & through local elites

like Brits in India- Conversion to Roman Catholic unlike British in India

Siam – “buffer state”- only areain Southeast Asia NOT part of an Empire (modern Thailand)

““New” New” Imperialism…Imperialism…

DutchDutch - Indonesia- Indonesia Trade: Sugar, coffee, Tea, rubber, Tobacco, tin…

Spanish ( later US) - Phil ippines: Strategic PORT

Brit ishBrit ish - Burma- Burma Teak, ivory, rubies, jade…

Brit ishBrit ish – Singapore – Singapore Strategic Port

Busiest port/trade center in Malaysia Control of seas

Tin, Rubber

Meanwhile, Meanwhile, in AFRICA… in AFRICA… Europeans were curious about “Deepest, Darkest Africa”-Trade-Missions

Dr. Livingston

e, I presume?

Henry Morton Stanley

Mapping African Rivers

Trade Increased!!Trade Increased!!Slave trade ground to a halt: Trade picked upSlave trade ground to a halt: Trade picked up

Exports: Gold, Ivory, Gold, Ivory, Palm OilPalm Oil

Imports:

European textiles, European textiles, GUNS GUNS (older)

Manufactured goodsManufactured goods

African Trade 1830-1875

WHAT WOULD WHAT WOULD YOUYOU DO?DO?

“The Scramble for Africa!”

Nom, nom, nom…

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference1884, Portugal requested

14 Major European powers 14 Major European powers (no African delegates)(no African delegates)

Rules for colonization of Africa & Rules for colonization of Africa & Oceania:Oceania: Notify others before establishing colony Land must be previously “unclaimed”

Otto Von BismarckOtto Von Bismarck

In 3 decades3 decades Europeans colonized almost the whole continent!

Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium.

By 1904, only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent.

Three types of Colony:Three types of Colony:

1. Concessionary company

India under BEICIndia under BEIC

Company can: tax, recruit labor, mine, plantations, RR construction…even warfare.

2. 2. Direct Direct RuleRule

French colonies:French colonies: Divide into Administrative Divide into Administrative

distr icts: distr icts: • Tax collection, labor, military

recruitment, law and order

Divide & weaken potentially powerful indigenous groups.

Replace leaders w/ easy to control people.

Boundaries drawn to INTENTIONALLY CUT ACROSS existing political & ethnic boundaries.

Three types of Colony:Three types of Colony:

3.3. Indirect Indirect RuleRule

♦ Used indigenous Used indigenous institutions: institutions:

Moral & f inancial Moral & f inancial advantages advantages

Ie: use tribal authorities & customary laws

Problems:-British misunderstanding -Artificial tribal boundaries imposed

-European boundaries remained to cause civil wars in 20th century

Three types of Colony:Three types of Colony:

LaterLater British colonies, ie: AfricaBritish colonies, ie: Africa

Based on European bargaining with each other, not on any input from Africans, African history or African culture

Boundaries Boundaries served British / served British / European European designs:designs:

Thwarted native African attempts to organize resistance

Disrupted traditional culture

Replaced traditional culture with European schools, Christian missionaries, western business & government practices

Legacy of European Colonization

Rwandan Rwandan GenocideGenocide

Modern states entrenched around European colonial arbitrary national borders.

Hutu against Tutsi – Arbitrary groupings and “ethnic” hatred, revenge... Genocide.

Also in Burundi, 1972

1. King Leopold of Belgium: 1. King Leopold of Belgium:

(r.1865 – 1909)

King’s Personal colony of King’s Personal colony of rubber plantationsrubber plantations Forced labor, high taxes, abuse,

horrible punishment… International Humanitarian

pressure

Belgian government took over ->

“Belgian Congo”Belgian Congo”

“Congo Free State”

2. 2. EgyptEgypt

Defeated Napoleon & Ottomans

Began industrial ization of Egypt – cotton, l inen industries

Expanded Agriculture: cotton production for export to Britain with huge profits

Borrowed heavily from European countries

- Ottomans ruled Egypt 1517 – 1882- Local Egyptian “pashas” claimed more influence than Ottoman sultans in Istanbul

Joint project proposed byFrench engineer.

Paid for with stock purchases:½ French, ¼ Ottoman/Egyptian,rest – “other”

Connected Mediterranean Connected Mediterranean Sea & Indian OceanSea & Indian Ocean

Suez Canal - 1869Suez Canal - 1869

Heavy Debt: 1869

To repay Debt: Raised Taxes Sold some stock to Britain

18821882 – Social Unrest – Social Unrest in Egypt in Egypt British military arrived to “protect” “protect” British interests, including Suez Canal…

Egypt Egypt British British Protectorate! Protectorate! (colony)(colony)

Suez Canal

3. 3. Boers Boers /Afrikaners/Afrikaners

1652: 1652: DutchDutch Shipping supply posts Economically & Militarily strategic Farming, Mercantilism

By 1800 : Dutch, By 1800 : Dutch, German, Huguenots.German, Huguenots. Farmers = “Boers” / “Boers” /

Afr ikanersAfrikaners Indigenous people

“under-uti l izing” land… Messianic Mission to subdue the land.

Spread farms – encroached on Khoi encroached on Khoi khoi & Xhosa khoi & Xhosa territory.

Enslaved Africans. Enslaved Africans.

British seized Cape British seized Cape Town Town 1795 (Napoleonic Wars)

““ Great Trek” Great Trek” – Afrikaners moved into interior:

TransvaalTransvaal Why did the

AfrikanersAfrikaners leave when the Brit ish arrived? Language & laws disrupted Afrikaner economy -

slavery i l legal by Brit ish law

Boer War

Africans displaced: Ie.: Zulu So where did they go???

DIAMONDS and GOLD DIAMONDS and GOLD discovered on new “Afrikaner” land!!!

British won Brit ish won (1899 – 1902) & annexed annexed South South Africa: Africa: 1910 – Own constitution1910 – Own constitution Infrastructure builtInfrastructure built Self-ruleSelf-rule ““ UnionUnion of South Africa” of South Africa” Whites al lowed to dominate society Whites al lowed to dominate society (African National Congress - 1912(African National Congress - 1912 )

Boer War

Cecil Rhodes"I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race…

...If there be a God, I think that what He would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible..."

Imperialist Extraordinaire!Imperialist Extraordinaire!

Imperialist Twins?