ielts leader - vocabulary list
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WOR
D LIS
T 1
: TES
T 1
REGU
LATI
ON (n
) - S
i
u ch
nh,
quy
nh,
quy
tc -
an au
thor
itativ
e ru
le
If yo
u're
tryin
g to
rem
embe
r wha
t a re
gula
tion
is, th
ink a
bout
the
phra
se "r
ules
and
regu
latio
ns."
regu
latio
ns ar
e
ofte
n se
t by g
over
ning
bod
ies o
f a sp
ort o
r oth
er ac
tivity
- th
us, t
here
is an
acce
pted
regu
latio
n-siz
e so
ccer
bal
l,
set b
y fifa
, pro
fess
iona
l soc
cer's
gove
rnin
g bod
y.
Eg 1
: Ot
her e
urop
ean
coun
tries
, not
ably
the
neth
erla
nds,
adop
ted
stric
ter r
egul
atio
ns.
Eg 2
: M
any g
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s are
in ch
arge
of r
egul
atin
g ind
ustri
es, s
ettin
g up
regu
latio
ns th
at co
mpa
nies
need
to fo
llow
to ke
ep u
s all s
afe.
DI
VERT
(v) -
Lm
trc
h i
, lm
trc
h h
ng -
turn
asid
e; tu
rn aw
ay fr
om
To d
ivert
mea
ns to
shift
or t
urn
from
one
thin
g to
anot
her.
a mag
ician
mig
ht at
tem
pt to
dive
rt yo
ur a
ttent
ion
as
he sh
oves
the
rabb
it in
to th
e ha
t
Eg 1
: Ru
ssia
n pr
esid
ent v
ladi
mir
putin
reta
liate
d by
sayin
g mos
cow
wou
ld d
ivert
mor
e en
ergy
reso
urce
s to
asia
.
Eg 2
: W
hat h
eavy
liftin
g it w
ould
take
to d
ivert
wea
lth b
ack d
ownw
ards
.
CO
MPL
ACEN
T (a
dj) -
T
mn
,bn
g ln
g, v
a ,
tho
mn
- co
nten
ted
to a
faul
t with
one
self
or o
ne's
actio
ns
Som
eone
who
is co
mpl
acen
t has
bec
ome
over
ly co
nten
t : th
e ju
nk-fo
od-e
atin
g cou
ch p
otat
o m
ight
be
feel
ing
com
plac
ent a
bout
his
heal
th
Eg 1
: If
you
go in
com
plac
ent,
you
win
d up
on
the
losin
g end
Eg 2
: Bu
t mr.
scar
oni k
now
s he
cann
ot b
e co
mpl
acen
t.
LE
VY (v
, n) -
Thu
thu
,tuy
n qu
n -
impo
se an
d co
llect
,ass
embl
e or
enl
ist in
the
milit
ary
Use
the
wor
d le
vy as
you
wou
ld u
se th
e w
ord
tax:
"whe
n th
e st
ate
gove
rnm
ent i
mpo
sed
a lev
y on
soft
drin
ks,
thou
sand
s of c
itize
ns to
ok to
the
stre
ets i
n pr
otes
t"
Eg 1
: A
hefty
tax i
s usu
ally
levie
d on
cash
bro
ught
bac
k fro
m o
vers
eas.
Eg 2
: La
st fa
ll, m
edica
re b
egan
shar
ing t
he p
ain,
levy
ing f
inan
cial p
enal
ties s
uch
as re
duce
d re
imbu
rsem
ents
to
hosp
itals
whe
n to
o m
any r
ecen
tly re
leas
ed p
atie
nts r
etur
n.
EL
IMIN
ATE
(v) -
Loi
ra, l
oi t
r,h
y -
term
inat
e, e
nd, o
r tak
e ou
t
As e
limin
ate
mea
ns "g
et ri
d of
or d
o aw
ay w
ith,"
it ha
s bec
ome
used
to re
fer t
o th
e en
d of
a p
robl
em o
r eve
n an
entir
e sp
ecie
s. w
e ne
ed to
elim
inat
e so
urce
s of p
ollu
tion
in o
rder
to m
aint
ain
a hea
lthy w
orld
Eg 1
: Ot
hers
alre
ady h
ave
axed
spor
ts te
ams a
nd e
ven
elim
inat
ed te
achi
ng p
ositi
ons,
but s
till m
ay h
ave
to ta
p
savin
gs ju
st to
mak
e it
thro
ugh
years
end.
Eg 2
: Of
ficia
ls th
is ye
ar e
limin
ated
high
scho
ol m
ath
and
scie
nce
teac
hing
pos
ition
s and
cut b
aseb
all, c
ross
-
coun
try an
d sw
imm
ing.
PA
RAM
ETER
(n) -
Th
ng s
, tha
m s
, tha
m b
in
- a co
nsta
nt in
the
equa
tion
of a
curv
e th
at ca
n be
varie
d to
yiel
d
a fam
ily o
f sim
ilar c
urve
s
A pa
ram
eter
is a
limit.
in m
athe
mat
ics a
para
met
er is
a co
nsta
nt in
an e
quat
ion,
but
par
amet
er is
n't j
ust f
or m
ath
anym
ore:
now
any s
yste
m ca
n ha
ve p
aram
eter
s tha
t def
ine
its o
pera
tion.
you
can
set p
aram
eter
s for
your
clas
s
deba
te
Eg 1
: W
hile
setti
ng so
me
para
met
ers i
s nec
essa
ry, o
verly
rest
rictin
g soc
ial m
edia
use
is co
unte
r-pro
duct
ive.
Eg 2
: Th
e co
mm
issio
ner k
new
wha
t par
amet
ers w
ere a
ccep
tabl
e an
d m
oved
in th
at d
irect
ion.
EX
EMPT
ION
(n) -
S m
in
(thu
...) -
an ac
t exe
mpt
ing s
omeo
ne
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S Lead
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Whe
n yo
u ge
t an
exem
ptio
n, yo
u do
n't h
ave
to d
o so
met
hing
. in th
e six
ties,
som
e pe
ople
got e
xem
ptio
ns fr
om
milit
ary s
ervic
e du
ring t
he vi
etna
m w
ar.
Eg 1
: Ta
x exe
mpt
ion
is a p
ower
ful t
ool, a
s the
boy
scou
ts o
f am
erica
are
abou
t to
find
out.
Eg 2
: Ex
empt
ion
can
cove
r inc
ome
taxe
s and
pro
perty
taxe
s too
.
BE
LATE
D (a
dj) -
n
mu
n,
n ch
m -
afte
r the
exp
ecte
d or
usu
al ti
me;
del
ayed
Som
ethi
ng b
elat
ed co
mes
afte
r the
fact
. if y
ou ar
e la
te to
del
iver a
birt
hday
gree
ting,
then
mak
e it
a "ha
ppy
bela
ted
birth
day"
card
Eg 1
: He
sim
ply w
ante
d th
e m
oney
, per
haps
a be
late
d bi
rthda
y pre
sent
afte
r he
turn
ed 5
0 la
st m
onth
.
Eg 2
: Six
ty ye
ars l
ater
, mr.
brick
man
has
hel
ped
to se
e be
late
d ju
stice
don
e.
OB
SOLE
SCEN
CE (n
) - S
mai
mt
- th
e pr
oces
s of b
ecom
ing o
bsol
ete;
fallin
g int
o di
suse
or b
ecom
ing o
ut o
f dat
e
Fash
ion
trend
s com
e an
d go
, and
ofte
n re
turn
afte
r a ti
me.
but
gim
mick
y fad
s qui
ckly
fall i
nto
obso
lesc
ence
, los
ing
appe
al an
d fa
lling
out
of s
ight
- do
you
know
any
one
who
still
has
a pe
t roc
k?
Eg 1
: An
d in
our
ow
n fa
llen
times
, whe
n re
cord
stor
es a
re h
eadi
ng to
war
d ob
sole
scen
ce?
Eg 2
: Un
der a
stra
tegy
of p
lann
ed o
bsol
esce
nce,
cons
umer
s are
bei
ng as
ked
to d
iscar
d th
eir t
echn
olog
y dev
ices
long
bef
ore
thei
r use
ful li
fe h
as e
nded
.
SP
ECIF
ICAT
ION
(n) -
Ghi
r,
nh
r, c
hi ti
t,
c
im
- a d
etai
led
desc
riptio
n of
des
ign
crite
ria fo
r a p
iece
of
wor
k
In th
e 17
th ce
ntur
y, th
e w
ord
spec
ifica
tion
emer
ged
with
the
mea
ning
of g
iving
som
ethi
ng a
spec
ific q
ualit
y. th
e
tech
nica
l mea
ning
, app
lied
to b
uild
ing a
nd e
ngin
eerin
g pla
ns, d
evel
oped
in th
e la
te 1
8th
cent
ury.
the
mea
ning
of
the
wor
d is
prec
ise, r
efer
ring t
o sp
ecifi
c pla
ns, a
lthou
gh ju
st b
ecau
se it
's a s
pecif
icatio
n do
esn'
t mea
n it
is
accu
rate
.
Eg 1
: In
the
past
, boe
ing h
ad gi
ven
its su
pplie
rs ve
ry d
etai
led
spec
ifica
tions
.
Eg 2
: Qu
alco
mm
has
not
rele
ased
any d
etai
led
spec
ifica
tions
at th
is po
int.
CO
NCEP
TUAL
(adj
) - T
huc
qua
n ni
m, n
hn
thc
- be
ing o
r cha
ract
erize
d by
conc
epts
or t
heir
form
atio
n
Som
ethi
ng is
conc
eptu
al w
hen
it de
als p
rimar
ily w
ith ab
stra
ct o
r orig
inal
thou
ghts
. a co
ncep
tual
pla
n is
one
in an
early
stag
e. to
mak
e it
wor
k, yo
u'll n
eed
to fl
esh
out t
he d
etai
ls.
Eg 1
: So
me
of th
is la
bor i
nvol
ves t
he fr
ench
mov
ing i
nto
conc
eptu
al sp
ace
that
was
seen
, not
so lo
ng ag
o, as
indi
sput
ably
amer
ican.
Eg 2
: If
you'
re co
ncep
tual
, writ
ing d
own
goal
s pro
babl
y see
ms p
oint
less
.
RE
PLIC
ATE
(v) -
Bn
sao
- mak
e an
exa
ct co
py o
f; re
prod
uce
Did
you
just
figu
re o
ut h
ow to
mak
e th
at e
xcel
lent
pizz
a you
had
in p
hila
delp
hia?
then
wha
t you
've d
one
is
repl
icate
it, m
eani
ng yo
u've
bee
n ab
le to
repr
oduc
e it.
Eg 1
: Gr
adua
te st
uden
ts co
uld,
in ad
ditio
n to
lear
ning
the
guid
elin
es, t
rain
by r
eplic
atin
g pub
lishe
d st
udie
s.
Eg 2
: En
ergy
and
infra
stru
ctur
e lo
an p
rogr
ams f
irst p
ut in
to a
ctio
n in
the
last
four
year
s are
bei
ng re
plica
ted
by
num
erou
s oth
er co
untri
es ar
ound
the
wor
ld.
SO
LDER
(v, n
) - H
p ki
m (
) h
n, c
ht h
n -
join
or f
use
with
sold
er
If yo
u w
ant t
o be
a m
etal
smith
you'
ll hav
e to
bec
ome
fam
iliar w
ith so
lder
, whi
ch is
the
subs
tanc
e yo
u us
e to
fuse
two
met
al su
rface
s
Eg 1
: Th
at m
eant
lanz
a req
uire
d sp
ecia
l sup
ervis
ion
when
usin
g sol
derin
g too
ls, fo
r ins
tanc
e
Eg 2
: So
lder
thes
e tw
o pi
pes t
oget
her
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RE
LIABI
LITY
(n) -
S
ng t
in c
y - th
e qu
ality
of b
eing
dep
enda
ble
or re
liabl
e
It's n
ice w
hen
som
eone
com
plim
ents
your
relia
bilit
y bec
ause
it m
eans
they
thin
k you
are
depe
ndab
le. t
hing
s tha
t
are
know
n fo
r rel
iabi
lity?
your
bes
t frie
nd, s
unris
e, su
nset
and
unfo
rtuna
tely
also
taxe
s.
Eg 1
: In
the
cont
ext o
f the
ele
ctric
pow
er gr
id, r
esili
ence
is n
ot re
liabi
lity.
Eg 2
: Bu
t rel
iabi
lity a
lone
is n
ot an
adeq
uate
cust
omer
dra
w.
M
ANUF
ACTU
RE (v
) - S
n xu
t -
prod
uce
natu
rally
To m
anuf
actu
re so
met
hing
, is to
mak
e or
cons
truct
it, u
sual
ly fo
r ind
ustry
and
sale
. unl
ess y
ou m
ake
all yo
ur o
wn
cloth
es, a
com
pany
pro
babl
y had
to m
anuf
actu
re th
em.
Eg 1
: Ac
ross
eur
ope,
surv
eys s
how
ed m
anuf
actu
ring c
ontra
ctin
g in
ever
y cou
ntry
exc
ept g
erm
any.
Eg 2
: Th
e do
g foo
d, al
l man
ufac
ture
d at
a pl
ant i
n ka
nsas
city
, kan
sas,
was
reca
lled
acro
ss e
ight
mid
wes
tern
stat
es.
CO
MPL
IANC
E (n)
- B
ng l
ng,
ng th
un
- the
act o
f sub
mitt
ing;
usu
ally
surre
nder
ing p
ower
to an
othe
r
Com
plia
nce
is w
hat y
ou d
o w
hen
you
try to
fit s
tand
ards
set d
own
by so
meo
ne e
lse. a
rest
aura
nt ch
ef's
com
plia
nce
with
a ne
w su
gar-f
ree
men
u m
ight i
nspi
re ev
en th
e pa
stry
chef
s to
follo
w th
e re
cipes
Eg 1
: W
e w
ill b
e in
crea
sing b
oth
com
plia
nce
and
cust
omer
supp
ort s
taff
in th
e co
min
g wee
ks
Eg 2
: Th
e co
mpl
ianc
e bo
ard
reje
cted
seve
ral a
rgum
ents
the
rege
nts a
dvan
ced
seek
ing t
o ju
stify
wha
t hap
pene
d.
IN
TEGR
AL (a
dj, n
) - P
hn
quan
trn
g - e
xistin
g as a
n es
sent
ial c
onst
ituen
t or c
hara
cter
istic
Som
ethi
ng th
at is
inte
gral
is ve
ry im
porta
nt o
r nec
essa
ry. i
f you
are
an in
tegr
al p
art o
f the
team
, it m
eans
that
the
team
cann
ot fu
nctio
n w
ithou
t you
Eg 1
: Se
ller f
inan
cing i
s an
inte
gral
par
t of t
oday
's bu
sines
s-fo
r-sal
e m
arke
tpla
ce
Eg 2
: In
fact
, the
y pla
y an
inte
gral
role
in th
e cit
y's vi
bran
t inf
orm
al e
cono
my.
LE
GISL
ATIO
N (n
) - L
p ph
p,p
hp
lut
- th
e ac
t of m
akin
g or e
nact
ing l
aws
Legi
slatio
n is
the
act o
r pro
cess
of m
akin
g or e
nact
ing l
aws.
som
e pe
ople
thin
k the
re sh
ould
be
mor
e le
gisla
tion
in
the
area
of e
duca
tion
and
som
e pe
ople
thin
k the
re sh
ould
be
less
- go
vern
men
ts d
ebat
es th
e m
atte
r per
iodi
cally
.
Eg 1
: Ca
ll me
cyni
cal, b
ut th
e le
gisla
tion
migh
t hav
e a m
argi
nal e
ffect
at b
est.
Eg 2
: Th
e bo
nus r
ules
will
com
e as
par
t of w
ider
legi
slatio
n se
tting
hig
her c
apita
l sta
ndar
ds fo
r ban
ks, i
ncre
asin
g
thei
r cos
ts an
d cu
rbin
g fre
edom
to h
ike sa
larie
s.
VE
NDOR
(n) -
Ng
i b
un
bn
- som
eone
who
pro
mot
es o
r exc
hang
es go
ods o
r ser
vices
for m
oney
If yo
u ar
e a v
endo
r, it
mea
ns yo
u're
a p
erso
n se
lling
som
ethi
ng, w
heth
er it
's ho
t dog
s fro
m a
food
cart
or
com
pute
r sof
twar
e fo
r a te
ch co
mpa
ny
Eg 1
: M
anag
ers w
ere
auth
orize
d to
mak
e sm
all p
urch
ase
decis
ions
and
vend
or se
lect
ions
.
Eg 2
: Du
ring s
trata
201
3, i h
ad n
early
30
vend
or m
eetin
gs in
thre
e da
ys.
SU
BSTA
NCE (
n) -
Cht
,ca
ci -
the
real
phy
sical
mat
ter o
f whi
ch a
pers
on o
r thi
ng co
nsist
s
Any m
ater
ial th
at p
osse
sses
phy
sical
pro
perti
es is
calle
d a s
ubst
ance
. the
wor
d al
so re
fers
to th
e gi
st o
r mai
n id
ea
of so
met
hing
. if y
ou re
mem
ber t
he m
ain
poin
t of a
less
on, y
ou've
got t
he su
bsta
nce
Eg 1
: He
repo
rtedl
y has
bee
n ch
arge
d w
ith p
osse
ssio
n of
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce,
cann
abis
and
para
phan
alia
.
Eg 2
: Su
gar,
salt
and
fat g
et lu
mpe
d to
geth
er in
phy
siolo
gica
l ter
ms a
s add
ictive
subs
tanc
es.
AG
ITAT
E (v)
- La
y n
g, ru
ng
ng,
xi g
ic,
khch
n
g - m
ove
or ca
use
to m
ove
back
and
forth
108 |
IELT
S Lead
er | Eb
ookti
enga
nh.co
m
-
Eboo
ktien
ganh
.com
Vo
cab9.c
om
Agita
te m
eans
to st
ir up
. if y
ou w
atch
a h
orro
r mov
ie at
bed
time,
you
may
be
too
agita
ted
to sl
eep.
mov
ies l
ike
that
can
agita
te al
l sor
ts o
f adr
enal
ine
resp
onse
s in
the
body
.
Eg 1
: Th
e im
plica
tion
agita
ted
him
, but
lew
is sa
id h
e wa
s to
o bl
esse
d to
be
stre
ssed.
Eg 2
: Un
like
othe
r rep
ublic
an le
ader
s, w
alke
r doe
sn't
have
to w
orry
abou
t im
patie
nt co
nser
vativ
es ag
itatin
g for
chan
ge.
CA
THOL
IC ()
- R
ng kh
p; p
h b
in;
o
thi
n ch
a, c
ng g
io
- fre
e fro
m p
rovin
cial p
reju
dice
s or a
ttach
men
ts
Whe
n ca
pita
lized
, cat
holic
refe
rs to
the
cath
olic
chur
ch. w
ith a
low
er-c
ase
"c,"
cath
olic
mea
ns "u
nive
rsal
" and
"inclu
sive.
" if y
ou lis
ten
to an
ythi
ng fr
om h
ip-h
op to
bar
oque
, you
hav
e ca
thol
ic ta
ste
in m
usic
Eg 1
: He
said
his
son
star
ted
a mus
ic ca
reer
in o
akla
nd af
ter a
ttend
ing t
wo
cath
olic
high
scho
ols.
Eg 2
: Ro
man
cath
olic
chur
ch h
opes
to n
ame
repl
acem
ent f
or p
ope
bene
dict
bef
ore
east
er.
PR
OGEN
Y (n
) - C
on c
i, co
n ch
u, d
ng d
i -
the
imm
edia
te d
esce
ndan
ts o
f a p
erso
n
A sin
g-so
ng rh
yme
may
hel
p in
rem
embe
ring t
he w
ord
prog
eny:
"all o
f you
, all o
f me,
toge
ther
we
mak
e pr
ogen
y."
the
"you
" and
"me"
can
be a
man
and
a w
oman
mak
ing a
bab
y, or
tree
s and
pla
nts m
akin
g litt
le o
ffsho
ots,
or
prog
eny o
f the
ir ow
n.
Eg 1
: M
oham
mad
is ju
st a
man
; pro
geny
of h
uman
bei
ngs.
Eg 2
: Na
tura
l sel
ectio
n m
ight
be
expe
cted
to fa
vour
the
prog
eny o
f men
who
enj
oy b
ringi
ng th
em u
p.
CO
MPA
TIBL
E (ad
j) - T
hch
hp
, ph
hp
- ab
le to
exis
t and
per
form
in h
arm
onio
us o
r agr
eeab
le co
mbi
natio
n
A w
ord
that
com
es u
p a l
ot in
disc
ussio
ns o
f bot
h fo
od a
nd p
eopl
e pa
iring
s, co
mpa
tible
spea
ks to
a pe
rson
or
thin
g's ab
ility
to e
xist a
gree
ably
with
som
ethi
ng o
r som
eone
else
Eg 1
: Bu
t mob
ile d
evice
s are
less
com
patib
le w
ith o
ne an
othe
r.
Eg 2
: Ru
su sa
id th
e co
mpa
ny lo
oked
at o
fferin
gs la
st su
mm
er an
d lik
ed th
at e
mbr
ane'
s pro
duct
was
com
patib
le
with
any u
nder
lying
har
dwar
e.
PR
OPAG
ATE (
v) -
Truy
n b
, la
n tru
yn
- bec
ome
dist
ribut
ed o
r wid
espr
ead
To p
ropa
gate
is to
be
fruitf
ul an
d m
ultip
ly, b
y the
usu
al ro
utes
of r
epro
duct
ion,
or b
y spr
eadi
ng so
met
hing
arou
nd
- like
a ru
mor
Eg 1
: "t
here
are
man
y che
fs un
inte
ntio
nally
pro
paga
ting t
his p
heno
men
a," s
he sa
id.
Eg 2
: In
fact
, the
radi
o w
aves
cann
ot p
ropa
gate
unl
ess t
he tu
nnel
wal
ls ar
e se
para
ted
by m
ore
than
hal
f a
wav
elen
gth.
HY
BRID
(n) -
Gh
p ,la
i - a
com
posit
e of
mixe
d or
igin
A hy
brid
is a
mixt
ure
of tw
o di
ffere
nt th
ings
, res
ultin
g in
som
ethi
ng th
at h
as a
little
bit
of b
oth.
Eg 1
: It
has b
een
inte
rest
ing s
ee p
eopl
e in
vent
ing h
ybrid
mod
els.
Eg 2
: Ev
en h
ybrid
s will
hav
e tro
uble
reac
hing
bel
ow 9
0 gr
ams o
f co/
km.
CO
AST
(n) -
B
bin
- th
e sh
ore
of a
sea o
r oce
an
The
noun
coas
t des
crib
es th
e ar
ea w
here
the
land
mee
ts th
e se
a - t
he se
asho
re. w
hen
you'
re m
om sa
ys, "
we'
re
goin
g to
the
coas
t," p
ack y
our b
athi
ng su
it, b
ecau
se yo
u'll b
e ne
ar th
e oc
ean
Eg 1
: Th
ere
are
typi
cally
11
cyclo
nes p
er se
ason
off
aust
ralia
nor
thw
est a
nd n
orth
east
coas
ts
Eg 2
: Th
e co
ast g
uard
then
lost
com
mun
icatio
ns w
ith th
e ca
ller,
offic
ials
said
.
PR
ESER
VE (v
) - B
o q
un,
bo
tn,
duy
tr -
keep
in sa
fety
and
prot
ect f
rom
har
m, d
ecay
, loss
, or d
estru
ctio
n
Whe
n yo
u pr
eser
ve so
met
hing
, you
mai
ntai
n its
cond
ition
, like
tryin
g to
pres
erve
your
good
hea
lth b
y exe
rcisi
ng
109 |
IELT
S Lead
er | Eb
ookti
enga
nh.co
m
-
Eboo
ktien
ganh
.com
Vo
cab9.c
om
regu
larly
and
eatin
g rig
ht
Eg 1
: M
ass s
pect
rom
etry
iden
tifie
d or
gani
c mol
ecul
es ch
arac
teris
tic o
f cre
osot
e an
d fra
nkin
cens
e, b
oth
used
for
pres
ervin
g tiss
ue
Eg 2
: Ro
yal d
ecre
e ha
s pre
serv
ed th
is el
oque
nt te
stim
ony o
f atro
city s
o th
at th
e pe
ople
mig
ht n
o lo
nger
rem
ain
in
forg
etfu
lnes
s.
AC
COM
PANY
(v) -
i c
ng,
km
theo
- go
or t
rave
l alo
ng w
ith
The
verb
acco
mpa
ny m
eans
to ke
ep so
meo
ne co
mpa
ny, o
r to
be th
eir c
ompa
nion
on
a tri
p or
jour
ney.
in a
mus
ical s
ense
, acc
ompa
ny m
eans
to p
lay b
ackg
roun
d m
usic
for t
he le
ad si
nger
or s
oloi
st
Eg 1
: Ob
ama w
ants
cuts
acco
mpa
nied
by c
losin
g tax
loop
hole
for t
he w
ealth
y, in
effe
ct n
ew ta
xes.
Eg 2
: Ki
ds b
etw
een
12 an
d 17
are
wel
com
e if
acco
mpa
nied
by a
par
ent.
GE
NUS (
n) -
Phi
, gi
ng,lo
i -
grou
p co
ntai
ning
one
or m
ore
spec
ies
A ge
nus i
s a cl
ass o
r gro
up o
f som
ethi
ng. i
n bi
olog
y, it'
s a ta
xono
mic
grou
p co
verin
g mor
e th
an o
ne sp
ecie
s
Eg 1
: Th
ere
may
be
othe
r suc
h un
ique
syst
ems i
n th
is ge
nus a
s wel
l.
Eg 2
: At
taps
eniu
s, a
dist
antly
rela
ted
genu
s fou
nd so
lely
with
in th
e fu
ngus
gard
ens o
f lea
f cut
ter a
nts i
n so
uth
amer
ica, s
erve
s to
dem
onst
rate
.
CO
NSID
ERAB
LE (a
dj) -
n
g k,
to t
t - la
rge
or re
lativ
ely l
arge
in n
umbe
r or a
mou
nt o
r ext
ent o
r deg
ree
Use
the
adje
ctive
cons
ider
able
to d
escr
ibe
som
ethi
ng th
at is
larg
e in
amou
nt. t
hing
s you
pro
babl
y spe
nd a
cons
ider
able
amou
nt o
f tim
e on
: hom
ewor
k and
laun
dry.
thin
gs yo
u'd
rath
er sp
end
time
on: a
nyth
ing t
hat i
sn't
hom
ewor
k and
laun
dry!
Eg 1
: No
exp
erie
nce
or re
serv
atio
ns re
quire
d, b
ut e
xpec
t con
sider
able
exe
rcise
.
Eg 2
: Tw
elve
mon
ths l
ater
, thi
s pas
t jun
e, b
utte
resid
ents
reje
cted
the
ordi
nanc
e by
a co
nsid
erab
le m
argi
n.
UT
ILIZE
() -
Li d
ng,
s d
ng -
put
into
serv
ice; m
ake
wor
k or e
mpl
oy fo
r a p
artic
ular
pur
pose
or f
or it
s inh
eren
t
or n
atur
al p
urpo
se
To u
tilize
is to
use
wha
t you
hav
e or
wha
t's av
aila
ble,
and
it's a
thre
e-sy
llabl
e w
ord
mea
ning
the
sam
e th
ing a
s the
one-
sylla
ble
"use
."
Eg 1
: Ut
ilizin
g the
hum
an n
eed
to fe
el in
clude
d ha
s ano
ther
adde
d vir
tue.
Eg 2
: Ut
ilize
dat
a whe
neve
r pos
sible
, and
avoi
d lo
gical
falla
cies a
t all c
osts
.
PA
LATA
BLE (
adj)
- C
th
chp
nh
n
c -
acce
ptab
le to
the
tast
e or
min
d
Som
ethi
ng th
at is
pal
atab
le is
acce
ptab
le to
ones
sens
e of
tast
e-lit
eral
ly or
figu
rativ
ely.
if it'
s pal
atab
le, t
hen
you
can
put u
p w
ith it
- w
heth
er it
's le
ftove
rs o
r a m
edio
cre
mad
e-fo
r-tv m
ovie
Eg 1
: ad
apta
tion
in b
rain
rew
ard
circu
itry u
nder
lie p
alat
able
food
crav
ings
and
anxie
ty in
duce
d by
hig
h-fa
t die
t
with
draw
al.
Eg 2
: Na
tive
peop
les i
n bo
th h
emisp
here
s see
m to
hav
e co
nsid
ered
bee
ch o
rang
es at
leas
t pal
atab
le.
FR
EQUE
NCY
(n) -
Tn
sut
- th
e nu
mbe
r of o
ccur
renc
es w
ithin
a gi
ven
time
perio
d
Freq
uenc
y mea
sure
s how
ofte
n th
ings
repe
at o
ver t
ime.
city
bus
es o
ften
reac
h st
ops a
t a fr
eque
ncy o
f eve
ry 1
5
min
utes
, unl
ess i
t's sn
owin
g or r
aini
ng re
ally h
ard.
in th
at ca
se, t
he fr
eque
ncy w
ill sl
ow
Eg 1
: Fis
hing
for c
ompl
imen
ts.p
ost f
requ
ency
: dai
ly.pe
t con
tent
: hig
h, al
way
s dog
Eg 2
: Sp
ins r
otat
e ar
ound
the
appl
ied
mag
netic
fiel
ds w
ith a
dist
inct
freq
uenc
y
CO
NSUM
PTIO
N (n
) - S
tiu
th,
s ti
u d
ng -
the
act o
f con
sum
ing s
omet
hing
110 |
IELT
S Lead
er | Eb
ookti
enga
nh.co
m
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Eboo
ktien
ganh
.com
Vo
cab9.c
om
Cons
umpt
ion
mea
ns u
sing,
buy
ing o
r eat
ing s
omet
hing
. if w
e do
n't r
educ
e ou
r ene
rgy c
onsu
mpt
ion,
we
will
run
out o
f fue
l. co
nspi
cuou
s con
sum
ptio
n is
buyin
g som
ethi
ng to
show
off
Eg 1
: He
said
incr
ease
s pla
nned
in e
xcise
taxe
s wer
e lik
ely t
o ha
ve a
bigg
er im
pact
on
cons
umpt
ion.
Eg 2
: Sh
e ho
pes t
o co
ntin
ue st
udyin
g pro
blem
atic
alco
hol c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
drug
abus
e.
M
ARIN
E (ad
j) - (
thu
c) b
in
- of o
r rel
atin
g to
the
sea
If it
has t
o do
with
the
ocea
n or
sea,
you
can
call i
t mar
ine.
your
frie
nd in
us a
rmed
serv
ices w
ho is
a m
arin
e
prob
ably
spen
ds a
lot o
f tim
e ne
ar th
e oc
ean
Eg 1
: He
r res
earc
h is
on e
cosy
stem
-bas
ed m
anag
emen
t, ec
osys
tem
serv
ices v
alua
tions
, and
mar
ine
spat
ial
plan
ning
.
Eg 2
: Th
e va
ried
and
wid
espr
ead
sym
ptom
s of n
itrog
en p
ollu
tion
are
gras
sland
chan
ges,
acid
ic so
ils, s
tress
ed
biod
ivers
ity, m
arin
e po
llutio
n, al
gal b
loom
s and
dyin
g fish
.
TE
RRES
TRIA
L (ad
j) -
trn
mt
t
, c
n - o
f or r
elat
ing t
o or
char
acte
ristic
of t
he p
lane
t ear
th o
r its
inha
bita
nts
Not s
trayin
g far
from
its l
atin
root
"ter
ra" m
eani
ng "e
arth
," te
rrest
rial m
eans
"of t
he e
arth
." if
it's t
erre
stria
l, yo
u'll
find
it on
ear
th. i
f it's
ext
ra te
rrest
rial, y
ou'll
find
it em
ergi
ng fr
om a
ufo
Eg 1
: Ch
ange
s in
terre
stria
l pla
nt an
d an
imal
spec
ies r
ange
s are
shift
ing t
he lo
catio
n an
d ex
tent
of b
iom
es, a
nd
alte
ring e
cosy
stem
stru
ctur
e an
d fu
nctio
ning
Eg 2
: Te
rrest
rial s
pecie
s are
mov
ing u
p in
ele
vatio
n at
rate
s 2 to
3 ti
mes
grea
ter t
han
initi
al e
stim
ates
SU
PPLA
NT (v
) - H
t c
ng (a
i) - t
ake
the
plac
e or
mov
e in
to th
e po
sitio
n of
Kate
was
out
sick
for a
mon
th w
ith m
ono,
and
whe
n sh
e ca
me
back
to sc
hool
, jes
sie h
ad su
ppla
nted
her
as th
e
funn
y girl
at th
e lu
nch
tabl
e. su
ppla
nt m
eans
to ta
ke th
e pl
ace
of.
Eg 1
: Th
at p
rosp
ect h
as re
cede
d, su
ppla
nted
by t
alk o
f a b
igge
r sin
gle cu
rren
cy ar
ea.
Eg 2
: Th
e co
mpu
ter h
as su
ppla
nted
the
slide
rule
UL
TIM
ATE (
adj)
- Ti
a,
ti c
ao -
furth
est o
r hig
hest
in d
egre
e or
ord
er
The
last
in a
serie
s can
be
desc
ribed
as th
e ul
timat
e. a
chee
ky ki
d, w
hen
aske
d w
hat s
he w
ants
to b
e w
hen
she
grow
s up,
mig
ht sa
y, "i
wan
t to
be an
actre
ss, a
sing
er, a
nd a
vete
rinar
ian,
but
my u
ltim
ate
goal
is to
be
pres
iden
t
of th
e un
ited
stat
es."
Eg 1
: Th
e ap
peal
s cou
rt's u
ltim
ate
decis
ion
afte
r wed
nesd
ay's
hear
ing c
ould
be
the
final
wor
d on
the
mat
ter.
Eg 2
: Gr
andm
a was
reco
gnize
d as
the
ultim
ate
auth
ority
in th
e cla
rk h
ouse
.
CO
MM
ONPL
ACE (
adj)
- Tm
th
ng,c
rch
- co
mpl
etel
y ord
inar
y and
unr
emar
kabl
e
Eg
1 :
The
auth
or an
d hi
s fam
ily ar
e no
t im
mun
e fro
m th
e br
oken
hom
es, d
rug a
buse
, alco
holis
m, p
rost
itutio
n an
d
viole
nce
so co
mm
onpl
ace
in th
e cit
y.
Eg 2
: Ki
ds e
xpos
ed to
a co
mm
onpl
ace
chem
ical e
arly
in lif
e ar
e m
ore
likel
y to
have
asth
ma,
acco
rdin
g to
a
publ
ished
toda
y.
CO
MPL
EMEN
T (n
) - B
su
ng,l
m
y -
som
ethi
ng ad
ded
to co
mpl
ete
or e
mbe
llish
or m
ake
perfe
ct
A co
mpl
emen
t is s
omet
hing
that
mak
es u
p a s
atisf
ying w
hole
with
som
ethi
ng e
lse. t
hose
shin
y red
shoe
s you
just
boug
ht co
mpl
emen
t you
r shi
ny re
d pu
rse.
Eg 1
: Al
l the
oth
er m
ediu
ms a
re b
eing
augm
ente
d an
d co
mpl
emen
ted
by so
cial
Eg 2
: A
fine
win
e is
a per
fect
com
plem
ent t
o th
e di
nner
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om
COLL
EAGU
E (n)
-
ng n
ghi
p - a
n as
socia
te th
at o
ne w
orks
with
A co
lleag
ue is
som
eone
you
wor
k with
at yo
ur jo
b. w
hen
you
are
a tea
cher
, the
oth
er te
ache
rs ar
e yo
ur
colle
ague
s. w
hen
you
wor
k as a
cash
ier a
t 7-1
1, th
e gu
y at t
he d
eli c
ount
er is
your
colle
ague
as w
ell
Eg 1
: Ni
na kr
aus a
nd h
er co
lleag
ues a
t the
audi
tory
neu
rosc
ienc
e la
bora
tory
at n
orth
wes
tern
uni
vers
ity ar
e do
ing
inte
rest
ing w
ork i
n th
is ar
ea
Eg 2
: M
ore
impo
rtant
ly, tu
cker
and
his c
olle
ague
s sai
d th
ey w
ere
still
keen
on
quan
titat
ive e
asin
g
RE
VENU
E (n)
- Th
u nh
p -
the
entir
e am
ount
of i
ncom
e be
fore
any d
educ
tions
are
mad
e
Reve
nue
is m
oney
ear
ned
by a
busin
ess,
or in
com
e re
ceive
d by
the
gove
rnm
ent f
rom
taxe
s. th
e go
vern
men
t is
alw
ays i
nter
este
d in
dre
amin
g up
new
sour
ces o
f rev
enue
, and
so is
the
aver
age
head
of a
com
pany
unl
ess s
he
does
n't w
ant t
o be
the
head
anym
ore.
Eg 1
: An
y new
reve
nue
gain
ed fr
om cl
osin
g tax
loop
hole
s, he
said
, sho
uld
now
be
put i
nto
low
erin
g tax
rate
s.
Eg 2
: M
etro
pcs r
epor
ted
a 65
perc
ent f
all in
qua
rterly
net
pro
fit la
st w
eek a
s rev
enue
grow
th sl
owed
for t
he
eigh
th st
raig
ht q
uarte
r.
PR
ESEN
CE (,
n) -
S c
mt
- th
e st
ate
of b
eing
pre
sent
; cur
rent
exis
tenc
e
Pres
ence
is th
e st
ate
of b
eing
som
ewhe
re. w
hen
you
get a
n in
vitat
ion
that
read
s "yo
ur p
rese
nce
is re
ques
ted,
"
you
are
bein
g ask
ed to
show
up.
your
style
of b
eing
ther
e - y
our d
emea
nor o
r bea
ring -
is al
so yo
ur p
rese
nce
Eg 1
: De
spite
a m
odes
t mea
sure
of c
harm
in p
rivat
e co
nver
satio
ns, lo
uis n
ever
dev
elop
ed a
com
pellin
g pub
lic
pres
ence
Eg 2
: Th
e de
cline
has
bee
n la
rgel
y attr
ibut
ed to
the
incr
ease
d pr
esen
ce o
f arm
ed gu
ard
deta
chm
ents
on
boar
d
mer
chan
t ves
sels
IN
SURM
OUNT
ABLE
(adj
) - K
hng
vt
qua
c (v
t ch
ng n
gi..
.) - n
ot ca
pabl
e of
bei
ng su
rmou
nted
or
over
com
e
The
adje
ctive
insu
rmou
ntab
le d
escr
ibes
som
e ba
rrier
that
is in
capa
ble
of b
eing
ove
rcom
e. th
e gr
eat w
all o
f chi
na
was
mea
nt to
be
an in
surm
ount
able
det
erre
nt to
wou
ld-b
e in
vade
rs
Eg 1
: Th
ere
are
two
seem
ingl
y ins
urm
ount
able
obs
tacle
s pla
guin
g sol
ar m
anuf
actu
rers
righ
t now
: sili
con
price
s
and
chin
a.
Eg 2
: So
long
as st
anda
rds a
re p
rope
rly se
t, an
d en
forc
ed, t
hese
diff
eren
ces s
houl
d no
t pro
ve in
surm
ount
able
.
EN
HANC
E (, v
) - C
i th
in
- inc
reas
e
Man
y peo
ple
use
the
expr
essio
n "e
nhan
ce yo
ur ch
ance
" to
poin
t out
way
s to
incr
ease
your
chan
ces o
f win
ning
or
earn
ing a
cont
est o
r priz
e. w
hen
you
enha
nce
som
ethi
ng, y
ou h
eigh
ten
it or
mak
e it
bette
r
Eg 1
: Th
is sa
uce
will
enh
ance
the
flavo
r of t
he m
eat
Eg 2
: Th
is w
ill e
nhan
ce yo
ur e
njoy
men
t
IM
MED
IACY
(n) -
S l
p t
c, s
tc t
h -
the
quick
ness
of a
ctio
n or
occ
urre
nce
This
wor
d is
a mem
ber o
f the
"im
med
iate
" fam
ily
Eg 1
: M
s. je
nsen
said
thes
e pe
rson
al in
trodu
ctio
ns w
ere
in ke
epin
g with
the
imm
edia
cy o
f his
wor
k
Eg 2
: M
unici
pal d
ebt m
ay b
e m
uch
smal
ler,
but s
omet
imes
imm
edia
cy co
unts
mor
e th
an si
ze
CO
NSCI
OUS (
adj)
- Tn
h t
o, c
th
c -
inte
ntio
nally
conc
eive
d
Cons
cious
is a
latin
wor
d w
hose
orig
inal
mea
ning
was
"kno
win
g" o
r "aw
are.
" so
a con
scio
us p
erso
n ha
s an
awar
enes
s of h
er e
nviro
nmen
t and
her
ow
n ex
isten
ce a
nd th
ough
ts. i
f you
're "s
elf-c
onsc
ious
," yo
u're
ove
rly
awar
e an
d ev
en e
mba
rrass
ed b
y how
you
thin
k you
look
or a
ct. b
ut th
at so
unds
bet
ter t
han
bein
g unc
onsc
ious
, or
112 |
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Vo
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om
tota
lly u
naw
are
and
out o
f it
Eg 1
: Bu
t man
y mille
nnia
ls di
d, in
fact
, bec
ome
mor
e co
nscio
us ab
out c
onse
rvin
g en
ergy
Eg 2
: W
e kin
d of
stop
ped
doin
g tha
t in
late
r yea
rs, b
ut th
is tim
e, w
e m
ade
a con
scio
us d
ecisi
on
EF
FICA
CY (n
) - T
nh
hiu
qu
; hi
u l
c - ca
pacit
y or p
ower
to p
rodu
ce a
desir
ed e
ffect
Effic
acy i
s a m
ore
form
al w
ay to
say e
ffect
ivene
ss, b
oth
of w
hich
stem
from
the
latin
verb
effi
cere
"to
wor
k out
,
acco
mpl
ish."
the
effe
ctive
ness
, or e
ffica
cy, o
f som
ethi
ng is
how
wel
l it w
orks
or b
rings
the
resu
lts yo
u ho
ped
for.
Eg 1
: Th
ere
is st
ill o
nly l
imite
d da
ta o
n th
e de
vice
s effi
cacy
Eg 2
: A
scie
ntist
doe
s res
earc
h to
det
erm
ine
the
effic
acy o
f a va
ccin
e or
med
icine
und
er d
evel
opm
ent.
if it
is
effic
acio
us, it
will
cure
or p
reve
nt a
dise
ase.
DI
SPAR
AGE (
v) -
Ch
bai;
coi r
, xe
m th
ng
- ex
pres
s a n
egat
ive o
pini
on o
f
If yo
u ha
ven'
t got
anyt
hing
nice
to sa
y, th
en it
's tim
e to
disp
arag
e so
meo
ne. i
t mea
ns to
bel
ittle
or d
egra
de a
pers
on o
r ide
a.
Eg 1
: Us
ually
the
perp
etra
tor t
urns
up
and
he's
very
disp
arag
ing a
bout
the
victim
.
Eg 2
: Th
is m
ovem
ent t
wist
ed h
istor
ical e
vent
s and
wro
te m
ater
ial b
rimm
ing w
ith n
ativ
e va
lour
, disp
arag
ing t
o
othe
r cou
ntrie
s
CO
MPR
ESSI
ON (n
) - S
p,
nn
, c
ng
- ap
plyin
g pre
ssur
e
Whe
neve
r som
ethi
ng is
squi
shed
toge
ther
, com
pres
sion
take
s pla
ce, li
ke a
tight
ban
dage
arou
nd yo
ur sp
rain
ed
ankle
- th
e co
mpr
essio
n he
lps p
rote
ct it
from
furth
er in
jury
Eg 1
: M
ost o
ther
imag
e co
mpr
essio
n sy
stem
s, su
ch as
the
wid
ely u
sed
jpeg
form
at, a
re ap
plie
d af
ter a
n im
age
has
been
snap
ped
Eg 2
: W
hile
in th
e ho
spita
l, he
sust
aine
d a
com
pres
sion
fract
ure
in h
is lo
wer
spin
e, th
en d
evel
oped
an in
fect
ion
in
that
sam
e ar
ea
OB
STAC
LE (n
) - S
cn
tr,ch
ng
ng
i vt
- so
met
hing
that
stan
ds in
the
way
and
harm
your
inte
ntio
n
Whe
n th
e ro
ad is
blo
cked
ahea
d of
you,
that
blo
ckag
e is
an o
bsta
cle th
at ke
eps y
ou fr
om ge
tting
whe
re yo
u w
ant
to go
Eg 1
: Bu
t sec
urity
rem
ains
a m
ajor
obs
tacle
to re
build
ing.
Eg 2
: Th
ere
are
form
idab
le o
bsta
cles i
n th
e w
ay o
f thi
s par
ticul
ar sc
hem
e
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om
WOR
D LIS
T 2
: TES
T 2
OPTI
MIS
TIC
(adj
) - L
c qua
n - e
xpec
ting t
he b
est i
n th
is be
st o
f all p
ossib
le w
orld
s
An o
ptim
istic
pers
on th
inks
the
best
pos
sible
thin
g will
happ
en, a
nd h
opes
for i
t eve
n if
it's n
ot lik
ely.
som
eone
who
's a t
ad to
o co
nfid
ent t
his w
ay is
also
som
etim
es ca
lled
optim
istic.
Eg 1
: W
ith fo
ur d
ays l
eft o
n kic
ksta
rter,
we
are
rem
aini
ng o
ptim
istic
that
the
com
mun
ity ca
n pu
ll thi
s one
out
in
dram
atic
fash
ion
Eg 2
: Se
cond
sigh
t sai
d it
was
opt
imist
ic th
at in
sura
nce
wou
ld co
ver i
t
IM
PLEM
ENT
(n, v
) - T
hi h
nh,
thc
hi
n,b
sung
- pu
rsue
to a
conc
lusio
n or
brin
g to
a suc
cess
ful is
sue
or ap
ply i
n
a man
ner c
onsis
tent
with
its p
urpo
se o
r des
ign
The
noun
impl
emen
t is a
very
use
ful w
ord
for j
ust a
bout
anyt
hing
you
wan
t to
desc
ribe
as a
tool
or a
thin
g tha
t
help
s you
do
som
ethi
ng. a
n im
plem
ent c
an b
e as
sim
ple
as ch
impa
nzee
s usin
g a st
ick to
eat
ants
with
or a
bulld
ozer
that
mov
es h
uge
amou
nts o
f ear
th in
bui
ldin
g. th
e w
ord
rela
tes t
o so
met
hing
that
"fill
s up"
a ho
use,
as
in al
l sor
ts o
f thi
ngs t
hat a
llow
a ho
use
to w
ork p
rope
rly
Eg 1
: Pa
tent
s wer
e ne
ver i
nten
ded
to p
rote
ct b
road
, abs
tract
conc
epts
that
can
be im
plem
ente
d in
man
y
diffe
rent
way
s
Eg 2
: A
com
plet
e re
desig
n co
uld
take
arou
nd n
ine
mon
ths t
o im
plem
ent,
he sa
id
CO
NSUL
TATI
VE (a
dj) -
T
vn
- givi
ng ad
vice
You
re p
roba
bly f
amili
ar w
ith th
e ve
rb co
nsul
t, w
hich
mea
ns "g
et ad
vice.
" con
sulta
tive
is ju
st th
e ad
ject
ive fo
rm o
f
that
verb
. con
sulta
tive
can
be u
sed
to d
escr
ibe
anyt
hing
or a
nyon
e in
the
busin
ess o
f pro
vidin
g adv
ice o
r cou
nsel
.
Its o
ften
used
to re
fer t
o a
form
al gr
oup,
such
as a
cons
ulta
tive
com
mitt
ee th
at ad
vises
a go
vern
men
t, or
a
com
pany
that
pro
vides
cons
ulta
tive
serv
ices i
n a p
artic
ular
area
of e
xper
tise.
Eg 1
: De
nis b
radl
ey o
f the
cons
ulta
tive
grou
p on
the
past
said
nor
ther
n ire
land
had
mov
ed fo
rwar
d po
litica
lly.
Eg 2
: In
impo
rtant
mat
ters
, as w
ell a
s in
the
smal
lest
, she
has
bot
h a c
onsu
ltativ
e an
d de
liber
ative
voice
EX
PLIC
IT (a
dj) -
R
rng
, dt
kho
t, n
i th
ng -
anyt
hing
exp
licit
is ve
ry cl
ear,
whe
ther
it's
inst
ruct
ions
or a
dirt
y
mov
ie.
Than
ks to
par
enta
l-adv
isory
war
ning
s abo
ut "e
xplic
it la
ngua
ge" o
r "ex
plici
t vio
lenc
e," y
ou m
ight
thin
k thi
s wor
d
only
appl
ies t
o th
ings
that
are
dirty
, nau
ghty
, or a
dult
in so
me
way
. tha
t is a
com
mon
mea
ning
of e
xplic
it, b
ut it
's
not t
he o
nly m
eani
ng. t
his a
lso m
eans
anyt
hing
that
is cl
ear a
nd e
asy t
o un
ders
tand
. exp
licit
orde
rs ar
e ea
sy to
carry
out
; exp
licit
inst
ruct
ions
are
easy
to fo
llow
. whe
n so
meo
ne is
exp
licit,
they
're n
ot b
eatin
g aro
und
the
bush
or b
eing
conf
usin
g
Eg 1
: On
ce ag
ain,
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
data
and
adve
rtisin
g is m
ade
expl
icit
Eg 2
: Fle
xible
pay
coul
d in
crea
se to
twice
fixe
d sa
lary
, but
onl
y with
exp
licit
shar
ehol
der a
ppro
val
SE
GMEN
T (n
, v) -
o
n, kh
c,
t, m
ing
- on
e of
the
parts
into
whi
ch so
met
hing
nat
ural
ly di
vides
A se
gmen
t is o
ne o
f sev
eral
pie
ces t
hat t
oget
her c
reat
e a w
hole
. you
coul
d of
fer a
segm
ent o
f you
r ora
nge
to yo
ur
girlf
riend
as a
vale
ntin
e's d
ay gi
ft. Sh
ell p
roba
bly e
njoy
the
oran
ge, b
ut sh
e m
ay b
reak
up
with
you.
Eg 1
: W
oo b
elie
ves t
he co
mpa
ny w
ill fo
cus o
n m
ore
than
just
grow
ing n
ew se
gmen
ts o
f its
bus
ines
s goi
ng fo
rwar
d
Eg 2
: St
ill, t
here
are
way
s to
wal
l off
or sp
lit u
p th
e m
ost c
ritica
l seg
men
ts o
f inf
rast
ruct
ure-
and
to m
onito
r fur
ther
effo
rts to
bre
ak in
GE
AR (n
, adj
) - C
c
u, th
it b
,ln
s,
y n
hanh
- eq
uipm
ent c
onsis
ting o
f misc
ella
neou
s arti
cles n
eede
d fo
r a
parti
cula
r ope
ratio
n or
spor
t etc
.
151 |
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ookti
enga
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Vo
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om
The
noun
gear
refe
rs to
seve
ral t
hing
s. fir
st, it
s th
e eq
uipm
ent w
e ne
ed fo
r a sp
ort o
r eve
nt. a
gear
is al
so a
whe
el
with
teet
h th
at in
terlo
cks w
ith an
othe
r gea
r to
trans
mit
mot
ion
in a
mac
hine
.
Eg 1
: As
iran
gear
s up
for e
lect
ions
in ju
ne, t
he fa
nfar
e of
vetti
ng a
pres
iden
tial c
andi
date
list i
s onc
e ag
ain
in fu
ll
swin
g
Eg 2
: He
stru
ggle
d m
ight
ily in
his
first
mon
th, w
ith d
efen
ses g
eare
d up
to sh
ut h
im d
own
IN
CENT
IVE (
n) -
S kh
uyn
khch
,n
g c
(thc
y
lm
vic
g) -
a p
ositi
ve m
otiva
tiona
l influ
ence
If yo
ur m
om w
ants
you
to m
ow th
e la
wn
but y
ou d
on't
feel
like
it, sh
e m
ight
offe
r to
treat
you
to ic
e cr
eam
afte
r
as an
ince
ntive
. an
ince
ntive
is so
met
hing
that
stim
ulat
es yo
u to
take
actio
n or
wor
k har
der
Eg 1
: Go
vern
men
t inc
entiv
es, in
cludi
ng ta
xes,
reba
tes a
nd gu
aran
teed
ele
ctric
pric
ing,
hav
e pr
opel
led
the
sola
r
mar
ket's
grow
th w
orld
wid
e
Eg 2
: A
shar
p dr
op in
inve
ntor
ies o
ver t
he la
st ye
ar h
as gi
ven
deve
lope
rs m
ore
ince
ntive
to b
uild
hom
es.
FU
NDAM
ENTA
L (n,
adj
) - C
b
n, c
s, c
h y
u - t
he fo
unda
tion,
esse
ntia
l, prin
ciple
s
Fund
amen
tal h
as it
s roo
ts in
the
latin
wor
d fu
ndam
entu
m, w
hich
mea
ns "f
ound
atio
n." s
o if
som
ethi
ng is
fund
amen
tal, i
t is a
key p
oint
or u
nder
lying
issu
e -th
e fo
unda
tion,
if yo
u w
ill -
that
the
thin
g is b
uilt
upon
. tea
cher
s
argu
e th
at m
ath
fund
amen
tals
inclu
de m
emor
izing
the t
imes
tabl
es an
d un
ders
tand
ing l
ong d
ivisio
n. m
any
peop
le
wou
ld al
so ar
gue
that
mat
h fu
ndam
enta
ls sh
ould
inclu
de kn
owin
g how
to u
se a
calcu
lato
r and
know
ing w
here
the
calcu
lato
r's e
xtra
bat
terie
s are
kept
Eg 1
: At
eve
ry le
vel t
here
are
fund
amen
tal la
ws g
over
ning
a pa
rticu
lar s
yste
m w
hich
we
have
to u
nder
stan
d
Eg 2
: He
said
it w
as "f
unda
men
tal"
to d
iscus
s the
amer
ican
mov
ie in
dust
ry's
way
s of p
ortra
ying i
ran
in o
rder
to
prev
ent "
an in
sane
war
."
CR
ITER
ION
(n) -
Ti
u ch
un,
tiu
ch -
stan
dard
A cr
iterio
n is
a cat
egor
y for
judg
ing,
but
can
also
be
a pr
ereq
uisit
e fo
r an
achi
evem
ent.
it m
ight
be
an ap
plica
tion
requ
irem
ent f
or a
teac
hing
job
that
you
have
taug
ht al
read
y for
two
year
s. if
you
have
nt,
then
we
say y
ou h
aven
t
"met
the
crite
rion"
for j
ob e
xper
ienc
e. lik
ewise
, if yo
u es
tabl
ish th
e m
odel
for s
omet
hing
, say
you
deliv
er an
excit
ing,
pro
foun
d gr
adua
tion
spee
ch, w
e m
ight
say y
ou "s
et th
e cr
iterio
n" fo
r fut
ure
spea
kers
Eg 1
: So
me
prod
ucts
are
chan
ging
to m
eet t
he cr
iteria
.
Eg 2
: Th
ere
is no
spec
ial s
elec
tion
crite
ria fo
r the
rent
al sc
reen
ings
CO
MM
ITM
ENT
(n) -
Li c
am k
t; i
u r
ng b
uc -
the
act o
f bin
ding
your
self
(inte
llect
ually
or e
mot
iona
lly) t
o a
cour
se o
f act
ion
Mak
ing a
com
mitm
ent i
nvol
ves d
edica
ting y
ours
elf t
o so
met
hing
, like
a pe
rson
or a
caus
e. b
efor
e yo
u m
ake
a
com
mitm
ent,
thin
k car
eful
ly. a
com
mitm
ent o
bliga
tes y
ou to
do
som
ethi
ng
Eg 1
: Th
ere
is no
fund
ing b
eyon
d a t
wo-
year
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t com
mitm
ent b
y tito
Eg 2
: As
i mad
e co
mm
itmen
ts an
d ac
cum
ulat
ed th
ings
, he
rem
aine
d de
vote
d to
his
craf
t, ne
ver d
oubt
ing h
is
tale
nt
CO
RRUP
T (v
, adj
) -
t l
t,i
bi
, th
i nt
- m
ake
illega
l pay
men
ts to
in e
xcha
nge
for f
avor
s or i
nflu
ence
Whe
n yo
u co
rrupt
som
eone
, you
conv
ince
them
to d
o so
met
hing
wro
ng o
r eve
n ille
gal. i
f you
talk
your
little
brot
her i
nto
stea
ling c
ookie
s fro
m th
e co
okie
jar,
you'
re co
rrupt
ing h
im. s
omet
hing
corru
pt is
rotte
n, sp
oile
d, o
r
out o
f com
miss
ion,
like
a file
that
mak
es yo
ur co
mpu
ter c
rash
. a co
rrupt
per
son
a cr
imin
al, a
croo
k, or
a co
okie
thie
f brin
gs so
ciety
dow
n w
ith im
mor
al an
d di
shon
est b
ehav
ior.
corru
pt go
es b
ack t
o th
e la
tin ro
ots c
or-,
"alto
geth
er,"
and
rum
pere
, "br
eak"
Eg 1
: Af
ghan
istan
's ba
nkin
g sys
tem
is a
corru
pt m
ess a
nd th
e co
untry
's fin
ancia
l inst
itutio
ns ar
e no
t tru
sted
152 |
IELT
S Lead
er | Eb
ookti
enga
nh.co
m
-
Eboo
ktien
ganh
.com
Vo
cab9.c
om
Eg 2
: Co
rrupt
pra
ctice
s
OP
ERAT
ION
(n) -
S h
ot
ng;
ca m
;ch
in
dch
- pr
oces
s or m
anne
r of f
unct
ioni
ng o
r ope
ratin
g
Oper
atio
n ca
n re
fer t
o m
edica
l sur
gery
, a m
ilita
ry ca
mpa
ign,
or m
athe
mat
ical m
etho
ds, s
uch
as m
ultip
licat
ion
and
divis
ion
Eg 1
: I s
topp
ed b
eing
so in
volve
d in
the
oper
atio
ns an
d be
cam
e m
ore
of an
advis
er.
Eg 2
: On
an ad
just
ed b
asis,
ear
ning
s fro
m co
ntin
uing
ope
ratio
ns fe
ll to
$1.6
4 pe
r sha
re fr
om $
2.18
a ye
ar e
arlie
r.
TR
ANSP
AREN
T (a
dj) -
Tro
ng su
t, r
r
ng -
able
to b
e se
en th
roug
h w
ith cl
arity
You
can
see
right
thro
ugh
som
ethi
ng tr
ansp
aren
t. a w
indo
w is
tran
spar
ent,
but s
o ar
e th
e in
tent
ions
of a
pee
ping
tom
look
ing t
hrou
gh th
at w
indo
w.
Eg 1
: Th
is te
am p
lace
s gre
at st
ore
in p
repa
ring p
rope
rly, w
orks
har
d on
bui
ldin
g tea
m sp
irit a
nd tr
ies t
o be
as
trans
pare
nt as
pos
sible
Eg 2
: In
stea
d, p
olici
es su
ch as
thos
e pr
omot
ed b
y lab
our -
for t
rans
pare
nt tr
adin
g - sh
ould
be
supp
orte
d
DI
VERS
ITY
(n) -
a
dng
, pho
ng p
h -
varie
ty
To h
ave
dive
rsity
, you
nee
d a m
ix of
wha
teve
r you
're ta
lking
abou
t. if
you
like
scie
nce
fictio
n, ro
man
tic co
med
ies,
carto
ons,
and
actio
n m
ovie
s, th
en yo
u lik
e a d
ivers
ity o
f typ
es o
f film
s. if
you
like
noth
ing b
ut ku
ngfu
film
s, th
en
you
don'
t like
a di
vers
ity o
f film
s. no
mat
ter w
hat k
ind
of d
ivers
ity yo
u're
talki
ng ab
out,
ther
e ne
eds t
o be
a re
al
mix,
kind
of l
ike a
huge
box
of c
rayo
las.
Eg 1
: Va
lues
such
as d
ivers
ity co
uld
mea
n on
e th
ing i
n th
e un
ited
stat
es an
d an
othe
r in
sout
h af
rica
Eg 2
: Di
d po
p be
gin
in u
nifo
rmity
and
then
exp
lode
into
dive
rsity
?
W
RENC
H (n
) - V
n m
nh,
xon
; gi
t mn
h - t
o gr
ab o
r pul
l som
ethi
ng w
ith a
lot o
f phy
sical
forc
e
May
be yo
u ha
ve a
wre
nch
at h
ome,
that
is, a
han
d to
ol th
at is
use
d to
hol
d or
twist
a nu
t or a
pip
e jo
int.
if so
, you
also
hav
e a g
reat
way
to re
mem
ber w
hat w
renc
h th
e ve
rb m
eans
. jus
t im
agin
e yo
u're
twist
ing w
ith a
wre
nch,
exce
pt in
stea
d of
usin
g a to
ol, y
oure
usin
g you
r han
ds. i
f som
ethi
ng is
hea
rt w
renc
hing
, it m
akes
you
feel
very
sad.
if yo
u w
renc
h a p
art o
f you
r bod
y, yo
u st
rain
, pul
l or t
wist
it, in
jurin
g you
rsel
f in
som
e w
ay.
Eg 1
: Th
en ca
me
wre
nchi
ng ab
dom
inal
pai
n, w
hich
she
said
doc
tors
dism
issed
as p
sych
osom
atic
Eg 2
: Th
e fa
cts o
f the
curre
nt ca
se ar
e no
less
wre
nchi
ng
SU
PERI
OR (a
dj, n
) - C
ao c
p - h
ighe
r qua
lity o
r per
form
ance
Supe
rior c
omes
from
the
latin
wor
d m
eani
ng ab
ove
and
it lit
eral
ly m
eans
som
ethi
ng th
at is
abov
e ot
hers
in
qual
ity o
r sta
tus.
som
etim
es b
eing
supe
rior c
an b
e pe
rcei
ved
as a
nega
tive,
as in
the
wom
an w
ho ac
ts su
perio
r to
all o
f her
frie
nds,
havin
g a h
igh
opin
ion
of h
erse
lf ju
st b
ecau
se sh
e ha
s mill
ions
of d
olla
rs in
the
bank
afte
r win
ning
the
lotte
ry
Eg 1
: Th
e pe
nnsy
lvani
a sup
erio
r cou
rt is
one
of tw
o ap
pella
te co
urts
in th
e st
ate.
Eg 2
: Vi
ewer
s may
also
know
her
from
chan
nel 5
's su
perio
r int
erio
rs
M
ODER
ATE (
adj, v
) - V
a p
hi;
phi
chn
g;
iu
-
not e
xtre
me,
mak
e le
ss st
rong
or i
nten
se; s
ofte
n
A m
oder
ate
vote
r is s
omeo
ne w
ho is
pol
itica
lly sp
eakin
g, in
the
cent
er. i
n ot
her w
ords
, the
y are
not
qui
te le
ft or
right
, but
som
ewhe
re in
the
mid
dle.
Eg 1
: A
mod
erat
e am
ount
of c
ushi
onin
g im
prov
es ru
nnin
g effi
cienc
y, he
has
foun
d
Eg 2
: Th
ose
are
sens
ible
dea
ls - l
ow ri
sk, m
oder
ate
rew
ard
- in
keep
ing w
ith al
ders
on's
patte
rn.
VE
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