Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

WOR

D LIS

T 1

: TES

T 1

REGU

LATI

ON (n

) - S

i

u ch

nh,

quy

nh,

quy

tc -

an au

thor

itativ

e ru

le

If yo

u're

tryin

g to

rem

embe

r wha

t a re

gula

tion

is, th

ink a

bout

the

phra

se "r

ules

and

regu

latio

ns."

regu

latio

ns ar

e

ofte

n se

t by g

over

ning

bod

ies o

f a sp

ort o

r oth

er ac

tivity

- th

us, t

here

is an

acce

pted

regu

latio

n-siz

e so

ccer

bal

l,

set b

y fifa

, pro

fess

iona

l soc

cer's

gove

rnin

g bod

y.

Eg 1

: Ot

her e

urop

ean

coun

tries

, not

ably

the

neth

erla

nds,

adop

ted

stric

ter r

egul

atio

ns.

Eg 2

: M

any g

over

nmen

t age

ncie

s are

in ch

arge

of r

egul

atin

g ind

ustri

es, s

ettin

g up

regu

latio

ns th

at co

mpa

nies

need

to fo

llow

to ke

ep u

s all s

afe.

DI

VERT

(v) -

Lm

trc

h i

, lm

trc

h h

ng -

turn

asid

e; tu

rn aw

ay fr

om

To d

ivert

mea

ns to

shift

or t

urn

from

one

thin

g to

anot

her.

a mag

ician

mig

ht at

tem

pt to

dive

rt yo

ur a

ttent

ion

as

he sh

oves

the

rabb

it in

to th

e ha

t

Eg 1

: Ru

ssia

n pr

esid

ent v

ladi

mir

putin

reta

liate

d by

sayin

g mos

cow

wou

ld d

ivert

mor

e en

ergy

reso

urce

s to

asia

.

Eg 2

: W

hat h

eavy

liftin

g it w

ould

take

to d

ivert

wea

lth b

ack d

ownw

ards

.

CO

MPL

ACEN

T (a

dj) -

T

mn

,bn

g ln

g, v

a ,

tho

mn

- co

nten

ted

to a

faul

t with

one

self

or o

ne's

actio

ns

Som

eone

who

is co

mpl

acen

t has

bec

ome

over

ly co

nten

t : th

e ju

nk-fo

od-e

atin

g cou

ch p

otat

o m

ight

be

feel

ing

com

plac

ent a

bout

his

heal

th

Eg 1

: If

you

go in

com

plac

ent,

you

win

d up

on

the

losin

g end

Eg 2

: Bu

t mr.

scar

oni k

now

s he

cann

ot b

e co

mpl

acen

t.

LE

VY (v

, n) -

Thu

thu

,tuy

n qu

n -

impo

se an

d co

llect

,ass

embl

e or

enl

ist in

the

milit

ary

Use

the

wor

d le

vy as

you

wou

ld u

se th

e w

ord

tax:

"whe

n th

e st

ate

gove

rnm

ent i

mpo

sed

a lev

y on

soft

drin

ks,

thou

sand

s of c

itize

ns to

ok to

the

stre

ets i

n pr

otes

t"

Eg 1

: A

hefty

tax i

s usu

ally

levie

d on

cash

bro

ught

bac

k fro

m o

vers

eas.

Eg 2

: La

st fa

ll, m

edica

re b

egan

shar

ing t

he p

ain,

levy

ing f

inan

cial p

enal

ties s

uch

as re

duce

d re

imbu

rsem

ents

to

hosp

itals

whe

n to

o m

any r

ecen

tly re

leas

ed p

atie

nts r

etur

n.

EL

IMIN

ATE

(v) -

Loi

ra, l

oi t

r,h

y -

term

inat

e, e

nd, o

r tak

e ou

t

As e

limin

ate

mea

ns "g

et ri

d of

or d

o aw

ay w

ith,"

it ha

s bec

ome

used

to re

fer t

o th

e en

d of

a p

robl

em o

r eve

n an

entir

e sp

ecie

s. w

e ne

ed to

elim

inat

e so

urce

s of p

ollu

tion

in o

rder

to m

aint

ain

a hea

lthy w

orld

Eg 1

: Ot

hers

alre

ady h

ave

axed

spor

ts te

ams a

nd e

ven

elim

inat

ed te

achi

ng p

ositi

ons,

but s

till m

ay h

ave

to ta

p

savin

gs ju

st to

mak

e it

thro

ugh

years

end.

Eg 2

: Of

ficia

ls th

is ye

ar e

limin

ated

high

scho

ol m

ath

and

scie

nce

teac

hing

pos

ition

s and

cut b

aseb

all, c

ross

-

coun

try an

d sw

imm

ing.

PA

RAM

ETER

(n) -

Th

ng s

, tha

m s

, tha

m b

in

- a co

nsta

nt in

the

equa

tion

of a

curv

e th

at ca

n be

varie

d to

yiel

d

a fam

ily o

f sim

ilar c

urve

s

A pa

ram

eter

is a

limit.

in m

athe

mat

ics a

para

met

er is

a co

nsta

nt in

an e

quat

ion,

but

par

amet

er is

n't j

ust f

or m

ath

anym

ore:

now

any s

yste

m ca

n ha

ve p

aram

eter

s tha

t def

ine

its o

pera

tion.

you

can

set p

aram

eter

s for

your

clas

s

deba

te

Eg 1

: W

hile

setti

ng so

me

para

met

ers i

s nec

essa

ry, o

verly

rest

rictin

g soc

ial m

edia

use

is co

unte

r-pro

duct

ive.

Eg 2

: Th

e co

mm

issio

ner k

new

wha

t par

amet

ers w

ere a

ccep

tabl

e an

d m

oved

in th

at d

irect

ion.

EX

EMPT

ION

(n) -

S m

in

(thu

...) -

an ac

t exe

mpt

ing s

omeo

ne

106 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

Whe

n yo

u ge

t an

exem

ptio

n, yo

u do

n't h

ave

to d

o so

met

hing

. in th

e six

ties,

som

e pe

ople

got e

xem

ptio

ns fr

om

milit

ary s

ervic

e du

ring t

he vi

etna

m w

ar.

Eg 1

: Ta

x exe

mpt

ion

is a p

ower

ful t

ool, a

s the

boy

scou

ts o

f am

erica

are

abou

t to

find

out.

Eg 2

: Ex

empt

ion

can

cove

r inc

ome

taxe

s and

pro

perty

taxe

s too

.

BE

LATE

D (a

dj) -

n

mu

n,

n ch

m -

afte

r the

exp

ecte

d or

usu

al ti

me;

del

ayed

Som

ethi

ng b

elat

ed co

mes

afte

r the

fact

. if y

ou ar

e la

te to

del

iver a

birt

hday

gree

ting,

then

mak

e it

a "ha

ppy

bela

ted

birth

day"

card

Eg 1

: He

sim

ply w

ante

d th

e m

oney

, per

haps

a be

late

d bi

rthda

y pre

sent

afte

r he

turn

ed 5

0 la

st m

onth

.

Eg 2

: Six

ty ye

ars l

ater

, mr.

brick

man

has

hel

ped

to se

e be

late

d ju

stice

don

e.

OB

SOLE

SCEN

CE (n

) - S

mai

mt

- th

e pr

oces

s of b

ecom

ing o

bsol

ete;

fallin

g int

o di

suse

or b

ecom

ing o

ut o

f dat

e

Fash

ion

trend

s com

e an

d go

, and

ofte

n re

turn

afte

r a ti

me.

but

gim

mick

y fad

s qui

ckly

fall i

nto

obso

lesc

ence

, los

ing

appe

al an

d fa

lling

out

of s

ight

- do

you

know

any

one

who

still

has

a pe

t roc

k?

Eg 1

: An

d in

our

ow

n fa

llen

times

, whe

n re

cord

stor

es a

re h

eadi

ng to

war

d ob

sole

scen

ce?

Eg 2

: Un

der a

stra

tegy

of p

lann

ed o

bsol

esce

nce,

cons

umer

s are

bei

ng as

ked

to d

iscar

d th

eir t

echn

olog

y dev

ices

long

bef

ore

thei

r use

ful li

fe h

as e

nded

.

SP

ECIF

ICAT

ION

(n) -

Ghi

r,

nh

r, c

hi ti

t,

c

im

- a d

etai

led

desc

riptio

n of

des

ign

crite

ria fo

r a p

iece

of

wor

k

In th

e 17

th ce

ntur

y, th

e w

ord

spec

ifica

tion

emer

ged

with

the

mea

ning

of g

iving

som

ethi

ng a

spec

ific q

ualit

y. th

e

tech

nica

l mea

ning

, app

lied

to b

uild

ing a

nd e

ngin

eerin

g pla

ns, d

evel

oped

in th

e la

te 1

8th

cent

ury.

the

mea

ning

of

the

wor

d is

prec

ise, r

efer

ring t

o sp

ecifi

c pla

ns, a

lthou

gh ju

st b

ecau

se it

's a s

pecif

icatio

n do

esn'

t mea

n it

is

accu

rate

.

Eg 1

: In

the

past

, boe

ing h

ad gi

ven

its su

pplie

rs ve

ry d

etai

led

spec

ifica

tions

.

Eg 2

: Qu

alco

mm

has

not

rele

ased

any d

etai

led

spec

ifica

tions

at th

is po

int.

CO

NCEP

TUAL

(adj

) - T

huc

qua

n ni

m, n

hn

thc

- be

ing o

r cha

ract

erize

d by

conc

epts

or t

heir

form

atio

n

Som

ethi

ng is

conc

eptu

al w

hen

it de

als p

rimar

ily w

ith ab

stra

ct o

r orig

inal

thou

ghts

. a co

ncep

tual

pla

n is

one

in an

early

stag

e. to

mak

e it

wor

k, yo

u'll n

eed

to fl

esh

out t

he d

etai

ls.

Eg 1

: So

me

of th

is la

bor i

nvol

ves t

he fr

ench

mov

ing i

nto

conc

eptu

al sp

ace

that

was

seen

, not

so lo

ng ag

o, as

indi

sput

ably

amer

ican.

Eg 2

: If

you'

re co

ncep

tual

, writ

ing d

own

goal

s pro

babl

y see

ms p

oint

less

.

RE

PLIC

ATE

(v) -

Bn

sao

- mak

e an

exa

ct co

py o

f; re

prod

uce

Did

you

just

figu

re o

ut h

ow to

mak

e th

at e

xcel

lent

pizz

a you

had

in p

hila

delp

hia?

then

wha

t you

've d

one

is

repl

icate

it, m

eani

ng yo

u've

bee

n ab

le to

repr

oduc

e it.

Eg 1

: Gr

adua

te st

uden

ts co

uld,

in ad

ditio

n to

lear

ning

the

guid

elin

es, t

rain

by r

eplic

atin

g pub

lishe

d st

udie

s.

Eg 2

: En

ergy

and

infra

stru

ctur

e lo

an p

rogr

ams f

irst p

ut in

to a

ctio

n in

the

last

four

year

s are

bei

ng re

plica

ted

by

num

erou

s oth

er co

untri

es ar

ound

the

wor

ld.

SO

LDER

(v, n

) - H

p ki

m (

) h

n, c

ht h

n -

join

or f

use

with

sold

er

If yo

u w

ant t

o be

a m

etal

smith

you'

ll hav

e to

bec

ome

fam

iliar w

ith so

lder

, whi

ch is

the

subs

tanc

e yo

u us

e to

fuse

two

met

al su

rface

s

Eg 1

: Th

at m

eant

lanz

a req

uire

d sp

ecia

l sup

ervis

ion

when

usin

g sol

derin

g too

ls, fo

r ins

tanc

e

Eg 2

: So

lder

thes

e tw

o pi

pes t

oget

her

107 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

RE

LIABI

LITY

(n) -

S

ng t

in c

y - th

e qu

ality

of b

eing

dep

enda

ble

or re

liabl

e

It's n

ice w

hen

som

eone

com

plim

ents

your

relia

bilit

y bec

ause

it m

eans

they

thin

k you

are

depe

ndab

le. t

hing

s tha

t

are

know

n fo

r rel

iabi

lity?

your

bes

t frie

nd, s

unris

e, su

nset

and

unfo

rtuna

tely

also

taxe

s.

Eg 1

: In

the

cont

ext o

f the

ele

ctric

pow

er gr

id, r

esili

ence

is n

ot re

liabi

lity.

Eg 2

: Bu

t rel

iabi

lity a

lone

is n

ot an

adeq

uate

cust

omer

dra

w.

M

ANUF

ACTU

RE (v

) - S

n xu

t -

prod

uce

natu

rally

To m

anuf

actu

re so

met

hing

, is to

mak

e or

cons

truct

it, u

sual

ly fo

r ind

ustry

and

sale

. unl

ess y

ou m

ake

all yo

ur o

wn

cloth

es, a

com

pany

pro

babl

y had

to m

anuf

actu

re th

em.

Eg 1

: Ac

ross

eur

ope,

surv

eys s

how

ed m

anuf

actu

ring c

ontra

ctin

g in

ever

y cou

ntry

exc

ept g

erm

any.

Eg 2

: Th

e do

g foo

d, al

l man

ufac

ture

d at

a pl

ant i

n ka

nsas

city

, kan

sas,

was

reca

lled

acro

ss e

ight

mid

wes

tern

stat

es.

CO

MPL

IANC

E (n)

- B

ng l

ng,

ng th

un

- the

act o

f sub

mitt

ing;

usu

ally

surre

nder

ing p

ower

to an

othe

r

Com

plia

nce

is w

hat y

ou d

o w

hen

you

try to

fit s

tand

ards

set d

own

by so

meo

ne e

lse. a

rest

aura

nt ch

ef's

com

plia

nce

with

a ne

w su

gar-f

ree

men

u m

ight i

nspi

re ev

en th

e pa

stry

chef

s to

follo

w th

e re

cipes

Eg 1

: W

e w

ill b

e in

crea

sing b

oth

com

plia

nce

and

cust

omer

supp

ort s

taff

in th

e co

min

g wee

ks

Eg 2

: Th

e co

mpl

ianc

e bo

ard

reje

cted

seve

ral a

rgum

ents

the

rege

nts a

dvan

ced

seek

ing t

o ju

stify

wha

t hap

pene

d.

IN

TEGR

AL (a

dj, n

) - P

hn

quan

trn

g - e

xistin

g as a

n es

sent

ial c

onst

ituen

t or c

hara

cter

istic

Som

ethi

ng th

at is

inte

gral

is ve

ry im

porta

nt o

r nec

essa

ry. i

f you

are

an in

tegr

al p

art o

f the

team

, it m

eans

that

the

team

cann

ot fu

nctio

n w

ithou

t you

Eg 1

: Se

ller f

inan

cing i

s an

inte

gral

par

t of t

oday

's bu

sines

s-fo

r-sal

e m

arke

tpla

ce

Eg 2

: In

fact

, the

y pla

y an

inte

gral

role

in th

e cit

y's vi

bran

t inf

orm

al e

cono

my.

LE

GISL

ATIO

N (n

) - L

p ph

p,p

hp

lut

- th

e ac

t of m

akin

g or e

nact

ing l

aws

Legi

slatio

n is

the

act o

r pro

cess

of m

akin

g or e

nact

ing l

aws.

som

e pe

ople

thin

k the

re sh

ould

be

mor

e le

gisla

tion

in

the

area

of e

duca

tion

and

som

e pe

ople

thin

k the

re sh

ould

be

less

- go

vern

men

ts d

ebat

es th

e m

atte

r per

iodi

cally

.

Eg 1

: Ca

ll me

cyni

cal, b

ut th

e le

gisla

tion

migh

t hav

e a m

argi

nal e

ffect

at b

est.

Eg 2

: Th

e bo

nus r

ules

will

com

e as

par

t of w

ider

legi

slatio

n se

tting

hig

her c

apita

l sta

ndar

ds fo

r ban

ks, i

ncre

asin

g

thei

r cos

ts an

d cu

rbin

g fre

edom

to h

ike sa

larie

s.

VE

NDOR

(n) -

Ng

i b

un

bn

- som

eone

who

pro

mot

es o

r exc

hang

es go

ods o

r ser

vices

for m

oney

If yo

u ar

e a v

endo

r, it

mea

ns yo

u're

a p

erso

n se

lling

som

ethi

ng, w

heth

er it

's ho

t dog

s fro

m a

food

cart

or

com

pute

r sof

twar

e fo

r a te

ch co

mpa

ny

Eg 1

: M

anag

ers w

ere

auth

orize

d to

mak

e sm

all p

urch

ase

decis

ions

and

vend

or se

lect

ions

.

Eg 2

: Du

ring s

trata

201

3, i h

ad n

early

30

vend

or m

eetin

gs in

thre

e da

ys.

SU

BSTA

NCE (

n) -

Cht

,ca

ci -

the

real

phy

sical

mat

ter o

f whi

ch a

pers

on o

r thi

ng co

nsist

s

Any m

ater

ial th

at p

osse

sses

phy

sical

pro

perti

es is

calle

d a s

ubst

ance

. the

wor

d al

so re

fers

to th

e gi

st o

r mai

n id

ea

of so

met

hing

. if y

ou re

mem

ber t

he m

ain

poin

t of a

less

on, y

ou've

got t

he su

bsta

nce

Eg 1

: He

repo

rtedl

y has

bee

n ch

arge

d w

ith p

osse

ssio

n of

cont

rolle

d su

bsta

nce,

cann

abis

and

para

phan

alia

.

Eg 2

: Su

gar,

salt

and

fat g

et lu

mpe

d to

geth

er in

phy

siolo

gica

l ter

ms a

s add

ictive

subs

tanc

es.

AG

ITAT

E (v)

- La

y n

g, ru

ng

ng,

xi g

ic,

khch

n

g - m

ove

or ca

use

to m

ove

back

and

forth

108 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

Agita

te m

eans

to st

ir up

. if y

ou w

atch

a h

orro

r mov

ie at

bed

time,

you

may

be

too

agita

ted

to sl

eep.

mov

ies l

ike

that

can

agita

te al

l sor

ts o

f adr

enal

ine

resp

onse

s in

the

body

.

Eg 1

: Th

e im

plica

tion

agita

ted

him

, but

lew

is sa

id h

e wa

s to

o bl

esse

d to

be

stre

ssed.

Eg 2

: Un

like

othe

r rep

ublic

an le

ader

s, w

alke

r doe

sn't

have

to w

orry

abou

t im

patie

nt co

nser

vativ

es ag

itatin

g for

chan

ge.

CA

THOL

IC ()

- R

ng kh

p; p

h b

in;

o

thi

n ch

a, c

ng g

io

- fre

e fro

m p

rovin

cial p

reju

dice

s or a

ttach

men

ts

Whe

n ca

pita

lized

, cat

holic

refe

rs to

the

cath

olic

chur

ch. w

ith a

low

er-c

ase

"c,"

cath

olic

mea

ns "u

nive

rsal

" and

"inclu

sive.

" if y

ou lis

ten

to an

ythi

ng fr

om h

ip-h

op to

bar

oque

, you

hav

e ca

thol

ic ta

ste

in m

usic

Eg 1

: He

said

his

son

star

ted

a mus

ic ca

reer

in o

akla

nd af

ter a

ttend

ing t

wo

cath

olic

high

scho

ols.

Eg 2

: Ro

man

cath

olic

chur

ch h

opes

to n

ame

repl

acem

ent f

or p

ope

bene

dict

bef

ore

east

er.

PR

OGEN

Y (n

) - C

on c

i, co

n ch

u, d

ng d

i -

the

imm

edia

te d

esce

ndan

ts o

f a p

erso

n

A sin

g-so

ng rh

yme

may

hel

p in

rem

embe

ring t

he w

ord

prog

eny:

"all o

f you

, all o

f me,

toge

ther

we

mak

e pr

ogen

y."

the

"you

" and

"me"

can

be a

man

and

a w

oman

mak

ing a

bab

y, or

tree

s and

pla

nts m

akin

g litt

le o

ffsho

ots,

or

prog

eny o

f the

ir ow

n.

Eg 1

: M

oham

mad

is ju

st a

man

; pro

geny

of h

uman

bei

ngs.

Eg 2

: Na

tura

l sel

ectio

n m

ight

be

expe

cted

to fa

vour

the

prog

eny o

f men

who

enj

oy b

ringi

ng th

em u

p.

CO

MPA

TIBL

E (ad

j) - T

hch

hp

, ph

hp

- ab

le to

exis

t and

per

form

in h

arm

onio

us o

r agr

eeab

le co

mbi

natio

n

A w

ord

that

com

es u

p a l

ot in

disc

ussio

ns o

f bot

h fo

od a

nd p

eopl

e pa

iring

s, co

mpa

tible

spea

ks to

a pe

rson

or

thin

g's ab

ility

to e

xist a

gree

ably

with

som

ethi

ng o

r som

eone

else

Eg 1

: Bu

t mob

ile d

evice

s are

less

com

patib

le w

ith o

ne an

othe

r.

Eg 2

: Ru

su sa

id th

e co

mpa

ny lo

oked

at o

fferin

gs la

st su

mm

er an

d lik

ed th

at e

mbr

ane'

s pro

duct

was

com

patib

le

with

any u

nder

lying

har

dwar

e.

PR

OPAG

ATE (

v) -

Truy

n b

, la

n tru

yn

- bec

ome

dist

ribut

ed o

r wid

espr

ead

To p

ropa

gate

is to

be

fruitf

ul an

d m

ultip

ly, b

y the

usu

al ro

utes

of r

epro

duct

ion,

or b

y spr

eadi

ng so

met

hing

arou

nd

- like

a ru

mor

Eg 1

: "t

here

are

man

y che

fs un

inte

ntio

nally

pro

paga

ting t

his p

heno

men

a," s

he sa

id.

Eg 2

: In

fact

, the

radi

o w

aves

cann

ot p

ropa

gate

unl

ess t

he tu

nnel

wal

ls ar

e se

para

ted

by m

ore

than

hal

f a

wav

elen

gth.

HY

BRID

(n) -

Gh

p ,la

i - a

com

posit

e of

mixe

d or

igin

A hy

brid

is a

mixt

ure

of tw

o di

ffere

nt th

ings

, res

ultin

g in

som

ethi

ng th

at h

as a

little

bit

of b

oth.

Eg 1

: It

has b

een

inte

rest

ing s

ee p

eopl

e in

vent

ing h

ybrid

mod

els.

Eg 2

: Ev

en h

ybrid

s will

hav

e tro

uble

reac

hing

bel

ow 9

0 gr

ams o

f co/

km.

CO

AST

(n) -

B

bin

- th

e sh

ore

of a

sea o

r oce

an

The

noun

coas

t des

crib

es th

e ar

ea w

here

the

land

mee

ts th

e se

a - t

he se

asho

re. w

hen

you'

re m

om sa

ys, "

we'

re

goin

g to

the

coas

t," p

ack y

our b

athi

ng su

it, b

ecau

se yo

u'll b

e ne

ar th

e oc

ean

Eg 1

: Th

ere

are

typi

cally

11

cyclo

nes p

er se

ason

off

aust

ralia

nor

thw

est a

nd n

orth

east

coas

ts

Eg 2

: Th

e co

ast g

uard

then

lost

com

mun

icatio

ns w

ith th

e ca

ller,

offic

ials

said

.

PR

ESER

VE (v

) - B

o q

un,

bo

tn,

duy

tr -

keep

in sa

fety

and

prot

ect f

rom

har

m, d

ecay

, loss

, or d

estru

ctio

n

Whe

n yo

u pr

eser

ve so

met

hing

, you

mai

ntai

n its

cond

ition

, like

tryin

g to

pres

erve

your

good

hea

lth b

y exe

rcisi

ng

109 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

regu

larly

and

eatin

g rig

ht

Eg 1

: M

ass s

pect

rom

etry

iden

tifie

d or

gani

c mol

ecul

es ch

arac

teris

tic o

f cre

osot

e an

d fra

nkin

cens

e, b

oth

used

for

pres

ervin

g tiss

ue

Eg 2

: Ro

yal d

ecre

e ha

s pre

serv

ed th

is el

oque

nt te

stim

ony o

f atro

city s

o th

at th

e pe

ople

mig

ht n

o lo

nger

rem

ain

in

forg

etfu

lnes

s.

AC

COM

PANY

(v) -

i c

ng,

km

theo

- go

or t

rave

l alo

ng w

ith

The

verb

acco

mpa

ny m

eans

to ke

ep so

meo

ne co

mpa

ny, o

r to

be th

eir c

ompa

nion

on

a tri

p or

jour

ney.

in a

mus

ical s

ense

, acc

ompa

ny m

eans

to p

lay b

ackg

roun

d m

usic

for t

he le

ad si

nger

or s

oloi

st

Eg 1

: Ob

ama w

ants

cuts

acco

mpa

nied

by c

losin

g tax

loop

hole

for t

he w

ealth

y, in

effe

ct n

ew ta

xes.

Eg 2

: Ki

ds b

etw

een

12 an

d 17

are

wel

com

e if

acco

mpa

nied

by a

par

ent.

GE

NUS (

n) -

Phi

, gi

ng,lo

i -

grou

p co

ntai

ning

one

or m

ore

spec

ies

A ge

nus i

s a cl

ass o

r gro

up o

f som

ethi

ng. i

n bi

olog

y, it'

s a ta

xono

mic

grou

p co

verin

g mor

e th

an o

ne sp

ecie

s

Eg 1

: Th

ere

may

be

othe

r suc

h un

ique

syst

ems i

n th

is ge

nus a

s wel

l.

Eg 2

: At

taps

eniu

s, a

dist

antly

rela

ted

genu

s fou

nd so

lely

with

in th

e fu

ngus

gard

ens o

f lea

f cut

ter a

nts i

n so

uth

amer

ica, s

erve

s to

dem

onst

rate

.

CO

NSID

ERAB

LE (a

dj) -

n

g k,

to t

t - la

rge

or re

lativ

ely l

arge

in n

umbe

r or a

mou

nt o

r ext

ent o

r deg

ree

Use

the

adje

ctive

cons

ider

able

to d

escr

ibe

som

ethi

ng th

at is

larg

e in

amou

nt. t

hing

s you

pro

babl

y spe

nd a

cons

ider

able

amou

nt o

f tim

e on

: hom

ewor

k and

laun

dry.

thin

gs yo

u'd

rath

er sp

end

time

on: a

nyth

ing t

hat i

sn't

hom

ewor

k and

laun

dry!

Eg 1

: No

exp

erie

nce

or re

serv

atio

ns re

quire

d, b

ut e

xpec

t con

sider

able

exe

rcise

.

Eg 2

: Tw

elve

mon

ths l

ater

, thi

s pas

t jun

e, b

utte

resid

ents

reje

cted

the

ordi

nanc

e by

a co

nsid

erab

le m

argi

n.

UT

ILIZE

() -

Li d

ng,

s d

ng -

put

into

serv

ice; m

ake

wor

k or e

mpl

oy fo

r a p

artic

ular

pur

pose

or f

or it

s inh

eren

t

or n

atur

al p

urpo

se

To u

tilize

is to

use

wha

t you

hav

e or

wha

t's av

aila

ble,

and

it's a

thre

e-sy

llabl

e w

ord

mea

ning

the

sam

e th

ing a

s the

one-

sylla

ble

"use

."

Eg 1

: Ut

ilizin

g the

hum

an n

eed

to fe

el in

clude

d ha

s ano

ther

adde

d vir

tue.

Eg 2

: Ut

ilize

dat

a whe

neve

r pos

sible

, and

avoi

d lo

gical

falla

cies a

t all c

osts

.

PA

LATA

BLE (

adj)

- C

th

chp

nh

n

c -

acce

ptab

le to

the

tast

e or

min

d

Som

ethi

ng th

at is

pal

atab

le is

acce

ptab

le to

ones

sens

e of

tast

e-lit

eral

ly or

figu

rativ

ely.

if it'

s pal

atab

le, t

hen

you

can

put u

p w

ith it

- w

heth

er it

's le

ftove

rs o

r a m

edio

cre

mad

e-fo

r-tv m

ovie

Eg 1

: ad

apta

tion

in b

rain

rew

ard

circu

itry u

nder

lie p

alat

able

food

crav

ings

and

anxie

ty in

duce

d by

hig

h-fa

t die

t

with

draw

al.

Eg 2

: Na

tive

peop

les i

n bo

th h

emisp

here

s see

m to

hav

e co

nsid

ered

bee

ch o

rang

es at

leas

t pal

atab

le.

FR

EQUE

NCY

(n) -

Tn

sut

- th

e nu

mbe

r of o

ccur

renc

es w

ithin

a gi

ven

time

perio

d

Freq

uenc

y mea

sure

s how

ofte

n th

ings

repe

at o

ver t

ime.

city

bus

es o

ften

reac

h st

ops a

t a fr

eque

ncy o

f eve

ry 1

5

min

utes

, unl

ess i

t's sn

owin

g or r

aini

ng re

ally h

ard.

in th

at ca

se, t

he fr

eque

ncy w

ill sl

ow

Eg 1

: Fis

hing

for c

ompl

imen

ts.p

ost f

requ

ency

: dai

ly.pe

t con

tent

: hig

h, al

way

s dog

Eg 2

: Sp

ins r

otat

e ar

ound

the

appl

ied

mag

netic

fiel

ds w

ith a

dist

inct

freq

uenc

y

CO

NSUM

PTIO

N (n

) - S

tiu

th,

s ti

u d

ng -

the

act o

f con

sum

ing s

omet

hing

110 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

Cons

umpt

ion

mea

ns u

sing,

buy

ing o

r eat

ing s

omet

hing

. if w

e do

n't r

educ

e ou

r ene

rgy c

onsu

mpt

ion,

we

will

run

out o

f fue

l. co

nspi

cuou

s con

sum

ptio

n is

buyin

g som

ethi

ng to

show

off

Eg 1

: He

said

incr

ease

s pla

nned

in e

xcise

taxe

s wer

e lik

ely t

o ha

ve a

bigg

er im

pact

on

cons

umpt

ion.

Eg 2

: Sh

e ho

pes t

o co

ntin

ue st

udyin

g pro

blem

atic

alco

hol c

onsu

mpt

ion

and

drug

abus

e.

M

ARIN

E (ad

j) - (

thu

c) b

in

- of o

r rel

atin

g to

the

sea

If it

has t

o do

with

the

ocea

n or

sea,

you

can

call i

t mar

ine.

your

frie

nd in

us a

rmed

serv

ices w

ho is

a m

arin

e

prob

ably

spen

ds a

lot o

f tim

e ne

ar th

e oc

ean

Eg 1

: He

r res

earc

h is

on e

cosy

stem

-bas

ed m

anag

emen

t, ec

osys

tem

serv

ices v

alua

tions

, and

mar

ine

spat

ial

plan

ning

.

Eg 2

: Th

e va

ried

and

wid

espr

ead

sym

ptom

s of n

itrog

en p

ollu

tion

are

gras

sland

chan

ges,

acid

ic so

ils, s

tress

ed

biod

ivers

ity, m

arin

e po

llutio

n, al

gal b

loom

s and

dyin

g fish

.

TE

RRES

TRIA

L (ad

j) -

trn

mt

t

, c

n - o

f or r

elat

ing t

o or

char

acte

ristic

of t

he p

lane

t ear

th o

r its

inha

bita

nts

Not s

trayin

g far

from

its l

atin

root

"ter

ra" m

eani

ng "e

arth

," te

rrest

rial m

eans

"of t

he e

arth

." if

it's t

erre

stria

l, yo

u'll

find

it on

ear

th. i

f it's

ext

ra te

rrest

rial, y

ou'll

find

it em

ergi

ng fr

om a

ufo

Eg 1

: Ch

ange

s in

terre

stria

l pla

nt an

d an

imal

spec

ies r

ange

s are

shift

ing t

he lo

catio

n an

d ex

tent

of b

iom

es, a

nd

alte

ring e

cosy

stem

stru

ctur

e an

d fu

nctio

ning

Eg 2

: Te

rrest

rial s

pecie

s are

mov

ing u

p in

ele

vatio

n at

rate

s 2 to

3 ti

mes

grea

ter t

han

initi

al e

stim

ates

SU

PPLA

NT (v

) - H

t c

ng (a

i) - t

ake

the

plac

e or

mov

e in

to th

e po

sitio

n of

Kate

was

out

sick

for a

mon

th w

ith m

ono,

and

whe

n sh

e ca

me

back

to sc

hool

, jes

sie h

ad su

ppla

nted

her

as th

e

funn

y girl

at th

e lu

nch

tabl

e. su

ppla

nt m

eans

to ta

ke th

e pl

ace

of.

Eg 1

: Th

at p

rosp

ect h

as re

cede

d, su

ppla

nted

by t

alk o

f a b

igge

r sin

gle cu

rren

cy ar

ea.

Eg 2

: Th

e co

mpu

ter h

as su

ppla

nted

the

slide

rule

UL

TIM

ATE (

adj)

- Ti

a,

ti c

ao -

furth

est o

r hig

hest

in d

egre

e or

ord

er

The

last

in a

serie

s can

be

desc

ribed

as th

e ul

timat

e. a

chee

ky ki

d, w

hen

aske

d w

hat s

he w

ants

to b

e w

hen

she

grow

s up,

mig

ht sa

y, "i

wan

t to

be an

actre

ss, a

sing

er, a

nd a

vete

rinar

ian,

but

my u

ltim

ate

goal

is to

be

pres

iden

t

of th

e un

ited

stat

es."

Eg 1

: Th

e ap

peal

s cou

rt's u

ltim

ate

decis

ion

afte

r wed

nesd

ay's

hear

ing c

ould

be

the

final

wor

d on

the

mat

ter.

Eg 2

: Gr

andm

a was

reco

gnize

d as

the

ultim

ate

auth

ority

in th

e cla

rk h

ouse

.

CO

MM

ONPL

ACE (

adj)

- Tm

th

ng,c

rch

- co

mpl

etel

y ord

inar

y and

unr

emar

kabl

e

Eg

1 :

The

auth

or an

d hi

s fam

ily ar

e no

t im

mun

e fro

m th

e br

oken

hom

es, d

rug a

buse

, alco

holis

m, p

rost

itutio

n an

d

viole

nce

so co

mm

onpl

ace

in th

e cit

y.

Eg 2

: Ki

ds e

xpos

ed to

a co

mm

onpl

ace

chem

ical e

arly

in lif

e ar

e m

ore

likel

y to

have

asth

ma,

acco

rdin

g to

a

publ

ished

toda

y.

CO

MPL

EMEN

T (n

) - B

su

ng,l

m

y -

som

ethi

ng ad

ded

to co

mpl

ete

or e

mbe

llish

or m

ake

perfe

ct

A co

mpl

emen

t is s

omet

hing

that

mak

es u

p a s

atisf

ying w

hole

with

som

ethi

ng e

lse. t

hose

shin

y red

shoe

s you

just

boug

ht co

mpl

emen

t you

r shi

ny re

d pu

rse.

Eg 1

: Al

l the

oth

er m

ediu

ms a

re b

eing

augm

ente

d an

d co

mpl

emen

ted

by so

cial

Eg 2

: A

fine

win

e is

a per

fect

com

plem

ent t

o th

e di

nner

111 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

COLL

EAGU

E (n)

-

ng n

ghi

p - a

n as

socia

te th

at o

ne w

orks

with

A co

lleag

ue is

som

eone

you

wor

k with

at yo

ur jo

b. w

hen

you

are

a tea

cher

, the

oth

er te

ache

rs ar

e yo

ur

colle

ague

s. w

hen

you

wor

k as a

cash

ier a

t 7-1

1, th

e gu

y at t

he d

eli c

ount

er is

your

colle

ague

as w

ell

Eg 1

: Ni

na kr

aus a

nd h

er co

lleag

ues a

t the

audi

tory

neu

rosc

ienc

e la

bora

tory

at n

orth

wes

tern

uni

vers

ity ar

e do

ing

inte

rest

ing w

ork i

n th

is ar

ea

Eg 2

: M

ore

impo

rtant

ly, tu

cker

and

his c

olle

ague

s sai

d th

ey w

ere

still

keen

on

quan

titat

ive e

asin

g

RE

VENU

E (n)

- Th

u nh

p -

the

entir

e am

ount

of i

ncom

e be

fore

any d

educ

tions

are

mad

e

Reve

nue

is m

oney

ear

ned

by a

busin

ess,

or in

com

e re

ceive

d by

the

gove

rnm

ent f

rom

taxe

s. th

e go

vern

men

t is

alw

ays i

nter

este

d in

dre

amin

g up

new

sour

ces o

f rev

enue

, and

so is

the

aver

age

head

of a

com

pany

unl

ess s

he

does

n't w

ant t

o be

the

head

anym

ore.

Eg 1

: An

y new

reve

nue

gain

ed fr

om cl

osin

g tax

loop

hole

s, he

said

, sho

uld

now

be

put i

nto

low

erin

g tax

rate

s.

Eg 2

: M

etro

pcs r

epor

ted

a 65

perc

ent f

all in

qua

rterly

net

pro

fit la

st w

eek a

s rev

enue

grow

th sl

owed

for t

he

eigh

th st

raig

ht q

uarte

r.

PR

ESEN

CE (,

n) -

S c

mt

- th

e st

ate

of b

eing

pre

sent

; cur

rent

exis

tenc

e

Pres

ence

is th

e st

ate

of b

eing

som

ewhe

re. w

hen

you

get a

n in

vitat

ion

that

read

s "yo

ur p

rese

nce

is re

ques

ted,

"

you

are

bein

g ask

ed to

show

up.

your

style

of b

eing

ther

e - y

our d

emea

nor o

r bea

ring -

is al

so yo

ur p

rese

nce

Eg 1

: De

spite

a m

odes

t mea

sure

of c

harm

in p

rivat

e co

nver

satio

ns, lo

uis n

ever

dev

elop

ed a

com

pellin

g pub

lic

pres

ence

Eg 2

: Th

e de

cline

has

bee

n la

rgel

y attr

ibut

ed to

the

incr

ease

d pr

esen

ce o

f arm

ed gu

ard

deta

chm

ents

on

boar

d

mer

chan

t ves

sels

IN

SURM

OUNT

ABLE

(adj

) - K

hng

vt

qua

c (v

t ch

ng n

gi..

.) - n

ot ca

pabl

e of

bei

ng su

rmou

nted

or

over

com

e

The

adje

ctive

insu

rmou

ntab

le d

escr

ibes

som

e ba

rrier

that

is in

capa

ble

of b

eing

ove

rcom

e. th

e gr

eat w

all o

f chi

na

was

mea

nt to

be

an in

surm

ount

able

det

erre

nt to

wou

ld-b

e in

vade

rs

Eg 1

: Th

ere

are

two

seem

ingl

y ins

urm

ount

able

obs

tacle

s pla

guin

g sol

ar m

anuf

actu

rers

righ

t now

: sili

con

price

s

and

chin

a.

Eg 2

: So

long

as st

anda

rds a

re p

rope

rly se

t, an

d en

forc

ed, t

hese

diff

eren

ces s

houl

d no

t pro

ve in

surm

ount

able

.

EN

HANC

E (, v

) - C

i th

in

- inc

reas

e

Man

y peo

ple

use

the

expr

essio

n "e

nhan

ce yo

ur ch

ance

" to

poin

t out

way

s to

incr

ease

your

chan

ces o

f win

ning

or

earn

ing a

cont

est o

r priz

e. w

hen

you

enha

nce

som

ethi

ng, y

ou h

eigh

ten

it or

mak

e it

bette

r

Eg 1

: Th

is sa

uce

will

enh

ance

the

flavo

r of t

he m

eat

Eg 2

: Th

is w

ill e

nhan

ce yo

ur e

njoy

men

t

IM

MED

IACY

(n) -

S l

p t

c, s

tc t

h -

the

quick

ness

of a

ctio

n or

occ

urre

nce

This

wor

d is

a mem

ber o

f the

"im

med

iate

" fam

ily

Eg 1

: M

s. je

nsen

said

thes

e pe

rson

al in

trodu

ctio

ns w

ere

in ke

epin

g with

the

imm

edia

cy o

f his

wor

k

Eg 2

: M

unici

pal d

ebt m

ay b

e m

uch

smal

ler,

but s

omet

imes

imm

edia

cy co

unts

mor

e th

an si

ze

CO

NSCI

OUS (

adj)

- Tn

h t

o, c

th

c -

inte

ntio

nally

conc

eive

d

Cons

cious

is a

latin

wor

d w

hose

orig

inal

mea

ning

was

"kno

win

g" o

r "aw

are.

" so

a con

scio

us p

erso

n ha

s an

awar

enes

s of h

er e

nviro

nmen

t and

her

ow

n ex

isten

ce a

nd th

ough

ts. i

f you

're "s

elf-c

onsc

ious

," yo

u're

ove

rly

awar

e an

d ev

en e

mba

rrass

ed b

y how

you

thin

k you

look

or a

ct. b

ut th

at so

unds

bet

ter t

han

bein

g unc

onsc

ious

, or

112 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

tota

lly u

naw

are

and

out o

f it

Eg 1

: Bu

t man

y mille

nnia

ls di

d, in

fact

, bec

ome

mor

e co

nscio

us ab

out c

onse

rvin

g en

ergy

Eg 2

: W

e kin

d of

stop

ped

doin

g tha

t in

late

r yea

rs, b

ut th

is tim

e, w

e m

ade

a con

scio

us d

ecisi

on

EF

FICA

CY (n

) - T

nh

hiu

qu

; hi

u l

c - ca

pacit

y or p

ower

to p

rodu

ce a

desir

ed e

ffect

Effic

acy i

s a m

ore

form

al w

ay to

say e

ffect

ivene

ss, b

oth

of w

hich

stem

from

the

latin

verb

effi

cere

"to

wor

k out

,

acco

mpl

ish."

the

effe

ctive

ness

, or e

ffica

cy, o

f som

ethi

ng is

how

wel

l it w

orks

or b

rings

the

resu

lts yo

u ho

ped

for.

Eg 1

: Th

ere

is st

ill o

nly l

imite

d da

ta o

n th

e de

vice

s effi

cacy

Eg 2

: A

scie

ntist

doe

s res

earc

h to

det

erm

ine

the

effic

acy o

f a va

ccin

e or

med

icine

und

er d

evel

opm

ent.

if it

is

effic

acio

us, it

will

cure

or p

reve

nt a

dise

ase.

DI

SPAR

AGE (

v) -

Ch

bai;

coi r

, xe

m th

ng

- ex

pres

s a n

egat

ive o

pini

on o

f

If yo

u ha

ven'

t got

anyt

hing

nice

to sa

y, th

en it

's tim

e to

disp

arag

e so

meo

ne. i

t mea

ns to

bel

ittle

or d

egra

de a

pers

on o

r ide

a.

Eg 1

: Us

ually

the

perp

etra

tor t

urns

up

and

he's

very

disp

arag

ing a

bout

the

victim

.

Eg 2

: Th

is m

ovem

ent t

wist

ed h

istor

ical e

vent

s and

wro

te m

ater

ial b

rimm

ing w

ith n

ativ

e va

lour

, disp

arag

ing t

o

othe

r cou

ntrie

s

CO

MPR

ESSI

ON (n

) - S

p,

nn

, c

ng

- ap

plyin

g pre

ssur

e

Whe

neve

r som

ethi

ng is

squi

shed

toge

ther

, com

pres

sion

take

s pla

ce, li

ke a

tight

ban

dage

arou

nd yo

ur sp

rain

ed

ankle

- th

e co

mpr

essio

n he

lps p

rote

ct it

from

furth

er in

jury

Eg 1

: M

ost o

ther

imag

e co

mpr

essio

n sy

stem

s, su

ch as

the

wid

ely u

sed

jpeg

form

at, a

re ap

plie

d af

ter a

n im

age

has

been

snap

ped

Eg 2

: W

hile

in th

e ho

spita

l, he

sust

aine

d a

com

pres

sion

fract

ure

in h

is lo

wer

spin

e, th

en d

evel

oped

an in

fect

ion

in

that

sam

e ar

ea

OB

STAC

LE (n

) - S

cn

tr,ch

ng

ng

i vt

- so

met

hing

that

stan

ds in

the

way

and

harm

your

inte

ntio

n

Whe

n th

e ro

ad is

blo

cked

ahea

d of

you,

that

blo

ckag

e is

an o

bsta

cle th

at ke

eps y

ou fr

om ge

tting

whe

re yo

u w

ant

to go

Eg 1

: Bu

t sec

urity

rem

ains

a m

ajor

obs

tacle

to re

build

ing.

Eg 2

: Th

ere

are

form

idab

le o

bsta

cles i

n th

e w

ay o

f thi

s par

ticul

ar sc

hem

e

113 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

WOR

D LIS

T 2

: TES

T 2

OPTI

MIS

TIC

(adj

) - L

c qua

n - e

xpec

ting t

he b

est i

n th

is be

st o

f all p

ossib

le w

orld

s

An o

ptim

istic

pers

on th

inks

the

best

pos

sible

thin

g will

happ

en, a

nd h

opes

for i

t eve

n if

it's n

ot lik

ely.

som

eone

who

's a t

ad to

o co

nfid

ent t

his w

ay is

also

som

etim

es ca

lled

optim

istic.

Eg 1

: W

ith fo

ur d

ays l

eft o

n kic

ksta

rter,

we

are

rem

aini

ng o

ptim

istic

that

the

com

mun

ity ca

n pu

ll thi

s one

out

in

dram

atic

fash

ion

Eg 2

: Se

cond

sigh

t sai

d it

was

opt

imist

ic th

at in

sura

nce

wou

ld co

ver i

t

IM

PLEM

ENT

(n, v

) - T

hi h

nh,

thc

hi

n,b

sung

- pu

rsue

to a

conc

lusio

n or

brin

g to

a suc

cess

ful is

sue

or ap

ply i

n

a man

ner c

onsis

tent

with

its p

urpo

se o

r des

ign

The

noun

impl

emen

t is a

very

use

ful w

ord

for j

ust a

bout

anyt

hing

you

wan

t to

desc

ribe

as a

tool

or a

thin

g tha

t

help

s you

do

som

ethi

ng. a

n im

plem

ent c

an b

e as

sim

ple

as ch

impa

nzee

s usin

g a st

ick to

eat

ants

with

or a

bulld

ozer

that

mov

es h

uge

amou

nts o

f ear

th in

bui

ldin

g. th

e w

ord

rela

tes t

o so

met

hing

that

"fill

s up"

a ho

use,

as

in al

l sor

ts o

f thi

ngs t

hat a

llow

a ho

use

to w

ork p

rope

rly

Eg 1

: Pa

tent

s wer

e ne

ver i

nten

ded

to p

rote

ct b

road

, abs

tract

conc

epts

that

can

be im

plem

ente

d in

man

y

diffe

rent

way

s

Eg 2

: A

com

plet

e re

desig

n co

uld

take

arou

nd n

ine

mon

ths t

o im

plem

ent,

he sa

id

CO

NSUL

TATI

VE (a

dj) -

T

vn

- givi

ng ad

vice

You

re p

roba

bly f

amili

ar w

ith th

e ve

rb co

nsul

t, w

hich

mea

ns "g

et ad

vice.

" con

sulta

tive

is ju

st th

e ad

ject

ive fo

rm o

f

that

verb

. con

sulta

tive

can

be u

sed

to d

escr

ibe

anyt

hing

or a

nyon

e in

the

busin

ess o

f pro

vidin

g adv

ice o

r cou

nsel

.

Its o

ften

used

to re

fer t

o a

form

al gr

oup,

such

as a

cons

ulta

tive

com

mitt

ee th

at ad

vises

a go

vern

men

t, or

a

com

pany

that

pro

vides

cons

ulta

tive

serv

ices i

n a p

artic

ular

area

of e

xper

tise.

Eg 1

: De

nis b

radl

ey o

f the

cons

ulta

tive

grou

p on

the

past

said

nor

ther

n ire

land

had

mov

ed fo

rwar

d po

litica

lly.

Eg 2

: In

impo

rtant

mat

ters

, as w

ell a

s in

the

smal

lest

, she

has

bot

h a c

onsu

ltativ

e an

d de

liber

ative

voice

EX

PLIC

IT (a

dj) -

R

rng

, dt

kho

t, n

i th

ng -

anyt

hing

exp

licit

is ve

ry cl

ear,

whe

ther

it's

inst

ruct

ions

or a

dirt

y

mov

ie.

Than

ks to

par

enta

l-adv

isory

war

ning

s abo

ut "e

xplic

it la

ngua

ge" o

r "ex

plici

t vio

lenc

e," y

ou m

ight

thin

k thi

s wor

d

only

appl

ies t

o th

ings

that

are

dirty

, nau

ghty

, or a

dult

in so

me

way

. tha

t is a

com

mon

mea

ning

of e

xplic

it, b

ut it

's

not t

he o

nly m

eani

ng. t

his a

lso m

eans

anyt

hing

that

is cl

ear a

nd e

asy t

o un

ders

tand

. exp

licit

orde

rs ar

e ea

sy to

carry

out

; exp

licit

inst

ruct

ions

are

easy

to fo

llow

. whe

n so

meo

ne is

exp

licit,

they

're n

ot b

eatin

g aro

und

the

bush

or b

eing

conf

usin

g

Eg 1

: On

ce ag

ain,

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

data

and

adve

rtisin

g is m

ade

expl

icit

Eg 2

: Fle

xible

pay

coul

d in

crea

se to

twice

fixe

d sa

lary

, but

onl

y with

exp

licit

shar

ehol

der a

ppro

val

SE

GMEN

T (n

, v) -

o

n, kh

c,

t, m

ing

- on

e of

the

parts

into

whi

ch so

met

hing

nat

ural

ly di

vides

A se

gmen

t is o

ne o

f sev

eral

pie

ces t

hat t

oget

her c

reat

e a w

hole

. you

coul

d of

fer a

segm

ent o

f you

r ora

nge

to yo

ur

girlf

riend

as a

vale

ntin

e's d

ay gi

ft. Sh

ell p

roba

bly e

njoy

the

oran

ge, b

ut sh

e m

ay b

reak

up

with

you.

Eg 1

: W

oo b

elie

ves t

he co

mpa

ny w

ill fo

cus o

n m

ore

than

just

grow

ing n

ew se

gmen

ts o

f its

bus

ines

s goi

ng fo

rwar

d

Eg 2

: St

ill, t

here

are

way

s to

wal

l off

or sp

lit u

p th

e m

ost c

ritica

l seg

men

ts o

f inf

rast

ruct

ure-

and

to m

onito

r fur

ther

effo

rts to

bre

ak in

GE

AR (n

, adj

) - C

c

u, th

it b

,ln

s,

y n

hanh

- eq

uipm

ent c

onsis

ting o

f misc

ella

neou

s arti

cles n

eede

d fo

r a

parti

cula

r ope

ratio

n or

spor

t etc

.

151 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

The

noun

gear

refe

rs to

seve

ral t

hing

s. fir

st, it

s th

e eq

uipm

ent w

e ne

ed fo

r a sp

ort o

r eve

nt. a

gear

is al

so a

whe

el

with

teet

h th

at in

terlo

cks w

ith an

othe

r gea

r to

trans

mit

mot

ion

in a

mac

hine

.

Eg 1

: As

iran

gear

s up

for e

lect

ions

in ju

ne, t

he fa

nfar

e of

vetti

ng a

pres

iden

tial c

andi

date

list i

s onc

e ag

ain

in fu

ll

swin

g

Eg 2

: He

stru

ggle

d m

ight

ily in

his

first

mon

th, w

ith d

efen

ses g

eare

d up

to sh

ut h

im d

own

IN

CENT

IVE (

n) -

S kh

uyn

khch

,n

g c

(thc

y

lm

vic

g) -

a p

ositi

ve m

otiva

tiona

l influ

ence

If yo

ur m

om w

ants

you

to m

ow th

e la

wn

but y

ou d

on't

feel

like

it, sh

e m

ight

offe

r to

treat

you

to ic

e cr

eam

afte

r

as an

ince

ntive

. an

ince

ntive

is so

met

hing

that

stim

ulat

es yo

u to

take

actio

n or

wor

k har

der

Eg 1

: Go

vern

men

t inc

entiv

es, in

cludi

ng ta

xes,

reba

tes a

nd gu

aran

teed

ele

ctric

pric

ing,

hav

e pr

opel

led

the

sola

r

mar

ket's

grow

th w

orld

wid

e

Eg 2

: A

shar

p dr

op in

inve

ntor

ies o

ver t

he la

st ye

ar h

as gi

ven

deve

lope

rs m

ore

ince

ntive

to b

uild

hom

es.

FU

NDAM

ENTA

L (n,

adj

) - C

b

n, c

s, c

h y

u - t

he fo

unda

tion,

esse

ntia

l, prin

ciple

s

Fund

amen

tal h

as it

s roo

ts in

the

latin

wor

d fu

ndam

entu

m, w

hich

mea

ns "f

ound

atio

n." s

o if

som

ethi

ng is

fund

amen

tal, i

t is a

key p

oint

or u

nder

lying

issu

e -th

e fo

unda

tion,

if yo

u w

ill -

that

the

thin

g is b

uilt

upon

. tea

cher

s

argu

e th

at m

ath

fund

amen

tals

inclu

de m

emor

izing

the t

imes

tabl

es an

d un

ders

tand

ing l

ong d

ivisio

n. m

any

peop

le

wou

ld al

so ar

gue

that

mat

h fu

ndam

enta

ls sh

ould

inclu

de kn

owin

g how

to u

se a

calcu

lato

r and

know

ing w

here

the

calcu

lato

r's e

xtra

bat

terie

s are

kept

Eg 1

: At

eve

ry le

vel t

here

are

fund

amen

tal la

ws g

over

ning

a pa

rticu

lar s

yste

m w

hich

we

have

to u

nder

stan

d

Eg 2

: He

said

it w

as "f

unda

men

tal"

to d

iscus

s the

amer

ican

mov

ie in

dust

ry's

way

s of p

ortra

ying i

ran

in o

rder

to

prev

ent "

an in

sane

war

."

CR

ITER

ION

(n) -

Ti

u ch

un,

tiu

ch -

stan

dard

A cr

iterio

n is

a cat

egor

y for

judg

ing,

but

can

also

be

a pr

ereq

uisit

e fo

r an

achi

evem

ent.

it m

ight

be

an ap

plica

tion

requ

irem

ent f

or a

teac

hing

job

that

you

have

taug

ht al

read

y for

two

year

s. if

you

have

nt,

then

we

say y

ou h

aven

t

"met

the

crite

rion"

for j

ob e

xper

ienc

e. lik

ewise

, if yo

u es

tabl

ish th

e m

odel

for s

omet

hing

, say

you

deliv

er an

excit

ing,

pro

foun

d gr

adua

tion

spee

ch, w

e m

ight

say y

ou "s

et th

e cr

iterio

n" fo

r fut

ure

spea

kers

Eg 1

: So

me

prod

ucts

are

chan

ging

to m

eet t

he cr

iteria

.

Eg 2

: Th

ere

is no

spec

ial s

elec

tion

crite

ria fo

r the

rent

al sc

reen

ings

CO

MM

ITM

ENT

(n) -

Li c

am k

t; i

u r

ng b

uc -

the

act o

f bin

ding

your

self

(inte

llect

ually

or e

mot

iona

lly) t

o a

cour

se o

f act

ion

Mak

ing a

com

mitm

ent i

nvol

ves d

edica

ting y

ours

elf t

o so

met

hing

, like

a pe

rson

or a

caus

e. b

efor

e yo

u m

ake

a

com

mitm

ent,

thin

k car

eful

ly. a

com

mitm

ent o

bliga

tes y

ou to

do

som

ethi

ng

Eg 1

: Th

ere

is no

fund

ing b

eyon

d a t

wo-

year

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

t com

mitm

ent b

y tito

Eg 2

: As

i mad

e co

mm

itmen

ts an

d ac

cum

ulat

ed th

ings

, he

rem

aine

d de

vote

d to

his

craf

t, ne

ver d

oubt

ing h

is

tale

nt

CO

RRUP

T (v

, adj

) -

t l

t,i

bi

, th

i nt

- m

ake

illega

l pay

men

ts to

in e

xcha

nge

for f

avor

s or i

nflu

ence

Whe

n yo

u co

rrupt

som

eone

, you

conv

ince

them

to d

o so

met

hing

wro

ng o

r eve

n ille

gal. i

f you

talk

your

little

brot

her i

nto

stea

ling c

ookie

s fro

m th

e co

okie

jar,

you'

re co

rrupt

ing h

im. s

omet

hing

corru

pt is

rotte

n, sp

oile

d, o

r

out o

f com

miss

ion,

like

a file

that

mak

es yo

ur co

mpu

ter c

rash

. a co

rrupt

per

son

a cr

imin

al, a

croo

k, or

a co

okie

thie

f brin

gs so

ciety

dow

n w

ith im

mor

al an

d di

shon

est b

ehav

ior.

corru

pt go

es b

ack t

o th

e la

tin ro

ots c

or-,

"alto

geth

er,"

and

rum

pere

, "br

eak"

Eg 1

: Af

ghan

istan

's ba

nkin

g sys

tem

is a

corru

pt m

ess a

nd th

e co

untry

's fin

ancia

l inst

itutio

ns ar

e no

t tru

sted

152 |

IELT

S Lead

er | Eb

ookti

enga

nh.co

m

Eboo

ktien

ganh

.com

Vo

cab9.c

om

Eg 2

: Co

rrupt

pra

ctice

s

OP

ERAT

ION

(n) -

S h

ot

ng;

ca m

;ch

in

dch

- pr

oces

s or m

anne

r of f

unct

ioni

ng o

r ope

ratin

g

Oper

atio

n ca

n re

fer t

o m

edica

l sur

gery

, a m

ilita

ry ca

mpa

ign,

or m

athe

mat

ical m

etho

ds, s

uch

as m

ultip

licat

ion

and

divis

ion

Eg 1

: I s

topp

ed b

eing

so in

volve

d in

the

oper

atio

ns an

d be

cam

e m

ore

of an

advis

er.

Eg 2

: On

an ad

just

ed b

asis,

ear

ning

s fro

m co

ntin

uing

ope

ratio

ns fe

ll to

$1.6

4 pe

r sha

re fr

om $

2.18

a ye

ar e

arlie

r.

TR

ANSP

AREN

T (a

dj) -

Tro

ng su

t, r

r

ng -

able

to b

e se

en th

roug

h w

ith cl

arity

You

can

see

right

thro

ugh

som

ethi

ng tr

ansp

aren

t. a w

indo

w is

tran

spar

ent,

but s

o ar

e th

e in

tent

ions

of a

pee

ping

tom

look

ing t

hrou

gh th

at w

indo

w.

Eg 1

: Th

is te

am p

lace

s gre

at st

ore

in p

repa

ring p

rope

rly, w

orks

har

d on

bui

ldin

g tea

m sp

irit a

nd tr

ies t

o be

as

trans

pare

nt as

pos

sible

Eg 2

: In

stea

d, p

olici

es su

ch as

thos

e pr

omot

ed b

y lab

our -

for t

rans

pare

nt tr

adin

g - sh

ould

be

supp

orte

d

DI

VERS

ITY

(n) -

a

dng

, pho

ng p

h -

varie

ty

To h

ave

dive

rsity

, you

nee

d a m

ix of

wha

teve

r you

're ta

lking

abou

t. if

you

like

scie

nce

fictio

n, ro

man

tic co

med

ies,

carto

ons,

and

actio

n m

ovie

s, th

en yo

u lik

e a d

ivers

ity o

f typ

es o

f film

s. if

you

like

noth

ing b

ut ku

ngfu

film

s, th

en

you

don'

t like

a di

vers

ity o

f film

s. no

mat

ter w

hat k

ind

of d

ivers

ity yo

u're

talki

ng ab

out,

ther

e ne

eds t

o be

a re

al

mix,

kind

of l

ike a

huge

box

of c

rayo

las.

Eg 1

: Va

lues

such

as d

ivers

ity co

uld

mea

n on

e th

ing i

n th

e un

ited

stat

es an

d an

othe

r in

sout

h af

rica

Eg 2

: Di

d po

p be

gin

in u

nifo

rmity

and

then

exp

lode

into

dive

rsity

?

W

RENC

H (n

) - V

n m

nh,

xon

; gi

t mn

h - t

o gr

ab o

r pul

l som

ethi

ng w

ith a

lot o

f phy

sical

forc

e

May

be yo

u ha

ve a

wre

nch

at h

ome,

that

is, a

han

d to

ol th

at is

use

d to

hol

d or

twist

a nu

t or a

pip

e jo

int.

if so

, you

also

hav

e a g

reat

way

to re

mem

ber w

hat w

renc

h th

e ve

rb m

eans

. jus

t im

agin

e yo

u're

twist

ing w

ith a

wre

nch,

exce

pt in

stea

d of

usin

g a to

ol, y

oure

usin

g you

r han

ds. i

f som

ethi

ng is

hea

rt w

renc

hing

, it m

akes

you

feel

very

sad.

if yo

u w

renc

h a p

art o

f you

r bod

y, yo

u st

rain

, pul

l or t

wist

it, in

jurin

g you

rsel

f in

som

e w

ay.

Eg 1

: Th

en ca

me

wre

nchi

ng ab

dom

inal

pai

n, w

hich

she

said

doc

tors

dism

issed

as p

sych

osom

atic

Eg 2

: Th

e fa

cts o

f the

curre

nt ca

se ar

e no

less

wre

nchi

ng

SU

PERI

OR (a

dj, n

) - C

ao c

p - h

ighe

r qua

lity o

r per

form

ance

Supe

rior c

omes

from

the

latin

wor

d m

eani

ng ab

ove

and

it lit

eral

ly m

eans

som

ethi

ng th

at is

abov

e ot

hers

in

qual

ity o

r sta

tus.

som

etim

es b

eing

supe

rior c

an b

e pe

rcei

ved

as a

nega

tive,

as in

the

wom

an w

ho ac

ts su

perio

r to

all o

f her

frie

nds,

havin

g a h

igh

opin

ion

of h

erse

lf ju

st b

ecau

se sh

e ha

s mill

ions

of d

olla

rs in

the

bank

afte

r win

ning

the

lotte

ry

Eg 1

: Th

e pe

nnsy

lvani

a sup

erio

r cou

rt is

one

of tw

o ap

pella

te co

urts

in th

e st

ate.

Eg 2

: Vi

ewer

s may

also

know

her

from

chan

nel 5

's su

perio

r int

erio

rs

M

ODER

ATE (

adj, v

) - V

a p

hi;

phi

chn

g;

iu

-

not e

xtre

me,

mak

e le

ss st

rong

or i

nten

se; s

ofte

n

A m

oder

ate

vote

r is s

omeo

ne w

ho is

pol

itica

lly sp

eakin

g, in

the

cent

er. i

n ot

her w

ords

, the

y are

not

qui

te le

ft or

right

, but

som

ewhe

re in

the

mid

dle.

Eg 1

: A

mod

erat

e am

ount

of c

ushi

onin

g im

prov

es ru

nnin

g effi

cienc

y, he

has

foun

d

Eg 2

: Th

ose

are

sens

ible

dea

ls - l

ow ri

sk, m

oder

ate

rew

ard

- in

keep

ing w

ith al

ders

on's

patte

rn.

VE