i. the stage is set
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I. The Stage is Set
A. The Pursuit of Peace
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1. ALFRED NOBEL
a) Swedish inventor of dynamite
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b) Regretted military uses of invention
c) Set up Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who worked for peace
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2. Pacifism
a) Opposition to all war
b) Women’s suffrage organizations supported pacifism
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3. Hague Tribunal
a) In 1899, world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference.
b) A World Court to settle disputes between nation
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B. Aggressive Nationalism
1. France & Germanya) France was bitter about
their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian war
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b) German occupation of the border provinces of Alsace & Lorraine
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2. Eastern Europea) Pan Slavism –
Nationalism shared by all Slavic Nationalities
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b) Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Turkey felt threaten by new nations on their borders
1) joined Central Powers
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C. Rivalries Among European Powers
1. Economic rivalry
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a) Britain felt threatened
b) Germany thought the other great powers did not give them enough respect
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2. Imperialism
a) Competition for colonies brought France & Germany to the “brink of war”
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3. Militarism and the Arms Race
a) Nations made political & national alliances
b) Glorification of the Military was a positive force
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c) “Social Darwinism” – survival of the fittest
d) Fiercest competition was between Britain & Germany
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D. A Tangle of Alliances
1. Distrust led to treaties pledging to defend one another
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2. 1882 – Triple Alliancea) Italyb) Austria – Hungaryc) Germany
1. Joined to protect itself against France
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3. 1914 – Germany & Austria-Hungary became known as the Central Powers
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4. 1904 – France & Britain signed an Entent
a) Non-binding agreement to follow common policies
b) When Russia joined they become know as the Allies
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II. The Guns of August
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A. Assassination in Sarajevo
1. Serbian Outragea) Viewed Austrians as
foreign oppressors
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b) Members of Unity or Death, a Serbian terrorist group sought revenge
1) “Black Hand”
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2. The Fatal Shots
a) Gavrilo Princip assassinated the tyrants
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(1) The Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife
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(a) Heir to the Austrian throne
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B. The Conflict Widens1. A harsh Ultimatum
a) Austria sent Serbia a final set of demands
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1) All involved must be punished
2) Must end all anti-Austrian agitation
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b) July 28, 1914 Austria Declared war on
Serbia
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2. From Capital to Capital
a) German Kaiser gave full support to Austria
b) Serbia asked Russia for help
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c) Russia began to mobilize for war
d) Russia appeals to Francee) Germany declares war on
France
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3. The Schlieffen Plana) Italy & Britain remained
neutral(1) policy of supporting neither side in a war
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b) General Alfred Von Schlieffen
(1) Avoid a 2 front war(2) Germany had to defeat
France quickly
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(3) Then fight Russia(4) German armies would
march through Belgium & swing south behind French lines
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(5) Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium forced Britain to declare war on Germany
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C. The Historians’ View1. “The Guns of August”
a) A widely read study of the outbreak of war by Barbara Tuchman
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2. People on both sides were equally committed to military action
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3. Militarism was one of the forces that led to the outbreak of war in Europe
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III. A New Kind of Conflict
A. The Western Front
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1. Stalematea) Neither side was able to
defeat the other
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b) Russia mobilized forces more quickly than expected
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c) Germany sent troops to the East creating a 2 front war
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d) The automatic machine gun contributed most to the stalemate on the western front
1) It was difficult to gain an advantage
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2) machine guns made it nearly impossible for troops to advance
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2. Trench Warfarea) An underground network of
linked bunkers, communication trenches & gun emplacements
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Trench Foot
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b) NO MANS LAND – land between opposing trenches
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3. Costly Battlesa) 1916 – Launched
massive offensives1) neither side had an
advantage
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B. Technology of Modern Warfare
1. WWI was more destructive than earlier wars because modern weapons were more dangerous.
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a) Rapid fire machine gun
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b) Armored Tanks
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c) Poison Gas
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d) Zeppelins – large gas-filled balloons to bomb the English coast
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e) U-boats – submarines
(1) Helped turn WWI into a global war
(2) Were sinking merchant ships that carried vital supplies to Britain
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(3) Unrestricted submarine warfare
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f) Convoys (1) Allies organized groups of
merchant ships protected by warships
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The legendary Krupp's Big Bertha, a German 42cm howitzer of the type used to crush the Belgian fortresses in 1914.
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C. A Global Conflict
1. Eastern Europe
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a) Russia was poorly equipped to fight in a Modern War
b) Were pushed back to their own soil
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2. Southern Europea) Italy declared war on
Austria-Hungary
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1) later on Germany2) signed a secret treaty
to gain land
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3. The War Outside Europea) Japan allied with Britain to
seize German outposts in China
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b) Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in 1914
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c) Arab Nationalists declared a revolt against Ottoman rule
(1) British supported the Arab revolt
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4. War and the Coloniesa) Turned colonies into
suppliers of1) troops2) laborers3) supplies
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IV. Winning the War
A. Total War
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1. Economic Impact
a) Channeled ALL of the nation’s entire resources into a war effort
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b) All nations except Britain imposed a military conscription – draft
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c) Governments rationed food, boots, gasoline, etc.
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2. Propaganda Wara) Propaganda
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1) Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
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2) British & French circulated tales of atrocities (horrible acts) against innocent people
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3. Impact on Women
a) Took jobs and kept the national economies going
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B. Collapsing Morale
1. Revolution in Russia
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a) Lack of food & supplies brought down the Russian Monarchy
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b) V.I. Lenin came to power
(1) Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to end Russia’s involvement in WWI
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2. Impact on the War
a) Germany could now concentrate forces on the Western Front
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C. The United States Declares War
1. U.S. helped the allies achieve breakthrough they sought
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2. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
a) Lusitania – German subs attacked British liner killing American citizens
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3. Cultural Tiesa) Felt ties of culture &
language to Britainb) Sympathized with France
as another democracy
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4. Zimmermann Note a) Early 1917, the British
intercepted a message from the German foreign minister to an ambassador in Mexico
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b) For support, Germany would help Mexico re-conquer lost territory in the U.S.
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5. Declaring Wara) April 1917,
President Woodrow Wilson asked for a “declaration of war”
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1)Make the world “safe for democracy”
2)“A war to end All war”
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6. The Fourteen Pointsa) Developed by President
Wilsonb) End Secret Treaties
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c) Freedom of the Seasd) Free Tradee) Reduction of arms
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f) Eastern Europe granted self-determination(1) the right of the people to
choose their own form of government
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g) Creation of a “General Association of Nations” to keep peace
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D. Campaign to Victory
1. William II, Kaiser of Germany, stepped down & went into exile in the Netherlands
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2. Armisticea) New German
government sought an agreement to end fighting, November 11, 1918
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American railroad artillery detachment posed on a 14in.
rail gun near Bassons, Gironde, France after the war.
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V. Making the PeaceA. The Costs of
War
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1. Human & Material Costs
a) 8.5 million dead
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b) Wounded & Handicapped Twice the death figure
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c) Famine threatened many regions
d) Pandemic of influenza –1) spread of disease across
an entire country, continent or in this case the whole world
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2. Financial Burdens
a) Europe had been reduced to “rubble”
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b) Reparations – payment for war damages
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3. Political Turmoil
a) Governments collapsed in Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman Empire
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b) Unrest swept through Europe’s colonial empires in Africa & Asia
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
1. The Big Three
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a) President Wilson1) United States representative2) Urged “Peace Without
Victory”
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b) David Lloyd George
1) British Prime Minister
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c) George Clemenceau1) French leader2) Wanted to punish
Germany so it would never threaten France again
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2. Difficult Issuesa) Conflicting demands led
to compromises on major issues
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b) Collective Security
(1) A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
(2) League of Nations
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C. The Treaty of Versailles
1. Forced Germany to assume full blame for the war
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2. Imposed huge reparations
3. Limited size of German military
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4. Returned Alsace & Lorraine to France
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5. Removed territory from East & West Germany6. Stripped Germany of its
overseas colonies
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D. Widespread Dissatisfaction
1. Self-determination in Eastern Europe
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2. Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia
3. Poland became independent
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4. Three new republicsa) Czechoslovakiab) Austriac) Hungary
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5. Mandate Systema) Mandates – territories
administered by Western Powers
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(1) Were to be held & modernized until they were able to “stand alone”
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6. Unfulfilled goals
a) Italy was angry because it didn’t get the land it was promised
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b) Japan protested the refusal of Western Nations to recognize claims in China
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c) Russia was excluded from the peace talks
(1) Resented the Polish Nation & 3 independent Baltic States
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7. Hopes for Global Peace
a) League of nations1) Promised to take common
action - economic or military - against any aggressor
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b) United States never joined the League
c) The League was powerless
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