i. the new middle east. a. the mandate system 1.mandates: former middle east colonies of germany...

I. The New Middle East

A. The Mandate System

1. Mandates: former Middle East colonies of Germany & Ottomans divided by French & British

– Class C Mandates: colonies– Class B Mandates: given autonomy – Class A Mandates: Arab-speaking territories

2. British: Palestine, Iraq (King Faisal), & Trans-JordanFrance: Syria & Lebanon

B. Modern Turkey

1. End of WWI Ottoman Empire collapsed:

– Mustafa Kemal: hero of Gallipoli campaign formed a nationalist government (1919) & reconquered Anatolia

2. Kemal an outspoken modernizer:

– declared Turkey a secular republic– introduced European laws– replaced Arabic alphabet w/ Latin alphabet

C. France & its Territories

1. The Maghrib (Algeria, Tunisia, & Morocco) dominated by France

2. Arabs & Berbers discriminated against

3. France crushed nationalist uprisings in Lebanon & Syria

D. Britain & its Territories

1. British declared Iraq independent

2. Britain declared Egypt independent (1922)

E. The “Question” of Palestine…

1. Palestine Mandate: British tried to limit Jewish immigration in 1920s…

- alienated Jews & Arabs- Jewish settlements established (kibbutz)

II. Tech. Changes of Modernity

A. Class & Gender

1. Social class distinctions faded after WW I

2. 1920s: women enjoyed more personal freedoms & won right to vote (1915-1934)

3. Expanded role of government = more “white collar” workers

4. working class: benefitted from new machinery & organizing work

B. Scientific Discoveries

1. The discovery of:

– Sub-atomic particles– Quantum psyics– Einstein’s theory of relativity

2. Potential for dangerous sources of energy…

Sigmund Freud

“Father” of Psychology

C. New Technologies

1. Airplanes

2. Electricity:- radio stations: news, sports, soap operas, & advertising

3. Film: “talking pictures” in Hollywood (1921)

4. Health & Hygiene:Medicinesewage treatment systemsindoor plumbingsoap

The Jazz Singer

D. Urban ENV

1. Skyscrapers:

– load-bearing steel frames & passenger elevators – European cities restricted building height

2. Automobiles:

– mass-produced cars (Model T)– construction of suburbs

Chrysler Building