human growth & development basic health care; hce100
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Human Growth & Development
Basic Health Care; HCE100
Overview
1. Life stages
2. Death & dying
3. Human needs
4. Communication
Life Stagespsychosocial development
• 7 stages 1. Infancy ---------------------- birth to 1 year
2. Early childhood ---------- 1 to 6
3. Late childhood ----------- 6 to 12
4. Adolescence -------------- 12 to 20
5. Early adulthood --------- 20 to 40
6. Middle adulthood -------- 40 to 65
7. Late adulthood ----------- > 65
• 4 areas of concern within each stage1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Emotional
4. Social
Erikson’s 8 stages of
psychosocial development
• Difference from the “7” stages:– Early childhood -------into--------- toddler & preschool
(1-6 yrs) (1-3 yrs) (3-6 yrs)
key event
1. Infancy ------------------ oral-sensory ------------ feeding
2. Toddler ------------------ muscular-anal ---------- toilet training
3. Preschool -------------- locomotor ----------------- independence
4. School-age ----------- latency --------------------- school
5. Adolescence ---------------------------------------- peer relationships
6. Early adulthood -------------------------------------- love relationships
7. Middle adulthood ------------------------------------- parenting
8. Late adulthood ------------------------------------- reflection/ acceptance
Infancy
• Physical – Key reflexes develop
• Moro • Rooting• Sucking• Grasp
• Mental – As needs met they become aware of surroundings
• Emotional– 6-12 months they get all emotions:
» Like, dislike, anger, distress, elation• Social
– Key = shift from self-centered to recognition of others
Early Childhood
• Physical – Between 2-4 they learn bowel & bladder control
• Mental – Rapid growth especially verbal development
• Emotional– Self-awareness
– Temper tantrums early in this stage since can’t do what they want to do
– Right & wrong develops late in this stage
• Social– From self-centered to very social
Late Childhood
• Physical– Slow but steady
• Mental – Increases rapidly since school
• Emotional – Learn to cope & control emotions
• Social – Become group oriented
– Make friends easier
Adolescence• Physical
– Puberty
• Mental– Decision making
– Learns responsibility for own actions
• Emotional– Turmoil in early adolescence
– Maturity in late adolescence
• Social– Peer groups
Note: Because of much turmoil in this stage, and feelings of insecurity & inadequacy may problems can occur--- e.g. substance abuse, eating disorders, & suicide
Early Adulthood
• Physical – Most productive physical time
• Mental– Finishes schooling
– Forming opinions
• Emotional– Status depends on development to date
– Learns constructive criticism
• Social – Away from peers & into people with similar likes
Middle Adulthood
• Physical– Old-age changes begin
• Mental– Continues to increase
• Emotional– Can achieve emotional satisfaction/ emotional stress
– Job success
– Financial success
– Children success
– Marital success
• Social– Varies depending on past (loner vs. groupie)
Late Adulthood
• Physical– On the decline
• Mental– Usually OK till 70 -80’s
– First to go = short term memory
• Emotional– Much emotional adjustment necessary
• Social– Much social adjustment necessary
TestName the life stage associated with the following activities
• Menopause• Puberty• Learn to walk• Most permanent teeth erupt• Develop interest in opposite sex• High rate of chemical abuse• Death of spouse• Suicide• Rapid physical growth• Close association with peer group• Male climacteric
Death & Dying
• Dr. Elizabeth Kubler- Ross– 5 stages of grieving
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
• Philosophy is allowing death with dignity– Hospice care
• Provides palliation (support & comfort)
• “Right to die”– Uses advance directives to withhold treatments that
might prolong life
Human Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied
Physiological Needs
Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we
may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to
establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things.
Safety Needs
Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly
psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunction, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the next level because she is constantly concerned for her safety. Love and belongingness have to wait until she is no
longer cringing in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their
neighborhood. Many people, particularly those in the inner cities, unfortunately, are stuck at this level. In addition, safety needs
sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe secure place after we die and leave the
insecurity of this world
Love Needs
Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups,
religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others.
Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed. Beer commercials, in addition to playing on sex, also often show how beer makes for camaraderie. When was the last
time you saw a beer commercial with someone drinking beer alone?
Esteem Needs
There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there's the
attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the belongingness level, however, wanting admiration has
to do with the need for power. People who have all of their lower needs satisfied, often drive very expensive cars because doing so
raises their level of esteem. "Hey, look what I can afford
KEY = feel important & worthwhile
Self-Actualization
The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." People
who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, oneness with God,
etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take up environmental causes, join the Peace Corps, go off to a monastery, etc.
• To meet these needs:
• First -------- become motivated
– If need met ---------- then satisfaction
– If need not met ----- then tension
• Ways to satisfy human needs
– Direct ways
• deal with getting satisfaction by satisfying the need
– Indirect ways
• deal with decreasing the tension even though you don’t satisfy the need
• Direct Ways
• Hard work
• Realistic goals
• Situation evaluation
• Cooperation with others
Use as an example the desire to pass this course
• Indirect ways» Remember that these ways are ones dealing with the
fact that you have not met your needs» Thus these are “defense mechanisms” to keep you ego
(self) intact » Key is maintaining self esteem
– Repression • Transfer anxiety provoking needs into unconscious
– Need to study for a test – one forgets one has a test
• Suppression = transfer to conscious mind, but table it till a later time
– Regression• Return of behavior from an earlier stage of
development• Example is withdrawal
– Rationalization • Use of self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable
behavior– Cheat on test because teacher left the room– Don’t study for test because material too hard in the first place
– Projection• Project blame on someone or something else
– Failing a course is teacher’s fault– “jack story”– No job since unemployment high
• Allows one to not admit their mistakes
– Displacement• Transfer feelings toward someone to somebody else
– One thinks this somebody else is less threatening– Redirect anger from boss to wife
– Denial• Refusal to accept true nature of situation
– “smoker” who won’t quit
– Sublimation• Turning unmet needs into positive constructive efforts• Same as compensation
– Student who wants to be MD but ends up as a medical assistant
• Again 7 defense mechanisms– Repression regression rationalization
– Projection displacement denial
– Sublimation
Communication• The Communication Cycle
• 5 C’s of communication» Cohesive = understanding» Clear = OK language, no interruptions, no distractions
A Good Listener = key to good communication
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal communication called ----- “body language”
• Factors involved in body language:• Facial expression• Territoriality (personal space)
» Personal = to 4 feet» Social = 4 – 12 feet» Public = 12 – 15 feet
• Posture» Legs crossed = closed/ opinionated
• Position» Face to face at same level = good !!
• Gestures & mannerisms» Pay attention --- listen !!!
• Tone of voice
Barriers to effective communication
• Psychological barriers• Being prejudice, thus moralizing & preaching• Requesting explanations concerning statements made• Ridiculing & shaming• Shifting subjects – pay attention & listen• Criticizing and arguing• Threatening
• Physical barriers• Deaf, blind, aphasic, etc
• Cultural diversity
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