histology: study of tissues four types? two components of tissue?

HISTOLOGY:HISTOLOGY:Study of TissuesStudy of Tissues

Four Types?Four Types?

Two components of tissue?Two components of tissue?

2 Components of Tissue2 Components of Tissue

CellsCells

Extracellular matrixExtracellular matrix

These four tissue types have a These four tissue types have a wide range of wide range of

functions, as shown functions, as shown in the in the following table.following table.

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Focus: EpitheliumFocus: Epithelium

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM:OF EPITHELIUM:

Epithelial tissues are anchored to a basement membrane, are made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material, generally lack blood vessels, and are replaced frequently.

LOCATIONLOCATION

Lining of body Lining of body cavitiescavitiesLining of digestive Lining of digestive tracttractLining of heart and Lining of heart and blood vesselsblood vesselsLining of gland ductsLining of gland ductsSkinSkin

FUNCTION OF EPITHELIUMFUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM

ProtectionProtection

Absorption – one side of the tissue is Absorption – one side of the tissue is always in contact w/ external opening always in contact w/ external opening (maintains homeostasis)(maintains homeostasis)

Secretions – hormones, mucus, enzymesSecretions – hormones, mucus, enzymes

How epithelial tissues are How epithelial tissues are classified:classified:

SHAPE:SHAPE:Squamous – thin, Squamous – thin, think “squished”think “squished”Cuboidal – cubed Cuboidal – cubed shapeshapeColumnar – Columnar – rectangular think rectangular think “column”“column”

LAYERS:LAYERS:

Simple = single Simple = single layerlayer

Stratified = more Stratified = more than one layerthan one layer

Types of epitheliumTypes of epithelium

Simple squamousSimple squamous

Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal

Simple columnarSimple columnar

Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidal

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

B.B. Simple Squamous EpitheliumSimple Squamous Epithelium

1.1. Simple squamous Simple squamous epithelium is epithelium is made up of a made up of a single layer of single layer of thin, thin, flattened cells.flattened cells.

2.2. Because it is suited for Because it is suited for diffusion, it diffusion, it

functions in the functions in the exchange of gases in the exchange of gases in the

lungs and lines blood and lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as lymph vessels as

well as body well as body cavities. cavities.

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Simple Cuboidal

C.C. Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumSimple Cuboidal Epithelium

1.1. Simple cuboidal Simple cuboidal epithelium epithelium consists consists of a single layer of of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with cube-shaped cells with

centrally located nuclei.centrally located nuclei.

2.2. It functions in secretion It functions in secretion and and absorption in the absorption in the kidneys, and kidneys, and in secretion in secretion in glands.in glands.

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Simple ColumnarSimple Columnar

D.D. Simple Columnar EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium

1.1. Simple columnar Simple columnar epithelium is epithelium is made up of a made up of a row of row of elongated elongated cells whose nuclei cells whose nuclei are all are all located near the located near the basement basement membrane. It may membrane. It may be ciliated.be ciliated.

2.2. It lines the uterus, It lines the uterus, stomach, stomach, and intestines and intestines where it where it protects protects underlying tissues, underlying tissues, secretes secretes digestive fluids, and digestive fluids, and absorbs absorbs nutrients.nutrients.

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3.3. In the intestine, these cells In the intestine, these cells possess possess

microvilli that increase the microvilli that increase the surface area available for absorption.surface area available for absorption.

4.4. Mucus-secreting goblet cells Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among can be found among

columnar columnar cells. cells.

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E. Stratified SquamousE. Stratified Squamous

EE.. Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1. This type of tissue is This type of tissue is made up made up of layers of of layers of flattened cells that flattened cells that are are designed to protect designed to protect underlying layers.underlying layers.

2.2. It makes up the outer It makes up the outer layer of layer of skin, skin, and lines and lines the mouth, the mouth, throat, throat, vagina, and anal canal.vagina, and anal canal.

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3.3. In the skin, outer layers of In the skin, outer layers of cells cells undergo undergo keratinization; however, keratinization; however, this this process does not process does not occur where occur where tissues remain moist in the throat, tissues remain moist in the throat, vagina, or anal canal. vagina, or anal canal.

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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL

F. F. Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Cuboidal EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1.This tissue consists of two This tissue consists of two to to three layers of cuboidal three layers of cuboidal cells cells lining a lumen of lining a lumen of the mammary the mammary glands, sweat glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, salivary glands, glands, and pancreas.and pancreas.

2.2.Several layers of cells Several layers of cells provide provide greater protection greater protection than one than one single layer.single layer.

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““special” types of epitheliumspecial” types of epithelium

Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – “false layers”, looks like there is more than “false layers”, looks like there is more than one layer b/c nucleus alignment in cellsone layer b/c nucleus alignment in cells

Transitional epithelium – tissues that Transitional epithelium – tissues that adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)

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E. E. Pseudostratified Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1. These cells appear layered due These cells appear layered due to the to the varying positions of their varying positions of their nuclei within nuclei within the row of cells, but the row of cells, but are not truly are not truly layered.layered.

2.2. Cilia may be present, along Cilia may be present, along with with mucus-secreting globlet mucus-secreting globlet cells, that cells, that line and sweep line and sweep debris from debris from respiratory respiratory tubes.tubes.

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I.I. Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium

1.1. Transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium is is designed to designed to distend and return distend and return to its to its normal size, as it does in normal size, as it does in the the lining of the urinary lining of the urinary bladder.bladder.

2.2. This design provides This design provides distensibility distensibility

and keeps urine and keeps urine from from diffusing back into the diffusing back into the

internal cavity.internal cavity.

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PracticePractice

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

3 TYPES3 TYPESConnective tissue properConnective tissue properFluid connective tissueFluid connective tissue

Supporting connective tissueSupporting connective tissue

Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper

Many types of cells in a syrupy ground Many types of cells in a syrupy ground substancesubstance

Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory passagewaypassageway

Two types of connective tissueTwo types of connective tissue– loose connectiveloose connective– dense connective dense connective

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Connective tissue proper: CELLS

Fibroblasts Fibroblasts

(slender and star-shaped cells)(slender and star-shaped cells)

Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS

MacrophagesMacrophages

Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS

Adipose cells (stores fat)Adipose cells (stores fat)

Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS

Mast CellsMast Cells

Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS

Plasma CellsPlasma Cells

Connective tissue proper: FIBERSConnective tissue proper: FIBERS

Collagen Collagen – Found in tendons and ligamentsFound in tendons and ligaments

Connective tissue proper: FIBERSConnective tissue proper: FIBERS

Elastic Fibers Elastic Fibers – Rare but importantRare but important– Found between vertebrae and aortaFound between vertebrae and aorta

Connective tissue proper: FIBERSConnective tissue proper: FIBERS

Reticular FibersReticular Fibers– holds blood vessels to surface of organs holds blood vessels to surface of organs

Marfan SyndromeMarfan Syndrome

Genetic disorder that effects the Genetic disorder that effects the production of connective tissueproduction of connective tissue– Effects just about every system in the bodyEffects just about every system in the body– Especially dangerous for blood vessels: Especially dangerous for blood vessels:

collapse and/or bursting of aortacollapse and/or bursting of aorta

Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE

Loose (aka areolar)Loose (aka areolar)

DenseDense

AdiposeAdipose

Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE

Loose connective (areolar)Loose connective (areolar)– ““packing material”packing material”– Fills spaces between organs, supports Fills spaces between organs, supports

epitheliumepithelium– Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper

structures like musclesstructures like muscles– Highly vascularized, shots Highly vascularized, shots

given in this tissue for given in this tissue for

quick transport of drugsquick transport of drugs

Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE

AdiposeAdipose– Cushioning and energy storageCushioning and energy storage– Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts

and abdomenand abdomen– Also fills bony sockets behind eyesAlso fills bony sockets behind eyes– dominant connective tissue of thoracic and dominant connective tissue of thoracic and

abdominopelvic cavitiesabdominopelvic cavities

Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE

Dense ConnectiveDense Connective– Tightly packed collagen fibers make this Tightly packed collagen fibers make this

tissue really strongtissue really strong– Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding

muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and respiratory passagewaysrespiratory passageways

Fluid Connective TissueFluid Connective Tissue

Blood and LymphBlood and Lymph

Supporting Connective TissueSupporting Connective Tissue

Cartilage – ground substance surrounding Cartilage – ground substance surrounding chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called matrix, matrix is firm gelmatrix, matrix is firm gel

Bone – matrix is rigid because of Bone – matrix is rigid because of calcification and contains osteocytes calcification and contains osteocytes (bone cells) (more next chapter)(bone cells) (more next chapter)

Supporting Connective Tissue: Supporting Connective Tissue: CARTILAGECARTILAGE

Hyaline – found between ribs and the Hyaline – found between ribs and the sternum, along passageway of respiratory sternum, along passageway of respiratory tract, opposing surfaces of bones with tract, opposing surfaces of bones with many joints (elbow and knee)many joints (elbow and knee)

Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of nosenose

Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic bones of pelvis, some joints and tendonsbones of pelvis, some joints and tendons

Cartilage and Knee InjuriesCartilage and Knee Injuries

Cartilages are Cartilages are avascular so avascular so they heal poorlythey heal poorly

New research in New research in growing and growing and replacing replacing cartilage has cartilage has showed promise showed promise in dog studiesin dog studies

YOUR TURNYOUR TURN

Now practice your own microscope skills Now practice your own microscope skills and identify the various types of epithelial and identify the various types of epithelial and connective tissuesand connective tissues

Lab Book: Lab #8 and #9, pages 63-71Lab Book: Lab #8 and #9, pages 63-71

Rules for proper microscopic Rules for proper microscopic drawingsdrawings

1.1. Don’t even think of starting your drawing Don’t even think of starting your drawing unless you have a unless you have a PENCIL! Drawings in PENCIL! Drawings in PEN are UNACCEPTABLE! PEN are UNACCEPTABLE! This is for This is for two reasons:two reasons:        (a) You can         (a) You can eraseerase pencil! pencil!        (b) You can         (b) You can shade in areasshade in areas more more

easily in pencil.easily in pencil.

Drawing rules continuedDrawing rules continued

2.2. Each Drawing Each Drawing must include clear, must include clear, proper labels! proper labels!

AlwaysAlways include the name of the tissue, include the name of the tissue, location and location and magnificationmagnification (100x or 430x) (100x or 430x)

Drawing rules continuedDrawing rules continued

3.3. Labels should start on the Labels should start on the outsideoutside of the circle. of the circle. The circle indicates the field of view as seen The circle indicates the field of view as seen through the eyepiece.through the eyepiece. All arrows should end with All arrows should end with thethe pointpoint touching the object to be labeled.touching the object to be labeled.

4. 4. Epithelial cells should Epithelial cells should always always include include at leastat least the following the following fivefive labels: labels: Cell membrane, Cell membrane, Basement membrane, Nucleus, Chromatin, Basement membrane, Nucleus, Chromatin, Cytoplasm.Cytoplasm.

5. Connective tissues: label cell type and 5. Connective tissues: label cell type and fibersfibers

Tissue Drawing ExampleTissue Drawing ExampleSimple Columnar EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium

Small Intestine 430X

Chromatin

Nuclear membrane

Nucleus Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Basement membrane

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

PAGE 66 and PAGES 70-71PAGE 66 and PAGES 70-71

We must share – please take care of We must share – please take care of slides and put back slides and put back properlyproperly for next for next person. Slots are numbered!!person. Slots are numbered!!

TWO SLIDE BOXES: LABELEDTWO SLIDE BOXES: LABELED– Epithelium = blue boxEpithelium = blue box– Connective tissues = black boxConnective tissues = black box

Epithelium ConnectiveEpithelium ConnectiveSIMPLE SQUAMOUSSIMPLE SQUAMOUS

– Simple squamousSimple squamous– Squamous cheek cellsSquamous cheek cells

SIMPLE CUBOIDALSIMPLE CUBOIDAL– Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal– Thyroid glandThyroid gland

SIMPLE COLUMNARSIMPLE COLUMNAR– StomachStomach– JejunumJejunum– Esophagus and stomach Esophagus and stomach

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNARPSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR– no slides availableno slides available

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUSSTRATIFIED SQUAMOUS– Skin hairy mammalSkin hairy mammal– Stratified epitheliumStratified epithelium

ColonColon– TRANSITIONALTRANSITIONAL– Mammal urinary bladderMammal urinary bladder

LOOSE CONNECTIVEAreolar

ADIPOSEno slide available

DENSE CONNECTIVEno slide available

HYALINE CARTILAGEHyaline cartilage

ELASTIC CARTILAGEElastic cartilage

FIBROCARTILAGE – replace with INTRAMEMBRANOUSIntramembranous fetal skull

BONEFemur

BloodBlood human

2. Match the epithelial tissue with 2. Match the epithelial tissue with the correct descroption.the correct descroption.

CC

DD

BB

AA

FF

FF

3. Match epithelium with correct 3. Match epithelium with correct location.location.

EE

FF

AA

DD

CC

BB

4. Match epithelium tissue with the 4. Match epithelium tissue with the correct function.correct function.

CC

DD

BB

AA

FF

EE

5. Basement membrane function?5. Basement membrane function?

Holds epithelial cells to next layer of tissueHolds epithelial cells to next layer of tissue

6. Match description with the 6. Match description with the correct tissue type.correct tissue type.

BB

AA

CC

DD

DD

CC

BB

11. Identify each of the cells in the 11. Identify each of the cells in the connective tissue.connective tissue.

Cell #1Cell #1

Cell #2Cell #2

CELL #2

Cell #3Cell #3

12 ID connective tissue cell and 12 ID connective tissue cell and description.description.

P – Oval, dark nucleusP – Oval, dark nucleus

Ms – Irreg shapeMs – Irreg shape

A- Large round, cytoplasm pushed to sideA- Large round, cytoplasm pushed to side

Ms –Oval to irreg., small nucleiMs –Oval to irreg., small nuclei

F – large, flat branchingF – large, flat branching

F – most abundantF – most abundant

F- production of fibersF- production of fibers

Ma – active phagocytesMa – active phagocytesMa – big eatersMa – big eatersMa – engulf and destroy damaged cellMa – engulf and destroy damaged cellA – synthesizes and stores fatA – synthesizes and stores fatMs – releases compound that prevents blood Ms – releases compound that prevents blood

from clotting as it flowsfrom clotting as it flowsMs- initiates allergic responseMs- initiates allergic responseP – produces antibodiesP – produces antibodiesP – fights infectionP – fights infection

19. Fibers19. Fibers

EECCCC

CCEERREERR

26. ID the Connective Tissue 26. ID the Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose, Loose or DenseProper: Adipose, Loose or Dense

Loose - reticularLoose - reticular

Tissue #2Tissue #2

Loose - mesentaryLoose - mesentary

Tissue #3Tissue #3

AdiposeAdipose

Tissue #4Tissue #4

Dense

Tissue #5Tissue #5

DENSEDENSE

Tissue # 6Tissue # 6

DENSEDENSE

Tissue #7Tissue #7

DENSEDENSE

Tissue #8Tissue #8

ADIPOSE

TYPE OF CARTILAGE: Supporting TYPE OF CARTILAGE: Supporting Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Tissue #9Tissue #9

hyalinehyaline

Tissue #10Tissue #10

ELASTIC

Tissue #11Tissue #11

Fibrocartilage

Tissue #12Tissue #12

HyalineHyaline

28. Location of connective tissue28. Location of connective tissue

LooseLoose

LooseLoose

AdiposeAdipose

AdiposeAdipose

DenseDense

DenseDense

29. ID cartilage function29. ID cartilage function

Hyaline – prevents bone of bone contactHyaline – prevents bone of bone contact

Elastic – tolerates slight distortion Elastic – tolerates slight distortion

HyalineHyaline

HyalineHyaline

FibrocartilageFibrocartilage

ElasticElastic

Chapter 5 Tissue TestChapter 5 Tissue TestReviewReview

Epithelium TissueEpithelium Tissue

andand

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Test layoutTest layout

Part I = identificationPart I = identification

Part II and Part III = matching (refer to lab Part II and Part III = matching (refer to lab bookbook

Part IV = multiple choicePart IV = multiple choice

What to studyWhat to study

Pictures of tissues (lab book, textbook, Pictures of tissues (lab book, textbook, PPT and your flashcards)PPT and your flashcards)

Use you notes to complete matching in lab Use you notes to complete matching in lab bookbook

TGT review game played in classTGT review game played in class