his 101
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HIS 101
Western CivilizationChapter 1
Homo Sapien
Progression
Neanderthals
Neanderthal Face
Modern Human
Cave Painting at Lascaux, France
Paleolithic
Neolithic
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Cuneiform
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh Tablet
Sargon I
Hammurabi
Babylon
Ishtar Gate, Babylon
Hammurabi’s Kingdom
Code of Hammurabi
Ziggurat at Ur
Ziggurat at Ur
Early Sumerian Statue
Sumerian Stele
Stele
Egypt
Farming Along Nile
Menes
• Old Kingdom (3100 – 2200 BC)
• Middle Kingdom (2050 – 1750 BC)
• New Kingdom ( 1560 – 1087 BC)
• Dynasty: group of rulers from a single family
who succeeded one another as pharaoh
Menkure, Kephren, & Khufu
• Key to the success of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom was– Absolute power of pharaoh– Pharaoh owned Egypt and its people– Every person was pharaoh’s servant– Pharaohs were active statesmen– Pharaohs had a highly developed administrative
system
• At the end of the Old Kingdom there were ineffectual leaders and things fell apart.
• This was followed by years of chaos• About 2050 BC the Middle Kingdom began
and restored the institutions of the Old Kingdom
• The divine power of pharaohs• A centralized bureaucracy• A provincial administration• A revived economy• Reclaimed land from the desert• Expanded trade• Maintained order
• One change : less emphasis on the divine power of the pharaoh and more on the quality of government
• Concept of ma’at was important– principle of right order, justice, and harmony– This added a humane quality to Middle Kingdom
Hyksos
Old and Middle Kingdoms
• Economic system depended on carefully controlled agriculture
• Relied on peasants to keep irrigation system working, to plant and harvest, and to build pyramids, public buildings, temples, and dwellings
• Artisans and merchants added to Egypt’s wealth
Cultural Life
• Rooted in religion• Deities thought to be benevolent to humans• Deities explained through mythology• Egyptians thought they had won the gods
favor because of their abundant harvests, peace, and security
• Ka : spiritual double that lived after death in close association with the spirits
Hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphics
Khufu
Rigid Statue
Relief
Science and Technology
• Recorded movements of the stars• Had accurate time system: had 12 – 30 day
months with 5 days added at end of year• Had system of numbers: arithmetic, volumes,
and areas• Had information on metals and plant life• Developed surgical techniques and drugs• Understood anatomy from mummification
Ahmose I
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Hatshepsut
Thutmose III
Reasons for Akhenaten’s New Religion
• He wanted to reduce the power of the Priests
• He wanted to move his people forward
• He wanted Egyptians to worship a god that stressed moral goodness instead of the giving of material goods
Tutankhamen
• Tutankhamen:
– moved the capital back to Thebes
– restored the ancient traditional religious practices
Tutankhamen
After Tutankhamen:
• a new military dynasty seized the throne
• Hittites took advantage of Egyptian weaknesses and attacked the state, encouraging those in the Empire to rebel– settlement with Hittites came in the 19th Dynasty
with Seti I and Ramses II– Ramses II signed a peace treaty with Hittites
Seti I
Ramses II
Hittite Warrior and Chariot
Syria - Palestine
Ebla
Ebla
• Between 2500 and 2300 B.C.:– Ebla ruled a large area of Syria including 250,000
people– 30,000 actually lived in Ebla– Ebla traded with other areas and negotiated
commercial treaties– It arranged marriages– It conquered the Mari people– Ruled by oligarchy and an elected king– Fell in 2000 B.C. to Amorites
Ugarit
Ugarit
• Cosmopolitan• Trading center• Spoke a Semitic language but other languages
were spoken in marketplace• Helped to spread the alphabet developed in
1300s B.C. (might not have been the first)– Each sign stood for a sound– 30 signs in alphabet– Adapted by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, &
Westerners
Hittites
Hittites
Hittites 1650 – 1180 B.C.
• Arrived in Anatolia (Turkey) a bit before 1800 B.C.
• Spoke an Indo-European language that spread throughout Europe in various forms
• Great warriors and administrators• Used chariots• Made weapons from iron and bronze• Their empire divided into Old, Middle, & New
Kingdoms
• New Kingdom took areas in Syria and Mesopotamia
• After 1180 – 700 B.C., Hittites broke into small states
• Recorded their own history• Known for their battles and for making peace– Maintained peace from 1450 – 1300 B.C. with
their first international system– Then there was rough equality between Hittites &
Egyptians; war was avoided after Qadesh, 1274 BC
• Peace was temporary– Between 1200 and 1150 B.C. , the International
System collapsed with the Invasion of the Sea Peoples
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