harmonizing approaches to women’s health in africa khama rogo md phd
Post on 12-Jan-2016
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Harmonizing Approaches Harmonizing Approaches to Women’s Health in to Women’s Health in
AfricaAfrica
Khama Rogo MD PhD Khama Rogo MD PhD
Life Expectancy
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00
South-Africa
Botswana
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Life Expectancy in Africa
Women’s Health: A broader developmental issue
Women’s right to the enjoyment of highest standards of health throughout the life cycle ….is essential to leading productive and fulfilling life, and the right to control all aspects of their health is basic to their
empowerment
economic rationale – poverty alleviation health rationale – family and children human rights rationale – choice and inequities
Care giver
Worker Mother
Leader
Wife
Provider
G5: Maternal MortalityG5: Maternal Mortality
G4: Child MortalityG4: Child Mortality
G2: EducationG2: Education
G7: EnvironmentG7: EnvironmentG3: GenderG3: Gender
G6: HIV/AIDSG6: HIV/AIDS
G8: PartnershipsG8: Partnerships
G1: Poverty/HungerG1: Poverty/Hunger
Responsibility Starts Early…
Girl and Sibling
Responsibility starts early -Continues throughout life
Girl – caring for siblings, housework… pupil Adolescent – cook, carrier of water and firewood;
early marriage; early motherhood Adult – providing for children, husband, in-laws,
own family; worker,farmer, trader, leader, Old age – widowed; family headship, community
leadership
Demographically, Slightly more women than men
Population Growth
• 693 Million in 2002
• 1.1 Billion by 2025
• 1.7 Billion by 2050
Doubling of population in
20 years
Economic Rationale
Dependency ratio9:1
Dependency ratio9:1
Dependence on women higher
• Biological burden – pregnancy, delivery, lactation
• Physical burden – the porter, long hours; long miles
• Psychological burden - work/life balance;insecurity; cultural transition
Heavy Burden on Women
Heavy burden Vulnerability and ill health
0-9 years0-9 years
10-19 years10-19 years
15-49 years15-49 years
45+ years45+ years
Life – Cycle approach to Women’s Health
6.7
5.8
6.7
6.0
2.7
2.5
2.5
1.6
5.4
3.0
2.74.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Latin America
Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Developingcountries
Developedcountries
WorldEarly 1960s
2002
High Fertility Still Highly Valued
Very little change in Africa in 40 years
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate among Married Women (%)
13
43
5962
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Sub-Saharan
Africa
North Africa Asia (exc luding
China)
Latin America
Family Planning Low
NO family planning, NO rest for womankind
National Contraceptive Prevalence Rates
Most < 10%Only 4 > 30%
Most < 10%Only 4 > 30%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Chad
1996
/97*
*
Niger 1
998
Nigeria
199
9
Camer
oon
1998
Ghana
199
8
Guine
a 19
99
Zambia
199
6
Burkin
a Fa
so 1
998/
99
Benin
200
1
Mal
i 200
1
Cote
d'Ivo
ire 1
998/
99
Tanza
nia
1999
Togo
1998
Seneg
al 1
997
Liber
ia 19
86
Ethiop
ia 2
000*
*
Zimba
bwe
1999
Ugand
a 20
00/0
1
Kenya
199
8**
Mal
awi 2
000*
*
Use Unmet Need
Unmet Need for Family Planning
20-35% unmet need20-35% unmet need
%
Higher premium on child, not mother
Mother and ChildX
• 1:8 of girls born in Angola or Mozambique will die in pregnancy (risk is 1000X higher than Western Europe)
• For each maternal death 30 to 40 suffer life-long debilitating injuries (e.g. incontinence of stool/urine)
• Adolescents form up to 30% of maternity population.
High risk pregnancies are the African Woman’s fate
Every minute, a woman dies in pregnancy
The 3 Delays
I. Delay in the homePoor knowledge
II. Delay in transportationto health facility
III. Delay in accessingappropriate service at health facility
What Kills African Women in Pregnancy?
Sepsis15%
Eclampsia6%
Obstructed labour13%
Other causes8%
Haemorrhage
25%
Abortion33%
(>50%)
Pregnancies ……Too Early …Too Frequent …Too Late
Maternal Deaths
Wide sub-regional differences
Western Africa
1340Eastern Africa
1340
North Africa
460
Central Africa
1020
Southern Africa
360
Deaths per 100,000 births
PAC
EQUITY FOR WOMEN
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Basic Maternity Care
PILLARS OF SAFE
MOTHERHOODF
amil
yP
lan
nin
g
Ess
enti
alO
bst
etri
c C
are
Safe Delivery
ANC
77.1
216.5
119.4
96.1
233.8
318.2
192.4
131.8
147.4
102.1
166.5
107.3 111.5
188.6
273.8
140.2 142.5151.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Ethiopia 2000* Ghana '93,'98 Kenya '93,'98 Malawi '93,'00 Niger '92,'98 Nigeria '90,'99 Senegal'92/93,'99
Uganda '95,'00 Zimbabwe'94,'99
De
ath
s p
er
1,0
00
liv
e b
irth
s
Child Mortality
Under 5’s: Little Improvement in the 1990s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Mal
i 20
01
Ethio
pia 2
000*
Mal
awi 2
000*
Burki
na Fas
o 199
9
Guinea
199
9
Togo 1
998
Tanza
nia 1
999
Uganda
2000
/01
Camer
oon 1
998
Ghana
1998
Niger
ia 1
999
Kenya
199
8
Seneg
al 1
997
Dea
ths
per
1,0
00 i
nfa
nts
un
der
ag
e o
ne
Infant Deaths
Two times higher mortality for Infants born at intervals less than two years
< 2 years
> 2 years
HIV Prevalence Rates
M-F ratio is 1:6 in adolescents
M-F ratio is 1:6 in adolescents
600 - 1199
Over 1200
Less than 600
Maternal Mortality Ratio(per 100,000)
130-149
Over 150
Less than 129
Under 5 Mortality(per 1000)
Adult HIV Prevalence 2002
3% - 9.9%
10% - 14.9%
1% - 2.9%
Over 15%
Under 5 Mortality, Maternal Mortality and
Adult HIV Prevalence
No African country is spared
Education Health Recreation Employment
Adolescents & Youth
• Low school enrolment• High early dropout• Early child bearing• Early marriage• Harmful traditions• High unemployment• Drugs• War and displacement
Dreams DeferredDreams Deferred
Age at Marriage: Selected Countries
Median Age at First Marriage, Women 20 to 24 at Time of Survey
16 16
17 17 17
18 18
Niger 1998
Chad1996/1997
Guinea 1999
Mali 2001
Mozambique1997
Burkina Faso1998/1999
Uganda2000/2001
Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys.
Years
Unintended Births to African Teens
19
32
34
36
41
48
Tanzania 1999
Uganda 2000/2001
Malawi 2000
Ethiopia 2000
Zimbabwe 1999
Kenya 1998
Births to 15-to-19-Year-Olds Who Said Births Were Unintended
Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys.
Percent (%)
Teenage Childbearing by Education
13
17
45
46
47
56
59
6
5
11
17
16
21
17
Cambodia 2000
Egypt 2000
Haiti 2000
Nicaragua 2001
Mali 2001
Bangladesh 1999/2000
Uganda 2000/2001
No education At least some secondary education
15-to-19-Year-Olds Who Are Mothers or Are Pregnant With First Child
Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys.
Percent (%)
Female Genital Mutilation
Practiced in 28 countries.
Female Genital Cutting, by Age
Female Genital Cutting, by Age
Prevalence Among Younger and Older Women
71
43
97 94
32
94 90
1622
74
53
98 97
48
92 91
22 25
BurkinaFaso
CentralAfrican
Republic
Egypt Eritrea Kenya Mali Sudan Tanzania Yemen
Ages 20-24 Ages 45-49
Source: Special tabulations of Demographic and Health Survey data for 1989-2000 by Principia International, Inc., and published data from ORC Macro.
Percent (%)
• Low female education – lack of information
• Lack of control of resources • Harmful cultures and traditions• Disempowering male attitudes • Poor governance/insecurity• Transitional societies• Inadequate health care/prevention
Women’s Health in Africa: Confounding Factors
Emerging Issues
• Increase in women headed households
• Needs of poor urban women
• Needs of professional women
• Conflict and displacement
• Gender based violence
• Migration of both males and females
Multi-Sectoral Approaches
Improving Women’s Health: Opportunities
•Changing societal orientations in Africa
•The African Woman, ever innovative
•African and international agreements/covenants: ICPD, WSSD, CEDAW
•MDGs – Super Eight
•NEPAD
•AU and the peace dividends – Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, DRC, Liberia, Sudan, Somalia
Investments: Where/How
• Health Sector: Prevention & Access to services, Emerging issues
• Economics: Micro-finance
• Education: EFA plus
• Governance: Security & Legislation
• Socio-cultural: Male attitude
Leadership - Information
Improving Other Areas of Investment
• Water
• Energy
• Environment
Community Participation – NGOs
Working at all levels
Lack of incomeLack of Decision MakingGender Based V iolence
Lack of access to basic amenities
IndividualFam ily level
CulturalReligiousConflict
New challenges
HouseholdCom m unity level
Resource allocationPolicy and Legislation
Tools/Technologies
NationalInternational Level
W omen's Health
Focus on Integration
Call for Effective Leadership
1. Stronger political commitment
2. Additional and better use of resources: inter-sectoral linkages
3. Seeing beyond vertical programs: commendable but not adequate
4. Intensive and outcome oriented professional action
We can do more outside the health sector
Africa 2015No Improvement to Women’s health….
…NO MDGs
““Educate a Educate a woman and you woman and you
educate a educate a nation….” nation….” Aggrey of Aggrey of AchimotaAchimota
““Invest in Invest in women’s health women’s health todaytoday and you and you
will have a will have a healthy healthy
nation…”nation…”
Sector Specific MDG Targets
Goal 1: Reducing Malnutrition
Targets: 50% reduction in hunger between 1990 and 2015
Goal 4: Child Mortality
Targets: 2/3 reduction in child mortality between 1990 and 2015
Goal 5: Maternal Mortality
Target: ¾ reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015
Goal 6: Communicable Diseases
Target: halt and reverse HIV/AIDS, malaria, other diseases by 2015
Accelerating health programs could save 20m children in the next 10 yrs
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
2000 2005 2010 2015
An
nu
al n
um
ber
of
chil
d d
eath
s (m
illi
on
)
Current trendTo reach MDG goalAccelerated program in 60 countries
Tools for Community Approaches
"Will the legacy of our generation
be more than a series of
broken promises?"
Nelson Mandela, 2001
top related