halyomorpha halys (stål): one year later

Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug,

Halyomorpha halys (Stål): One Year Later

Greg Krawczyk

Penn State University

Fruit Research and Extension Center

Biglerville, PA 17307 USA

Tracy C. Leskey

USDA-ARS

Appalachian Fruit Research Station

Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA

Adult

Male

Adult

Female

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Key Considerations

• Not native. Invasive species from Asia.

• Broad host range. 300+ host plants including tree fruit, small fruit, grapes, vegetables, legumes, and ornamentals.

• Limited biological control. Native predators, pathogens, and parasites have not provided adequate control.

2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th

Egg Mass1st

Current Distribution of BMSB in the United States

Severe Agricultural and Nuisance Problems Reported

Nuisance Problems Only

DetectedBMSB IPM Working Group, November 30th 2011

2008-2010

Escalating Problems in Tree Fruit in the Mid-Atlantic

Transition from a Late-Season to a Season-Long Problem

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Perimeter Interior

Orchard Sample Location

% F

ruit

Inju

ry

Severity = 4.26

Severity = 3.11

Economic

Injury

BMSB Feeding Injury—Rate and Severity

Regional Commercial Apple Orchards

2010 Growing Season

2010 economic loss in mid-Atlantic apples due to BMSB feeding

estimated at 37 million dollars (US Apple Association)

Landscape-Level Threat To Crops

Corn

Invasive Tree-of-Heaven Native Woody Hosts

Apple

Photo Courtesy of Chris Bergh

Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project

Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in

Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals

• USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative Program

• Funded for 3 years with opportunity for renewal.

Photo Courtesy of Chris Bergh

Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project

• USDA-ARS

– Appalachian Fruit Research Station,

Kearneysville, WV

– Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit,

Newark, DE

– Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior

Laboratory, Beltsville, MD

– Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR

• The Pennsylvania State University

• Washington State University

• North Carolina State University

• Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

• Rutgers University

• Northeastern IPM Center

• Oregon State University

• University of Maryland

• University of Delaware

• Cornell University

Grant Objectives

1. Establish biology and phenology of BMSB in specialty crops.

2. Develop monitoring and management tools for BMSB.

3. Establish effective management programs for BMSB in specialty crops.

4. Integrate stakeholder input and research findings to form and deliver practical outcomes.

Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project

What Have We Learned in 2011?

• Very little information available regarding BMSB at end of 2010.

• In 2010, we observed insecticides labeled as excellent against native SBs not showing same field efficacy against BMSB. Knock down and recovery observed in grower orchards. Other materials completely ineffective.

• Section 18 Working Group led by USDA-OPMP and EPA-OPP.

• Laboratory trials conducted by USDA-ARS, Penn State and VA Tech.

• Recommendations made and refined throughout the season.

Challenges in Managing BMSB in

Commercial Plantings for 2011

Active

Ingredient

Trade

Name

Lethality

Index

Active

Ingredient

Trade

Name

Lethality

Index

Chlorpyrifos/Gamma-Cyhalothrin Cobalt 95.4 Oxamyl Vydate 46.8

Dimethoate Cygon 93.3 MBI-203 MBI-203 43.4

Malathion Malathion 92.5 Esfenvalerate Asana 43.3

Bifenthrin Brigade 91.5 Imidacloprid Provado 40.0

Endosulfan Thionex 90.4 Tolfenpyrad SC Tolfenpyrad SC 36.5

Methidathion Supracide 90.4 MBI-205 MBI-205 35.7

Methomyl Lannate 90.1 Tolfenpyrad EC Tolfenpyrad EC 33.3

Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 89.0 Pyrifluquinazon Pyrifluquinazon 28.3

Acephate Orthene 87.5 Kaolin Clay Surround 23.1

Fenpropathrin Danitol 78.3 Diazinon Diazinon 20.4

Permethrin Permethrin 77.1 Phosmet Imidan 20.0

Azinphosmethyl Guthion 71.3 Acetamiprid Assail 18.8

Dinotefuran Safari 67.3 Thiacloprid Calypso 18.3

Kaolin Clay/Thiamethoxam Particle Delivery 66.7 Abamectin Agri-Mek 16.3

Formetanate HCl Carzol 63.5 Indoxacarb Avaunt 11.3

Gamma-Cyhalothrin Proaxis 59.0 Spirotetramat Movento 9.8

Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate Ziram 57.5 Carbaryl Sevin 9.2

Thiamethoxam Actara 56.3 Water Control 6 9.2

Clothianidin Clutch 55.6 Flonicamid Beleaf 7.7

Beta-Cyfluthrin Baythroid 54.8 Water Control 2 6.9

Lambda-Cyhalothrin Warrior 52.9 Water Control 3 6.3

Zeta-Cypermethrin Mustang Max 52.1 Water Control 5 6.0

Cyfluthrin Tombstone 49.0 Water Control 4 4.2

MBI-206 MBI-206 48.4 Cyantraniliprole Cyazypyr 1.7

BMSB Laboratory-Based Testing

Lethality Index

What is the residual activity of some of

our key products?• Exposure Intervals (uptake via

feeding and residue)

– 0 DAY (after application) for 24h

– 3 DAY for 24h

– 7 DAY for 24h

• Daily Assessments of Bug Condition.

• Factors

– Residue Age

– Bug Age/Condition

– Rainfall

– Adjuvant

Lannate (Methomyl) Residue Age

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1 lb/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1 lb/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1 lb/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

Actara (Thiamethoxam) Overwintered (Weak) Bugs

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

Actara (Thiamethoxam) New Generation (Strong) Bugs

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

Thionex EC (Endosulfan) No Adjuvant

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

Thionex EC + Induce (Endosulfan) Addition of Adjuvant

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal + Induce @ 2 pts/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal + Induce @ 2 pts/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal + Induce @ 2 pts/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

Belay (Chlothianidin) Impact of Rainfall

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

0 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

3 Day

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% A

du

lt B

MS

B/C

ate

go

ry

Days After Exposure

Time-Phased BMSB Condition

24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots

Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6 oz/100 gal

Alive

Affected

Moribund

Dead

7 Day

Belay (Chlothianidin) No Rainfall

Tentative Conclusions

• Most materials do not show substantial activity

against adults after 3 days.

• Overwintered bugs appear to be easier to kill.

• Impact of rainfall can be profound.

• Use of adjuvants could improve performance.

Development of Effective Monitoring Tools

• Tools that provide

accurate

measurements of

presence, abundance,

and seasonal activity of

BMSB.

• Growers can make

informed management

decisions.

Key Components of Trap-Based Monitoring Tools

• Visual Stimuli

• Olfactory Stimuli

• Capture Mechanism

• Deployment Strategy

• Visual Stimulus

– Large black pyramid

• Olfactory Stimulus

– 66 mg methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-

decatrienoate lure (replaced every

4 weeks)

• Capture Mechanism

– Tapered pyramid to inverted

funnel jar with DDVP toxicant strip

(replaced every 4 weeks)

• Deployment Strategy

– Traps placed in peripheral row of

orchard, monitored weekly for the

full season (April 1-November 18)

Methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrieonate attractive to adults only during the late-season. Confirmed in MD, WV, NJ, PA, VA and other states in 2011. Not attractive to adults in early- and mid-season.

Despite Reports in the Asian Literature, Our Only Attractant

Fails During the Early- and Mid-Season

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Mea

n N

o. P

er T

rap

Sample Date

Almost No Captures in Baited Traps, Despite Very Large

Immigrating Populations

WV Commercial Peach Orchards

How Can We Improve our Monitoring Traps

• Integrate Optimized Olfactory Stimuli– A season-long olfactory attractant for BMSB.

– Identification of a potential male-produced aggregation pheromone.

• Integrate Visual Stimuli– Observations of attraction to UV and visible light.

– Optimized and specific wavelengths and intensity.

Progress Toward Identification of BMSB Aggregation Pheromone

USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD and Kearneysville, WV

13-24 May 2011

0

2

4

6

8

10

#2 #5 #6 Unbaited

Treatment

Mea

n N

o.

Per

Tra

pEarly Season Trial Indicates Promising Activity

27 May-24 June 2011

0

5

10

15

20

#2 #6 #7 Unbaited

Treatment

Mea

n N

o.

Per

Tra

p

a

ab

b b

Two Treatments Show Significant

Behavioral Activity

Traps baited with #6 capture ~4x more than control

8 July - 2 August 2011

0

5

10

15

20

#2 #6 #8 Unbaited

Treatment

Mea

n N

o.

Per

Tra

p

a

ab

b

b

#6 and #2 Continue to Demonstrate Significant Activity

Traps baited with #6 capture ~6x more than control

12 August - 6 September 2011

0

50

100

150

200

#1 #2 #6 #9 Unbaited

Treatment

Mea

n N

o.

Per

Tra

p

bb

aa a

Several Treatments Demonstrate Significant Activity

Traps baited with #2,6 and 9 capture ~6x more than control

9-30 September 2011

0

200

400

600

800

1000

#2 #6 #9 #10 Unbaited

Treatment

Mea

n N

o.

Per

Tra

p

a

b

bb

b

Captures in Traps Baited With #10 Significantly Greater

Traps baited with #10 captured ~15x more than control and

~3-4x more than other treatments.

Visual CuesIdentifying Optimal Wavelengths and Intensities of Light

A Total of 21 Traps Baited With Light-Based Stimuli Captured

13,457 Adult BMSB in ~6 Weeks During Late Summer

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Unbaited

Mea

n N

o. P

er T

rap

Treatment

a

ab

ab

bc

c

c c

Treatments #1, #2, and #3 Captured

200x-400x More Adult BMSB

Than Unbaited Traps

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mea

n N

o. A

du

lts

Per

Tra

p

Sample Date

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

Unbaited

Very Large Numbers of Adults Captured and Consistent Capture

Patterns Recorded Through Mid-September

Movement

To Overwintering Sites

What’s Next?

•Documenting early-season

attraction to #10 and light-based

stimuli.

•Formulation, utility and

commercialization.

•Behavior, biology, and ecology.

Impact of Asian-Origin Invasive Host Plants

• Tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima; Empress tree, Paulownia tomentosa; kudzu; and wineberries, Rubus phoenicolasius

• Lower populations in late-season across the region.

• Extreme abiotic conditions including excessive heat, rain,

cold temperatures, etc.?

• Biotic factor – predator, pathogen, or parasite?

• Increased intensity of management against BMSB?

• Combination of factors?

Decline in Late-Season Populations?

Where Do BMSB Overwinter?

Biological Control Offers Long-Term SolutionStrategies To Reduce Populations Across Entire Landscape

Acknowledgements• USDA-ARS, USDA NIFA SCRI# 2011-51181-30937, and USDA-APHIS

Starker Wright

Doo-Hyung Lee

Torri Hancock

Cameron Scorza

Sean Wiles

Brent Short

Rebecca Posa

John Cullum