group versus team vs.. individuals to group-to-group team continuum individuals group team degree of...
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Group versus Team
vs.
Individuals to Group-to-Group Team Continuum
Individuals
Group
Team
Degree of Interdependence and Collaboration
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Adapted from Exhibit 11.1
Work Team Effectiveness Model
Other contextual influences
• Organizational goals• Opportunities for
interaction • Psychological factors
Work Team Effectiveness Model
Types of Groups
Formal
–Command
–Project / Task
–Committee
Informal
Work Team Effectiveness Model
Structural Characteristics & Composition
• Size
• Composition
• Differentiated roles
• Differentiated status
Size
–Social loafing:
–Process costs:
Composition
–Homogeneous
–Heterogeneous or diverse
Structural Characteristics
Composition of Teams
DiversityInnovative solutions to
problemsSource of creativityHealthy level of conflict
KSA
Team Member Roles
Task Specialist Role· Focuses on task accomplishmentover human needs.
· Important role, but if adopted by everyone, team’s social needs won’t be met.
Dual Role· Focuses on task and people.· May be a team leader.· Important role, but not essential if members adopt task specialist and socioemotional roles.
Nonparticipator Role· Contributes little to either task orpeople needs of team.
· Not an important role-if adopted by too many members, team will disband.
Socioemotional Role· Focuses on people needs ofteam over task.
· Important role, but if adopted by everyone, team’s tasks won’t be accomplished.
High
HighLow
Low
Member Social Behavior
MemberTask
Behavior
Structural Characteristics
Role ambiguity
Role conflict
Status
Work Team Effectiveness Model
Team Processes
FormingForming StormingStorming NormingNorming PerformingPerforming
Indicates progression
Adapted from Exhibit 11.4
Case
What stage of
development is this
group in?
Norms
Acceptable standards shared by a group’s members
Members observe the behavior of
others to determine what is appropriate
Members observe the behavior of
others to determine what is appropriate
Norm is establishedNorm is established
Suggested behavior is tolerated even though
disagree with
Suggested behavior is tolerated even though
disagree with
Dissenting member withdraws from groupDissenting member
withdraws from group
New behavior is suggested
New behavior is suggested
Members decide if any past experience
can contribute effective behaviors
Members decide if any past experience
can contribute effective behaviors
Group members
meet
Group members
meet
Members agree on behavior
Members agree on behavior
Members disagree on
behavior
Members disagree on
behavior
Development of Group Norms
Adapted from Exhibit 11.6
Development of Norms
• Early behaviors
• Imported behaviors
• Critical events
• Effects?
Team Cohesiveness
Degree to which team members are attracted to the team and motivated to remain in it
High cohesiveness is attractive feature of team
Positive effects
Increased quality and quantity of group interactions
Strengthened adherence to group norms
Increased effectiveness in achieving group goals
Augmented individual satisfaction with group membership
Positive effects
Increased quality and quantity of group interactions
Strengthened adherence to group norms
Increased effectiveness in achieving group goals
Augmented individual satisfaction with group membership
Negative effects
Useful or creative ideas may be ignored if they deviate from established norms or values
Increased probability of developing groupthink
Potential decrease in intergroup cooperation
Counterproductive norms may be emphasized
Negative effects
Useful or creative ideas may be ignored if they deviate from established norms or values
Increased probability of developing groupthink
Potential decrease in intergroup cooperation
Counterproductive norms may be emphasized
Adapted from Exhibit 11.7
Effects of Group Cohesion
Conflict
• Antagonistic interaction in which one party attempts to thwart the intentions or goals of another●Inevitable ●Intergroup / Intragroup●Positive / Negative
Types of Conflict
•Task
•Process
•Relationship
Case
What type of conflict
would you expect in
this group?
What would be the
impact of the conflict?
Work Team Effectiveness Model
• Desired Productive Output• Satisfaction
–Cooperation–Feelings
Characteristics of Highly Effective Groups
Managers’ Responsibilities
• Develop appropriate group structures
• Develop appropriate support from the organization
• Obtain appropriate coaching and consultation assistance
Adapted from Exhibit 11.11
Case
As team leader,
what would you do
know?
Self Assessment: How good are you at building and leading a team?
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