goh keng swee command and staff collegenews.ntu.edu.sg/safntu/documents/programme book_final (30...

Jointly Organised by:

OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR IN A COALITION ENVIRONMENT:

Opportunities and Challenges for Modern Armed Forces

6 – 7 October 2011 • GKS CSC, SAFTI MI

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Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College Seminar 2011

Operations Other Than War in a Coalition Environment: Opportunities and Challenges for Modern Armed Forces

If the increased participation of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in international missions in recent years is anything to go by, it indicates that the modern armed forces of small states are taking on a greater if not more visible role - often within a coalition environment and the confines of the same theatre of operations. These missions span the whole Operations Other Than War (OOTW) spectrum to include Peace Support Operations (PSO), Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), Maritime Support Operations (MSO) and Stability Operations (SO). This phenomenon glaringly highlights the inherent complexities and changing character if not nature of international missions that modern armed forces find themselves progressively engaged in. To date, the SAF is currently committed to international efforts in bringing stability to Afghanistan and the Gulf of Aden. At the grand strategic level, the objectives of such operations are often amorphous and shifting – and primarily dictated by the requirements of the lead coalition partners. In the context of small states such as Singapore, their limited contributions in operational terms suggest that at the political level, small states are also restricted by those same limits. Nevertheless, it would be useful to re-examine the political roles and contributions of small states removed from the traditional ‘hub and spokes’ model dominated by first-rate powers. A similar re-examination of the operational contributions of small states’ militaries away from the perceived necessity to keep up with paradigmatic military power is also timely at this juncture. At the small unit and personal level, contemporary OOTW demand that uniformed individuals represent the core values of their respective armed forces and the coalition as well as conduct themselves in an ethically justified manner. The clash between these three requirements often manifests in the moral dilemma of doing what is legally required or following your moral imperative as a human peer. Although not all unique, issues of professional military ethics for small state armed forces involved in a similar operational environment (in terms of role, scale and type) can be quite different from those faced by larger powers. This in turn suggests a redefinition or re-examination of the core values and obligations of uniformed personnel serving in such deployments. As a corollary, this seminar jointly organised by the Gok Keng Swee Command and Staff College, the SAF-NTU Academy and the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies seeks to draw upon the expertise, experience and perspectives of small states such as the Nordic and Baltic states, Singapore, New Zealand and the Netherlands to provide a forum of discourse for military officers on the role of small states and their

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armed forces in OOTW within a coalition environment. Representatives from key coalition partners such as Australia, India, the UK and the US will also be included to provide a more holistic picture. In order to lend a more focused scope to the forum and encourage discussion, the seminar will conclude with an examination of SO – a significant contemporary issue of the day for many armed forces. The seminar will be of an exploratory and sense-making character. The seminar is meant to be more than an academic discussion of social science approaches and research questions. It will also be a platform for practitioners to engage in sense-making and problem-solving. In short, the workshop is intended as an inclusive discourse that bridges the gap between academics and practitioners. More importantly, the seminar will bring to the fore issues that are important in defining the SO roles of small states and their militaries in today’s contemporary operating environment. The seminar will scrutinise the following three key questions that have yet to be addressed in any coherent manner by both academics and policy makers: (1) Does a greater role in OOTW serve the national security agendas of small states; (2) What are the conditions and considerations unique to small states in OOTW and finally; (3) In a era of limited defence resources, what and how can the militaries of small states contribute and achieve beyond mere statements of ambition. These three big questions will set the rubric for subsequent thematic panels on: Specific Case Studies; Interoperability; Civil, Military and Media Engagement; and International Security, International Law and Ethics.

Coordinators: Dr Ong Weichong, LTC (NS) David Lee, COL (RET) Soh Guan Huat Conference Secretary: Ms Henny Pudiyawati (E-mail: ishenny@ntu.edu.sg)

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PROGRAMME Venue: GKS CSC Auditorium

DAY ONE: 6 OCTOBER 2011 (THURSDAY)

0900 – 0905h Opening Remarks COL Ng Kin Yi, Commandant GKS CSC, SAFTI MI, SAF

0905 – 0915h Keynote Speech BG Tung Yui Fai, Chief of Staff (General Staff), SAF

Panel 1: Case Studies in the Contribution of Small States & Regional Partners Chair: Assoc Prof Alan Chong 0915 – 1045h

Singapore BG (RET) Eric Tan Huck Gim, Director, National Archives of Singapore

Baltic States Prof James Corum, Dean, Baltic Defence College

Scandinavia Mr Anders Karlsson, Project Leader, Gothenburg Research Institute

South Asia Prof S.D. Muni, Visiting Research Professor, Institute of South Asian Studies, NUS

1045 – 1100h Coffee Break Venue: Outside Auditorium

Panel 2: Interoperability in a Coalition Environment Chair: Dr Emrys Chew 1100 – 1230h

Interoperability and Innovation Commodore Richard Menhinick, Commandant, ACSC

Concerns and Dimensions of Interoperability Mr Michael Codner, Director, Military Sciences, RUSI

Partnerships in Local Training/IMET Assoc Prof Ahmed Hashim, RSIS

Interoperability in the Maritime Commons Mr Bernard Miranda, Director, National Maritime Operations Group, SAF

1230 – 1330h Lunch Venue: GKS Gallery

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Panel 3: International Security, International Law and Ethics Chair: Assoc Prof Bernard Loo 1330 – 1500h

Armed Forces and the Comprehensive Approach Prof Cynthia Watson, Professor of Strategy, National Defense University

Small States as Builders of Regional Security (Asia-Pacific) Assoc Prof Alan Chong, RSIS

Ethical Realism: Why Small States Should Have Ethical Foreign Policies Prof Christopher Coker, London School of Economics

Regional Initiatives: A Way for Small States to Uphold and Shape International Law Mr Alvin Tan, Associate Research Fellow, RSIS

1500 – 1515h Coffee Break Venue: Outside Auditorium

1515 – 1715h Syndicated Group Discussion for Participants

Venue: Syndicate Rooms

1730 – 1830h Army Museum and SAFTI MI Tour (for Speakers and Discussants)

1830 – 2000h Cocktails and Dinner Venue: Officers’ Mess, SAFTI MI

DAY TWO: 7 OCTOBER 2011 (FRIDAY)

Panel 4: Civil, Military and Media Engagement Chair: Dr Ong Weichong 0900 – 1030h

Reassessing the Role of Small States as Shapers of International Security and International Missions Dr Jim Rolfe, Deputy Director, Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre of Excellence

Conceptualising the Civil-Military Nexus Prof Franz Kernic, Professor of Sociology, Swedish National Defence College

Small States as Drivers of Civil-Military Cooperation Asst Prof Martijn Kitzen, Netherlands Defence Academy

The Media and the Armed Forces Mr James Dorsey, Senior Fellow, RSIS

1030 – 1045h Coffee Break Venue: Outside Auditorium

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Panel 5: The Future of Stability Operations and Discussant Session Chair: Mr James Dorsey 1045 – 1215h

The Future of Stability Operations Dr (Col) Thomas Hammes, Senior Research Fellow, National Defense University

Discussants Mr Bernard Miranda

Director, National Maritime Operations Group, SAF

Dr Tim Huxley Executive Director, International Institute for Strategic Studies - Asia

Assoc Prof Bernard Loo RSIS

1215 – 1315h Lunch

Venue: GKS Gallery 1315 – 1430h Syndicated Group Discussion for Participants

Venue: Syndicate Rooms

1430 – 1500h Coffee Break

Venue: Outside Auditorium 1500 – 1530h

Plenary Presentation

1530 – 1545h Closing Remarks BG Mark Tan Ming Yiak, Commandant SAFTI MI, SAF

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LIST OF SPEAKERS/DISCUSSANTS/CHAIRS 1. Dr Ahmed Hashim

Associate Professor S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: isashashim@ntu.edu.sg

2. Dr Alan Chong Associate Professor S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: iscschong@ntu.edu.sg

3. Mr Alvin Tan Associate Research Fellow S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: isphtan@ntu.edu.sg

4. Mr Anders Karlsson Project Leader Gothenburg Research Institute University of Gothenburg, Sweden Email: ak-ronym@tele2.se

5. Dr Bernard Loo Associate Professor S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: isfwloo@ntu.edu.sg

6. Mr Bernard Miranda Director, National Maritime Operations Group Republic of Singapore Navy Email: bmiranda@singnet.com.sg

7. Prof Christopher Coker Professor of International Relations London School of Economics Email: C.Coker@lse.ac.uk

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8. Prof Cynthia Watson Professor of Strategy The National War College The National Defense University Email: watsonc@ndu.edu

9. Dr Emrys Chew

Assistant Professor S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: isechew@ntu.edu.sg

10. BG (RET) Eric Tan Huck Gim Director National Archives of Singapore Email: tanhuckgim@yahoo.co.uk

11. Prof Franz Kernic Professor of Sociology Swedish National Defence College Email: franz.kernic@fhs.se

12. Prof James Corum Dean Baltic Defence College Email: James.Corum@bdcol.ee

13. Mr James Michael Dorsey Senior Fellow S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: isjmdorsey@ntu.edu.sg

14. Dr Jim Rolfe Senior Fellow Centre for Strategic Studies, New Zealand Email: rolfejg@gmail.com

15. Dr Martijn Kitzen Assistant Professor Netherlands Defence Academy Email: Mwm.kitzen.01@nlda.nl

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16. Mr Michael Codner Senior Research Fellow / Director, Military Sciences Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies Email: codner@rusi.org

17. Dr Ong Weichong Research Fellow Military Studies/Transformations Programme Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University Email: iswcong@ntu.edu.sg

18. Commodore Richard Menhinick Commandant Australian Command and Staff College Email: Richard.menhinick@defence.gov.au

19. Prof Sukh Deo Muni Visiting Research Professor Institute of South Asian Studies National University of Singapore Email: sdmuni@gmail.com

20. Dr Thomas Hammes Distinguished Research Fellow Centre for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies Email: Txhammes1@gmail.com

21. Dr Tim Huxley Executive Director International Institute for Strategic Studies-Asia Email: timothyhuxley@gmail.com

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BIOGRAPHIES OF SPEAKERS/DISCUSSANTS/CHAIRS *in alphabetical sequence according to given names

Ahmed S. Hashim is Associate Professor and also Director of Research at ICPVTR. He is an expert on Irregular Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Stabilization operations; and the politics of irregular groups and non-state actors in the Middle East and South Asia. He has served with the United States military in deployments in Southwest Asia and advised on the creation and implementation of irregular warfare doctrine for the U.S. military in Iraq. He has received numerous commendations for his service to his country in the Global War on Terror. He is a graduate of MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts from which he received his M.A. and Ph.D in Political Science and Strategic Studies. He is the author of numerous articles on security issues pertaining to the Middle East and of the following books: Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006); Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Sri Lanka: A Bright Shining COIN? (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011); Small Wars, (London: Hurst and Company Publishers, NY: Colombia University Press, 2012); and God, Greed and Guns: War and Violence in Iraqi State-formation and Nation-Building enterprises, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012). Alan Chong is Associate Professor at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore. He has published widely on the notion of soft power and the role of ideas in constructing the international relations of Singapore and Asia. His publications have appeared in The Pacific Review, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Asian Survey, East Asia: an International Quarterly, the Journal of International Relations and Development, the Review of International Studies and the Cambridge Review of International Affairs. He is also the author of Foreign Policy in Global Information Space: Actualizing Soft Power (Palgrave, 2007). He is currently working on several projects exploring the notion of ‘Asian international theory’. In June 2011, his chapter titled ‘A Society of the Weak, the Medium and the Great: Southeast Asia’s Lessons in Building Soft Community among States’ was published in an edited volume treating the subject of Great Power Management of global order following the Russian-Georgian war of 2008. His interest in soft power has also led to inquiry into the sociological and philosophical foundations of international communication. In the latter area, he is currently working on a manuscript titled ‘The International Politics of Communication: Representing Community in a Globalizing World’. He has frequently been interviewed in the Asian media and consulted in think-tank networks in the region. Alvin Tan is an Associate Research Fellow with the Military Transformations Programme. He graduated with a B.A. and B.Soc.Sc. (Honours) in Political Science from the National University of Singapore, and a M.Sc. in International Political Economy (IPE)

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from the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). At NTU, he was awarded both the Lion Group Gold Medal for the top IPE student and the Tay Seow Huah Book Prize for the overall best M.Sc. dissertation. In 2008, Alvin was awarded the British-government Chevening Scholarship to read Public International Law at the University of Nottingham, where he graduated with a LL.M. (Distinction). Alvin is currently pursuing a PhD in International Criminal Law at the University of Nottingham under the International Research Excellence Scholarship and a School of Law Scholarship. Formerly with the Singapore Foreign Service, Alvin served as the Political Officer in the High Commission in Canberra, during which time he also completed a Graduate Course in Diplomacy at the Australian National University. Anders Karlsson is currently engaged in Defence research projects at the Gothenburg Research Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He is an expert translator of English military literature and also a guest lecturer at Swedish military academies and regiments. His main interests are “lessons learned” processes in military organizations, command and control in “live” missions vs. Peacetime and military leadership. Anders Karlsson served in the first Swedish UN Battalion sent to the civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1993. Based on the experiences with UNPROFOR he authored Alfa Sierra, BA01- Nordbat2 i Bosnien-Hercegovina (2004). His most recent publication is a contribution to the volume Mission Abroad, Military Experience from International Operations, (2008) which was the output of a research project at the Royal Institute of Technology and the Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm. Anders has also experience from Personal Security Advising and Executive Protection Specialist assignments. Bernard F.W. Loo is Associate Professor of strategy and war at the Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. He completed his doctoral studies at the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth in 2002. He is the author of Medium Powers and Accidental Wars: A study in Conventional Strategic Stability (Edwin Mellen, 2005), and the editor of Military Transformation and Operations (Routledge, 2009). His other publications have appeared in the Journal of Strategic Studies, Contemporary Southeast Asia, NIDS Security Reports, and Taiwan Defense Affairs, along with chapters in a number of edited volumes. He is a regular commentator on defence matters, and his commentaries have appeared in The Straits Times (Singapore), The Nation (Thailand), and The New Straits Times (Malaysia). He has been invited to speak at a variety of defence-related institutions and conferences in China, Estonia, Finland, Japan, New Zealand, and the Philippines. His research interests encompass war studies, strategic theory, conventional military strategies, strategic challenges of small and medium powers, and problems and prospects of military transformation. In addition to his academic responsibilities, Bernard is also concurrently the coordinator of External and

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Executive Education programmes, as well as the Military Transformations Programme, and the Military Studies Programme. Bernard Miranda was born on 23 September 1961. He holds a Masters Degree in Education (Leadership, Policy and Change) with Monash University (Australia) and a Graduate Diploma in Human Resource Management with Singapore Institute of Management. He enlisted into the Singapore Armed Forces on 26 December 1979. Together with Fiona, they raise their son Jon who turns 11 this year. Bernard held his first shipboard appointment on 14 June 1982 as the Navigating Officer of a Patrol Craft, RSS Daring. Subsequently, he rose through various shipboard appointments serving in the Patrol Craft and Missile Gunboat Squadrons. He held three ship command tours during his career. He held his first ship command tour on 12 February 1991 on a Patrol Craft, RSS Sovereignty. His second ship command tour on 19 November 1996 was on a Missile Gun Boat, RSS Sea Wolf. Bernard was the Commissioning Commanding Officer of a Landing Ship Tank, RSS Persistence when he took his third ship command tour from 5 February 1999 to 9 March 2002. After serving a tour in the Naval Operations Department, Bernard took Command of the 191 (Landing Ship Tank) Squadron from June 2004 until Oct 2006. He then took over command of the Third Flotilla on 6 October 2006 and handed over to his successor on 18 December 2009. During his tour as Commander Third Flotilla, Bernard remained committed to Operational readiness, which led him to drive his flotilla upwards with the tag line “Mission Ready, Mission Excellence”, which has been adopted as the motto of CTF 151. During his Commands of 191 SQN and Third Flotilla, he served as the RSN CTG for 3 missions to the North Arabian Gulf and as Mission Commander for the RSN's first deployment to the Gulf of Aden in 2009. Bernard’s current appointment is Director National Maritime Operations Group, Republic of Singapore Navy. Christopher Coker is a Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and former Head of Department. He was Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian Staff College from 2006-11 and Visiting Guest Scholar at the National Institute for Defence Studies (Tokyo) and Visiting Fellow at the Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore. He is the author of Barbarous Philosophers: reflections on the nature of war from Heraclitus to Heisenberg (Columbia University Press; 2010) War in an Age of Risk (Polity: 2009), War and Ethics in the C21st (Routledge: 2008), Warrior Ethos (Routledge; 2007) The Future of War: the re-enchantment of war in the Twenty-First Century (Blackwell 2004), Waging War without Warriors (Lynne Rienner: 2002), Humane Warfare (Routledge: 2001); War and the Illiberal Conscience (Westview: 1998); The Twilight of the West (Westview: 1997); War and the Twentieth Century (Brasseys: 1994); Britain's Defence Policy in the 1990s: an intelligent person's guide to the defence debate (Brasseys: 1992); A Nation in Retreat (Brasseys: 1991);

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Reflections on American Foreign Policy (1989). His books have been translated into several languages including Chinese, Arabic and Russian. Globalisation and Insecurity in the Twenty-first Century was published in 2002 as an Adelphi Paper for the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). Rebooting the West (2009) and Empires in Conflict: the growing rift between Europe and the United States were published as Whitehall Papers for the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). He is co-author of EU-Russia relations: time for a realistic turn-around (Centre for European Studies 2011). He was a NATO Fellow in 1981. He served two terms on the Council of the Royal United Services Institute. He is a serving member of the Washington Strategy Seminar; the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (Cambridge, Mass); the Black Sea University Foundation; the Moscow School of Politics and IDEAS . He is a member of the Academic Board of the Czech Diplomatic Academy. He is on the Advisory Board of the Brenthurst Foundation (Johannesburg). was a Visiting Fellow of Goodenough College in 2003-4. He is a member of the Executive Council for the Belgrade University International Summer School for Democracy and also President of the Centre for Media and Communications of a Democratic Romania. He is a former editor of The Atlantic Quarterly and The European Security Analyst. He has advised several Conservative Party think tanks including the Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies and the Centre for Policy Studies and helped to draw up the Party's defence platform in the 1996 European Parliamentary Elections. He is currently serving on the Ministerial panel for RESPECT, the Coalition government’s initiative to combat political and religious extremism in univerisites and colleges of further education. He has written for The Wall Street Journal; The Wall St Journal (Europe); The Times; The Independent; The European, The Spectator, The Times Literary Supplement and The Literary Review. He is a regular lecturer at the Royal College of Defence Studies (London); the NATO Defence College (Rome), the Centre for International Security (Geneva) and the National Institute for Defence Studies (Tokyo) He has spoken at other military institutes in Western Europe, North America, Australia and South-east Asia. Cynthia Watson grew up in Thailand and Colombia. She earned a M.A. in Economic History from the London School of Economics and a PhD in Government & International Studies from the University of Notre Dame. Her alma mater, the University of Missouri at Kansas City, is honouring her as Alumna of the Year in 2011. She has published nine books on various security issues with her volume on Combatant Commands: Origins, Structure and Engagements published by Praeger Security International in January 2011. In 2012, she will publish a volume on Security, Stability, Reconstruction and Transition Operations. Her current work focuses on China’s modernizing and how that affects its foreign relations, having worked on China in Latin America for the past 8 years.

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Dr. Watson served as Chairwoman of the Department of Security Studies at the National War College between 2007 and 2010, arriving on the faculty in 1992. Prior to that, she was Assistant Dean for Social Sciences at Loyola University of Chicago where she also taught Political Science. Dr. Watson also worked for the House Subcommittee on Government Information & Individual Rights as well as the U.S. General Accounting Office. Dr. Watson has served as the Secretary for the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society and has served on governing boards of the International Studies Association and other professional associations. Dr. Watson is a member of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. She is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. She currently serves on the Editorial Board of Third World Quarterly, and is Spanish-certified for Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic. Dr. Watson has been Senior Advisor to the Society for International Business Fellows on their China visits in 2006-2010. Emrys Chew is Assistant Professor at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He was educated at the Anglo-Chinese School, Singapore, and St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge. From the University of Cambridge, he obtained both a BA with First Class Honours in History (1995) and a PhD (2002). His BA dissertation, a study entitled ‘The Naning War, 1831-1832: Colonial Authority and Malay Resistance in the Early Period of British Expansion’, was awarded the Alan Coulson Prize for Imperial and Commonwealth History and subsequently published (Modern Asian Studies, May 1998). His doctoral thesis, entitled ‘Arming the Periphery’, traces the development and dynamics of arms trade networks in the Indian Ocean between 1780 and 1914, a critical period of Western imperial and industrial expansion as well as indigenous transformation across the frontiers of Asia and Africa. His publications include an article about the impact of arms transfers on military culture and colonial warfare in Indian Ocean societies, particularly in light of contemporary debates about the international war against terrorism (‘Militarized Cultures in Collision’, Journal of the Royal United Services Institute, October 2003) and a chapter about the long-term militarization of South Asia and its periphery (‘Globalization and Military-industrial Transformation in South Asia’, in G. Till, E. Chew, and J. Ho, eds., Globalization and Defence in the Asia-Pacific, Abingdon and New York, 2009). In addition to his research interests, Emrys has taught undergraduate courses on Imperialism and Nationalism at the University of Cambridge, examining cross-cultural interactions that have generated and shaped much of the modern world. He is currently involved in the Military Studies Programme at RSIS, where he teaches postgraduate courses on the International History of Asia and Evolution of Strategic Thought. Beyond professional commitments at RSIS, Emrys is an advisor and member of the Syllabus Development Committee for History at Singapore’s Ministry of Education. An avid orchid enthusiast, he is a committee member of the Orchid Society of Southeast Asia, where he also serves as editor of the Malayan Orchid Review.

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Eric Tan, 56, is the Director, National Archives of Singapore. He served the Singapore Armed Forces for 32 years and was the first Singaporean to hold the appointment of Force Commander of a United Nations multi-national Peacekeeping Force (in UNMISET, the UN Mission in Support of East Timor, from August 2002 to August 2003). He retired from the SAF in 2005 as Commandant of its Tri-Service Officer training institute, SAFTI Military Institute, and joined the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy as Director (Administration). In response to a security crisis in Timor-Leste, he re-joined the UN, and from end 2006 to end 2007, was Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Security Sector Support and Rule of Law (in UNMIT, the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste). After returning to Singapore, he was the Chief Operating Officer of the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee – the team that brought the first Youth Olympic Games to the world. One of Eric’s high points in the SAF was the organising of Singapore’s 36th National Day Celebrations, held on 9th August 2001, at the National Stadium. Eric and his wife Cynthia have three daughters. Franz Kernic is a Professor of Sociology at the Swedish National Defence College in Stockholm. Before joining the department in 2008, he was a visiting professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada (January 2007-April 2008). He also holds appointments with the Austrian Ministry of Defence (on leave), the University of Innsbruck (Austria), and the University of the German Armed Forces in Munich (Germany). Dr. Kernic has been a visiting professor/scholar and research fellow at various European and American universities and institutions (e.g., Catholic University in Santiago de Chile, Stanford University, Northwestern University, University of Minnesota, Texas State University etc.). His research focuses on international security, peace and conflict studies, EU external relations and security policy, civil-military relations, and (military) sociology James S. Corum is Dean of the Baltic Defence College in Tartu Estonia. From 1991 to 2004, he was a professor at the U.S. Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies. In 2005 he was a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and concurrently held a Levershulme fellowship at Oxford. From 2005- 2008 he was an associate professor at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Dr. Corum is the author of eight books on military history and counterinsurgency strategy, including The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform (1992); Fighting the War on Terror: A Counterinsurgency Strategy (2007). His most recent book, Rearming Germany (Leiden, Brill Press, 2011) He has also authored more than sixty major book chapters and journal articles on a variety of subjects related to military history and counterinsurgency and strategy. Dr. Corum was one of the primary authors of Field Manual 3-24, the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps doctrine on counterinsurgency written under General Petreaus. Dr. Corum holds a master’s degree from Brown University, a Master of Letters in history from Oxford University, and a PhD in history from Queen’s University, Canada. Dr. Corum is a retired lieutenant

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colonel in the US Army Reserve. His last active duty assignment was on a multinational staff in Iraq in 2004. James M. Dorsey is a Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). An award-winning, veteran journalist, James has covered ethnic and religious conflict in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Financial Times and The Christian Science Monitor. He has been based across the Middle East in Cairo, Jerusalem, Tehran, Kuwait, Cairo, Dubai and Riyadh as well as in Europe in Paris, London, Amsterdam, Nicosia, Athens, Podgorice and Istanbul and in the Americas in Washington, Lima and Panama City. Having covered armed conflict, military coups, terrorism and revolts across the globe, including the 1973-Middle East war; the 1978 and 1982 Israeli invasions of Lebanon; the Iran-Iraq war; the Gulf war in 1991; the US invasion of Panama; the Columbian drugs war; the civil wars in Lebanon, Algeria, Nicaragua and El Salvador; the Horn of Africa wars in Somalia, Eritrea, the Ogaden and Tigre; the war in the Western Sahara; the Caucasus wars in Chechnya, Dagestan and Nagorno Karabakh; the Kurdish struggle in Turkey, Iran and Iraq; Afghanistan; the wars in former Yugoslavia and the Iranian revolution, James has interacted on a regular basis with a vast number of regular and irregular military forces. James stood at the birth of embedment as a member of the Pentagon pool established after the media fiasco in Grenada in 1983. He was a member of the first operational Pentagon pool in 1988 and was 50 meters away from the SS Bridgeton, the world’s largest oil tanker, when it hit an Iranian mine. He has spent significant time as a speaker in US military academies, including West Point, the US Naval Academy and the US Air Force Academy. James is the author of the widely acclaimed and quoted blog, The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer. He sits on the international editorial board of The Middle East Studies Online Journal, is vice president of Ecquant, an online news market place scheduled for launch later this year, and serves as an advisor to global public relations agency Hill & Knowlton. James was an advisor to the chairman of the World Economic Forum for the first Middle East and North Africa summits in the 1990s and chairs panels at WEF gatherings. James is frequently interviewed by media from across the globe, often speaks at international conferences and has on occasioned testified in national parliaments. James is regularly asked to conduct investigations in terrorism-related legal cases. He most recently contributed a chapter to a book on the world after the death of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden. As a foreign correspondent as well as a senior researcher at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute and currently at RSIS, James has dealt extensively with issues related to civil-military relations in the Middle East and North Africa. He has met and/or interviewed and maintained relations with many, if not most, civilian and military leaders in the region as well as representatives of virtually all militia and

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guerrilla groups. Over the years, James has advised major financial institutions and corporations on developments in the Middle East and North Africa. Moreover, James has retained a long-standing interest in water policy issues. He is a member of the advisory board of the European Water Partnership and has worked closely over the year with the World Economic Forum, the World Water Forum, the World Water Council, the UN Secretary General’s office and the United Nations Foundation. Jim Rolfe is a Senior Fellow of the Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand and Deputy Director of the Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre of Excellence based in Australia. Previously Dr Rolfe has been Associate Professor of International Relations at the Asia-Pacific Centre for Security Studies in Hawaii, Deputy Director of the New Zealand Centre for Strategic Studies and Associate Director of the Master of International Relations programme at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has continuing academic relationships with universities in Australia and New Zealand as a teacher and post-graduate supervisor. Earlier still, following a career in the New Zealand Army, Rolfe was a policy adviser in the New Zealand Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. In this role he dealt with a wide range of both traditional and non-traditional security issues. Rolfe has published some 100 books and journal articles on issues of New Zealand defence, security in the Asia-Pacific region and non-traditional concepts of security. Martijn Kitzen (1978) is Assistant Professor of War Studies at the Netherlands Defence Academy (NLDA). Currently he is working toward the completion of his doctoral dissertation on collaboration with local power-holders as part of counterinsurgency campaigns in fragmented indigenous societies. Kitzen is also involved in the education of officers and civilians on the subject of military operations and in particular irregular warfare. In addition to his scholarly work, he is engaged in pre-deployment training and advice for Dutch troops and he worked as an in-theatre counterinsurgency advisor for Task Force Uruzgan. In Afghanistan his main achievement was to design and implement a key-leader engagement program which dealt with local power-holders in Uruzgan province. Martijn Kitzen is a former military officer, who received his education at the Royal Netherlands Military Academy and the Department of Political Sciences at Leiden University (MA Political Science). Michael Codner is a Senior Research Fellow and Director of the Military Sciences at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI). He is Editorial Director of the thrice yearly publication, RUSI Defence Systems. He researches

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and directs research across a range of subjects including defence policy, strategic theory, military doctrine, military ethics, and future military capability concepts. He was a lecturer in strategy and operational art at the US Naval War College, was a Defence Fellow at the Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London, and has held a NATO Fellowship working on coalition interoperability. He has contributed numerous articles, papers and chapters in journals and collections. Before 1996 he was a seaman anti-submarine warfare officer in the Royal Navy. He was the editor and principal author of the First Edition of the Royal Navy’s BR1806: The Fundamentals of British Maritime. Recent research includes studies of: multinational military interoperability; European aspects of missile defence; UN military forces; military inducement; contribution of military forces to maritime security. Among other projects he is currently working on studies of: • Military interoperability with the Peoples’ Republic of China • Issues of applied moral philosophy in the relationship between armed forces and

society; • The evolution of British defence policy and military strategy; His degrees are in philosophy and psychology (Brasenose College, Oxford). COL Ng Kin Yi was enlisted on 22 March 1983 and was commissioned as a Guards Officer in 1984. COL Ng was awarded the SAF Local Scholarship in 1984 for undergraduate studies and graduated from the National University of Singapore in 1998 with a Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering (Honours). Upon graduation COL Ng joined the Combat Engineer Formation and attended the Engineer Officer Course. COL Ng is currently the Commandant of the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College. Prior to this, he was the Chief Engineer Officer. His other command and staff appointments include Commanding Officer, Officer's Personnel Centre (OPC); Commanding Officer, 30th

Battalion Singapore Combat Engineers; Commander, Engineer Training Institute; Commander, Army Combat Engineer Group; Head General Staff, HQ Singapore Combat Engineers.

COL Ng attended the UK Army Command and Staff Course in 1996 and obtained a Masters Degree in Strategic Studies from the Centre of Defence and Strategic Studies, Australian Defence College in 2003. Ong Weichong is a Research Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. He is attached to the Military Studies Programme at the school’s constituent unit, the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS). Weichong completed his doctoral studies with the Centre for the Study

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of War, State and Society, University of Exeter, UK in 2010 where he was a recipient of research grants from the University of Exeter and the Royal Historical Society. He is also an Affiliated Researcher with the Department of Leadership and Management, Swedish National Defence College. His other academic qualifications include MSc Strategic Studies (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2006); BA History (University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, 2005); and Cert History (University of Hull, UK, 2003). Weichong’s articles, commentaries and op-eds have been published in the journal and magazine of the Singapore Armed Forces – Pointer and Pioneer, RUSI Journal, Straits Times, Lianhe Zaobao, Defense News, Khaleej Times, RSIS Commentary Series, Canadian Naval Review, Diplomatie and The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) Document Library . Richard Menhinick joined the Royal Australian Navy in January 1976. After graduating in 1980 he undertook practical sea-training culminating in the award of his Bridge Watchkeeping Certificate in 1982. Postings such as Aide-de-Camp to the Governor of Tasmania, Assistant Warfare Officer in HMAS DERWENT and Air Intercept Controller in HMAS PERTH followed. In 1987 he undertook the Principal Warfare Officer’s course. He then served on exchange at sea in the Royal Navy for two years in HMS CARDIFF. This posting to the UK included a deployment to the Persian Gulf as part of the “Armilla Patrol” monitoring Iran and Iraq. On return to Australia he served in HMAS BRISBANE in the 1990/91 Gulf War. After this he spent two years as Fleet Direction Officer at Maritime Headquarters in Sydney, prior to being appointed as Executive Officer of the destroyer HMAS HOBART from 1993-1995. On promotion to Commander he was posted firstly as head of the Operational Design Group at the Navy Combat Data System Centre, and then as Deputy Director Surface Warfare Development at Australian Defence Headquarters. Commander Menhinick assumed Command of the new Anzac frigate HMAS WARRAMUNGA on 24 January 2000. Following promotion to Captain he became Director of the Sea Power Centre, Australia in February 2002. He then commanded the Anzac frigate HMAS ANZAC from December 2003 to December 2005. After this he served as Chief of Staff to the Vice Chief of the Defence Force and Chief of Joint Operations throughout 2006 before being promoted to Commodore and posted as Director General Military Strategy in Strategic Policy Division in December of that year. In November 2008 he became DG Navy Transformation and Innovation leading the New Generation Navy Initiative. He was appointed Commander of the Combined Task Force 150 in the Middle East Area of Operations from December 2009 to April 2010 and Commandant of the Australian Command and Staff College in May 2010. He holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree, majoring in International Relations and Strategic Studies, and a Master’s Degree in Maritime Studies. S.D. Muni, presently Visiting Research Professor with the Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, was India’s Special Envoy to Southeast Asian

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countries on UN Security Council Reforms (2005-06) and served as India’s Ambassador to Lao PDR (1997-1999). In 2005, the Sri Lankan President bestowed on him ‘Sri Lanka Ratna’, the highest Sri Lankan civilian honour for a non-national. He superannuated from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India in 2006 after 33 years of service. In the University he held the prestigious Appadorai Chair of International Relations and Area Studies. He is a member of India’s University Grants Commission’s Standing Committee on Area Studies, and a Visitor’s nominee on the faculty selection board in Social Sciences of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. He was the founder Editor of Indian Foreign Affairs Journal (2005-2008), (Cambridge University Press, India) and South Asia Journal (1990-94) (Sage India). He is also affiliated with the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, and Monash Asia Institute, Melbourne, as a Fellow. He served Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi, as Director of Research-International Affairs (2006-2007). A founder Executive Member of the Regional Centre of Strategic Studies, Colombo, Prof. Muni was nominated to India’s first National Security Advisory Board in 1990-91. He has been an Executive member of the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. Prof. Muni has had visiting assignments for teaching/research in the academic institutions/universities of US, UK, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Australia, Japan and Singapore. He addressed the UN Ad hoc Committee on Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace at Socci (then USSR) in 1985. Author and editor of about two dozen books, Professor Muni has published 125 research papers and articles in various academic journals of repute. His recent publications include China’s Strategic Engagement with the New ASEAN (Singapore, 2002); Maoist Insurgency in Nepal (New Delhi, 2003); India’s Energy Security (New Delhi, 2005); Responding to Terrorism in South Asia (New Delhi 2005); IDSA Strategic Review 2007; 2008 (New Delhi, 2007, 2008); India and China: The Next Decade (New Delhi, 2009.); India’s Foreign Policy: The Democracy Factor, (New Delhi, 2009) and The Emerging Dimension of SAARC (New Delhi, 2010). BG Tan Ming Yiak Mark enlisted in the Army in 1986 and is an Engineer Officer by vocation. He was awarded the SAF Overseas Training Award (Academic) in 1987 and the SAF Local Postgraduate Scholarship (General Development) in 2005. BG Tan's tour of duty has seen him hold several senior command and staff appointments, including Commander, 3rd Singapore Division (2009-2011), Assistant Chief of General Staff (Plans) (2007-2009), Commander, 3rd Singapore Infantry Brigade (2006-2007), Head Plans Branch HQ, 9th Singapore Division (2004-2005), G3 Head Operations Centre HQ, 9th Singapore Division (2001-2004), Head Battlelab G5 Army (2000-2001), and Commanding Officer, 3rd Battalion Singapore Infantry Regiment (1998-2000). His junior appointments include Officer Commanding, 30th

Battalion Singapore Combat Engineers, and Staff Officer, Joint Plans Department.

For his outstanding leadership, contribution and service to the SAF, BG Tan was

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awarded the Commendation Medal (Military) in 2003 and the Public Administration Medal – Silver (Military) in 2009. BG Tan holds the positions of Future Systems Architect, Future Systems Directorate, and Commandant, SAFTI Military Institute as concurrent appointments. BG Tan and his wife, Valerie, have three children: Oliver, Nicholas and Claire. Thomas X. Hammes In his thirty years in the Marine Corps, T. X. Hammes served at all levels in the operating forces to include command of an infantry battalion and the Chemical Biological Incident Response Force. He participated in stabilization operations in Somalia and Iraq as well as training insurgents in various places. Hammes is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, US Army Infantry Officers Advanced Course, Marine Corps Command and Staff College and the Canadian National Defence College. He has a Masters in Historical Research and a Doctorate in Modern History from Oxford University. He is currently a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University. He is the author of “The Sling and the Stone: On War in the Twenty-First Century” and “Forgotten Warriors: The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, the Corps Ethos, and the Korean War,” chapters in 12 books and over 90 articles and opinion pieces in Washington Post, New York Times, Jane’s Defence Weekly, and professional journals. He has lectured widely at U.S. and International Staff and War Colleges. Tim Huxley is Executive Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies-Asia. He is an expert on Southeast Asian states’ security and defence policies. He has worked for many years in the overlap between strategic studies and Asian area studies, his research focusing particularly on Southeast Asian states’ security and defence policies. He has held research and teaching posts at universities in the UK and Australia, and was a Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore. Before joining the IISS in 2003, he was Reader in South-East Asian Politics and Director of the Centre for South-East Asian Studies at the University of Hull. His major publications include Defending the Lion City: The Armed Forces of Singapore (Allen & Unwin, 2000) and Disintegrating Indonesia? Implications for Regional Security (IISS Adelphi Paper 349, July 2002). Since joining the IISS, he has contributed extensive analysis of recent security-related developments in Southeast Asia and Australasia to Strategic Survey, The Military Balance, and the Strategic Comments series. He is also editor of the IISS Adelphi Paper series and, particularly since he became Executive Director of IISS-Asia in Singapore in April 2007, has been closely involved in organising the Shangri-La Dialogue (the Asia Security Summit), an annual IISS conference in Singapore for Asia-Pacific defence ministers and military chiefs.

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Dr. Huxley was educated at Oriel College, Oxford (MA Geography), the University of Aberystwyth (MScEcon Strategic Studies), and the Australian National University (PhD International Relations). BG Tung Yui Fai was enlisted on 22 March 1983 and is currently Chief of Staff (General Staff), Office of the Chief of Army. Prior to this, he was Assistant Chief of General Staff (Operations), General Staff (Operations). His other appointments include Chief Guards Officer, HQ Guards and Head, National Service Affairs Department. He is a Field Engineer Officer by vocation. BG Tung was awarded the SAF Local Scholarship in 1984 and the SAF Local Postgraduate Scholarship (General Development) in 2001. He obtained a Masters of Business Administration (Nanyang Fellows) from Nanyang Technological University in 2002.

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ABSTRACTS

Panel 1: Case Studies in the Contribution of Small States & Regional Partners Case Studies in the Contributions of Small States & Regional Partners BG (RET) Eric Tan Huck Gim

Former Force Commander of UNMISET (UN Mission in support of East Timor) recounts some of his experiences in commanding stability operations in newly independent Timor-Leste during the 2002-2003 timeframe, covering inter alia, the many small states that participated in this 3,000-strong peacekeeping mission, the contributions they made, and some challenges they faced. He touches on one particular operation against armed groups infiltrating back across the long and porous border to settle old scores by killing vulnerable villagers. He also examines how such seemingly localised ground actions can impact larger UN Security Council decisions, in this case decisions specifically related to downsizing. He uses the UNMISET case as an example of how the mission’s wide range of military capabilities, from military engineering to patrolling, not only enables the force to fulfil its mission, but also improves the lives of the local population. Finally, he closes with his views of how modern armed forces, large or small, can benefit from their participation in stability operations. The Experience of the three Baltic States in multinational operations 1994 to the present Prof James S. Corum

Since the Baltic States of Lithuanian, Latvia and Estonia regained their independence twenty years ago (August 1991) they have cooperated closely to forge a common defense policy. From the beginning of the new Baltic States armed forces the intention was clear that the three states would develop their armed forces quickly and along Western lines—with the eventual goal of joining NATO as full members of the Western alliance. Indeed, in 2004 the three Baltic States met their goal and were admitted to NATO as full alliance members. A primary means of developing the Baltic States armed forces and integrating the Baltic States into the Western security system was to participate in NATO peacekeeping operations and intervention operations, as well as other military operations, as part of Western coalitions. Starting in 1994 with limited deployments to the Balkans and progressing to sending combat troops to Iraq and then to Afghanistan, the three Baltic States have been strongly involved in military operations for more than 15 years. Today more than 700 Baltic States personnel are serving in Afghanistan-- a considerable effort for such small nations.

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This paper will provide an overview of the experience of the Baltic States in deploying military forces in overseas peacekeeping and military intervention operations. The study will then focus on the larger operations of Iraq and Afghanistan where each of the three Baltic States has deployed forces to serve as part of multinational coalitions. At the operational level the key questions to determine are the major problems that the three Baltic States have faced in deploying combat units abroad, and then what have been the major lessons learned from operations in multinational forces. In examining the primary lessons of the Baltic States deployments from an operational view I hope to come to some insights into the common problems likely to be faced by any small state operating in a multinational coalition environment.

Panel 2: Interoperability in a Coalition Environment

Interoperability and Innovation Commodore Richard Menhinick

Interoperability is usually only considered at the operational level in terms of the technical ability of systems to work effectively together. At the strategic level, it is as much about interoperability at the personnel level, as it is about technical interoperability. Technical interoperability in the maritime environment occurs at several levels including 0s and 1s, codes and combat systems. Allies must act together via a common tactical data link to ensure effective communications are maintained at all times and avoid the risk of fratricide – the consequences of which will destroy any strategic aim a country had, or planned to have, when becoming involved in the operation. At the strategic level, it is the interpersonal relationships that, perhaps more importantly than the technical aspects, underpin effective interoperability in a coalition environment. This was experienced by the Australian Navy during their involvement in the CTF150, and in operations countering terrorism, piracy and illegal activities at sea. Australian Naval experiences in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East found that personnel interoperability was a critical factor when working strategically with the other regional nations such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Oman, each of whom had a vested interest in CTF150. To ensure that all parties felt welcome and knew that the Australian Navy were there to help, innovative action such as the inclusion and integration of Saudi Arabian officers within CTF150 HQ, and simple gestures such as posting an Arabic “word-of-the-day”, resulted in significant improvement in the achievement of operational outcomes. To enact these innovations however, involved significant strategic level visits and establishment of relationships with these countries, to ensure that strategic interaction was aligned prior to any action taken.

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Interoperability is often looked at as a bland, technical issue, however as with all warfare, political and diplomatic issues, it is the interpersonal relationships and trust that truly underpins interoperability. A comprehensive approach to education and training, the conduct of common courses and international exchange visits, is critical to developing the cultural understanding and interpersonal relationships essential to strategic interoperability. To be effective in a coalition environment, you need first to train and educate interoperability — to in effect “Talk the Walk”. Concerns and Dimensions of Interoperability Mr Michael Codner

Military forces are constrained in multinational operations by the levels of interoperability that they can achieve with the armed forces of other participating nations. Small nations such as Singapore are particularly constrained because they are likely to be operating on a scale that allows them to be assigned particular geographical areas or tasks. They are likely to be operating as part of a larger formation in which high degrees of interoperability will be required at the most demanding tactical level. During complex emergencies including stability operations (SO) these problems of dispersion are exacerbated. Military interoperability comprises behavioural and technical dimensions. A large component of technical interoperability relates to information exchange. These aspects are relatively easy to resolve provided there is a will. A major constraint is security and classification of data but even multi-level security is achievable. Behavioural interoperability requires compatible doctrines, tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs), and mutual understanding of language, military cultures and the legal, political and constitutional contexts of different nations expressed perhaps in different rules of engagement for a particular multinational operation. Ultimately, however, a high degree of interoperability depends on commonality of objectives. It is rare that nations will share complete commonality but significant overlap allows for higher levels of integration. A history of training and operating together is also useful. Nations within formal alliances or with specific enduring bi- or multilateral treaty arrangements or agreements (such as the Five Power Defence Arrangements) are likely to have recourse to a repository of common doctrine and TTPs but these may not have been regularly practised. As a bare minimum it is useful for armed forces which are likely to be operating in the same geographical areas and who are not actually antagonists to have procedures which can avert misunderstanding and accidental violence. So there is an interoperability spectrum from understanding through cooperation to coordination to full integration. There is then the wider issue of inter-agency interoperability among militaries and civilian entities in a theatre of operations – the so called ‘comprehensive approach’ which is fraught with problems of disparate objectives and tends to work best through pragmatic arrangements based on experience rather than through formalized structures and procedures.

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Partnerships in Local Training/IMET Dr Ahmed Hashim

Security Assistance to key allies has been a key component of U.S. diplomacy and national security for the past century. Its importance increased dramatically during the Cold War as the U.S. helped allies seeking to develop their security forces and military establishments in order to handle internal and external threats to their national security. The end of the Cold War has not lessened the importance of security assistance programs; on the contrary, the post-Cold War conflict environment has enhanced the U.S. security assistance programs. From Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Philippines, Yemen and the countries of the African Sahel, the U.S. has spent considerable resources and time helping local allies build their security forces to deal with primarily internal security threats and the ever present threat of state failure or collapse in the face of atrophying state institutions, of which the most important are the coercive apparatuses. The purpose of this talk is to assess the successes and failures as well as the difficulties that the U.S. has faced over the decades in implementing Security Assistance programs around the world. Interoperability in the Maritime Commons Mr Bernard Miranda

The SAF has been deploying forces towards the reconstruction of Iraq since 2003 and the counter piracy mission off the Somali Coast since 2009. During this time the Commanders of the Task groups and Task Forces have learnt to operate in and develop in a multi-national environment. As the Commander of 4 SAF Task Groups and 1 Combined Task Force, Mr. Bernard Miranda (former RADM RSN and CCTF 151 in 2010) will share his experiences in working within a multi-national force using his Command as CTF 151 as a backdrop. Panel 3: International Security, International Law and Ethics Armed Forces and the Comprehensive Approach Prof Cynthia Watson

The United States has turned to issuing presidential guidance to integrate the entire force into HADR operations, as shown during the Clinton presidency. The George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations have turned to elevating Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction operations--and by extension HADR--to a par with traditional military operations as a manner of encorporating the full force. This paper will discuss this evolution in U.S. security thinking on HADR.

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Small States as Builders of Regional Security (Asia-Pacific) Dr Alan Chong

Small state agency in international security has witnessed a fascinating evolution towards creative diplomacies. These forms do not fall readily into the ‘small as irredeemably vulnerable’ paradigm. In fact, Asia-Pacific small states’ community building efforts operate within a peaceable context. The Asia-Pacific region from 1945 to 2011 is mostly a transition from a Cold War to a Cold Peace. Small states have taken advantage of these favourable conditions to build a community of constraints. This community is characterized by: the infinite reciprocation of tolerance, discursive obfuscation of threat perceptions, ‘soft’ features of diplomatic balancing, and open-ended confidence building. Through these ways, small states have influenced the norms and rules for great power behaviour. Ethical Realism: Why Small States should have Ethical Foreign Policies Prof Christopher Coker

The dialogue of Melos is often taken to be an example of how strong states treat weak ones: the strong do what they can, the weak what they must. But the Greek city states / all 5000 of them were small states in the context of the ancient world. Thucydides spins a tale to show why weak states rely on Nomos: custom and customary law which is normative. Today the Nomos of the world is the equivalence principle of sovereignty, what Stephen Krasner calls ‘an organised hypocrisy'. Nomos is the difference between morality (values) and ethics (norms). Great powers are asked to act morally, small powers ethically, a crucial distinction, To act unethically is imprudent. For small powers there is no difference between ethics and prudence and this is likely to be no less true than it has been so far in tomorrow's post-American, multipolar world. Regional Initiatives – A Way for Small States to Uphold and Shape International Law Mr Alvin Tan

Although there is universal support for the denunciation and accountability of perpetrators of international crimes, such as genocide and war crimes, the modalities and objectives of international criminal law (ICL) currently resemble an overlapping patchwork rather than a coherent system of international criminal justice (ICrimJ). Small States may therefore be able to uphold and shape international law by providing a regional route to enforce ICL. Such an approach will not only afford greater inclusiveness of local value systems and notions of justice, but also increased

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sensitivity to practical needs and conditions on the ground. Hence, it may better navigate the peace-justice divide that is different in every conflict situation, and probably be more effective at achieving the twin ICrimJ goals of maintaining peace and security, and sanctioning and deterring atrocity. Small states can also use regional initiatives to overcome the ‘principle of unanimity’ that haunts international treaty law, and proceed on a more localized basis of countries that are interested, willing and able. Last but not least, small States may then be able to expand the definitions of the universally accepted international crimes to better suit regional needs, as well as include other crimes that may be particularly relevant in the local context. Panel 4: Civil, Military and Media Engagement Reassessing the Role of Small States as Shapers of International Security and International Missions Dr Jim Rolfe

Small states may be characterised variously as passive consumers of international security or as aggressive shapers with a penchant for ‘wagging the dog’. Each of those extremes is of course a caricature, but equally there is a germ of truth in each and in all the possible positions in between the extremes. In the contemporary international system ‘generic’ small states have a number of advantages (as well as some obvious disadvantages). Because states today need to worry less about international violence directed at them, small states do not have to concern themselves so much with disparities in their size or strength when compared with neighbours with which they have political disputes. Such disputes are generally unlikely to develop into sustained armed conflict. This means that small states can use their resources to develop security systems and relationships untrammelled by the fear of imminent conflict and thus unbiased towards physical defence. Small states have been and continue to be at the forefront of many developments in regional and international security architectures. These architectures lead almost inevitably to interdependence and cooperation rather than independence and conflict, albeit with some loss of national autonomy. Small states also are better placed than large ones to think imaginatively about optimal structures and systems for international peace and security mission. This because small states should (even if they often do not) have closer working relationships outside the professional silos of the bureaucracy and between the government bureaucracies and the non-government sector. Such closer working relationships can and should lead to alternative understandings about the ‘best’ ways

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of shaping a mission and ensuring that all elements of a mission mandate are developed. Conceptualizing Civil-Military Relations Prof Franz Kernic

This presentation reviews and discusses various theoretical approaches toward the study of civil-military relations in history and present. It aims to provide a systematic reflection on both historical experience and academic discourse. It goes beyond a normative theory of civil-military relations in today’s modern (or post-modern) democracies and the question of how to establish and maintain a military force that sustains democratic values and supports fundamental ideas of a liberal and free society. The analysis will start with a historical introduction into the study of the interaction between societies, politics and military force in a broader European context. This will lead to a short discussion of a wide range of issues related to the relationship between civil society, politics and the military organization, including the question of civilian control over the military. Then different theoretical approaches and concepts toward CMR will be presented and discussed, among them the respective theories of Huntington, Janowitz, Finer, Feaver, Schiff and others. Finally, the presentation will address a number of difficulties in our established ways of conceptualizing civil-military relations. I will argue in favor of a broader approach toward the study of civil-military relations in today’s societies. This part will in part be influenced by theories of social constructivism and phenomenological sociology. Small States as Drivers of Civil-Military Cooperation: Experiences from the Netherlands’ Task Force Uruzgan (2006-2010) Dr Martijn W.M. Kitzen

Soldiers conducting contemporary stability campaigns are confronted with an increasingly complicated environment. Today’s armed forces are not only expected to operate in multinational coalitions, they also have to conduct campaigns in close coordination with various civilian organizations. Moreover, as modern wars are typically fought amongst the people, collaboration with the local population is of pivotal importance for obtaining success. This presentation explores how a small state’s military can seek unity of effort with the kaleidoscope of civil actors present in contemporary stability campaigns. An analysis of recent experiences of four years campaigning in Afghanistan’s Uruzgan province by the Netherlands’ Task Force Uruzgan (TFU) will reveal the challenges and difficulties encountered by soldiers seeking to enhance civil-military cooperation in a complex environment. As civil-military cooperation itself is not part of traditional military operations, the presentation will first explain how TFU conceptualized civil-military cooperation as part of a framework for a comprehensive approach consisting of Defence, Diplomacy,

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and Development (3D). The implementation of this framework by Dutch soldiers and civilian government officials will subsequently be discussed. In addition to the Netherlands many other countries (such as Australia, America, Singapore, and many others) were contributing to the Uruzgan mission. As the Dutch staff was responsible for coordinating this coalition the challenges of international civil-military cooperation will be addressed next. In addition to all these contributions, cooperation with NGOs was essential for generating effects on the ground in Uruzgan. Incorporating these NGOs in the overall military-led effort provided a huge challenge which was successfully tackled in Uruzgan as more and more NGOs started to work there. To conclude this presentation the collaboration between TFU forces and the local population will be discussed in order to complete the analysis and thus clarify the role of small states as drivers for civil-military cooperation in contemporary campaigns. The Media and the Armed Forces Mr James Dorsey

My mentor in journalism advised me on day one of my career that a journalist and his sources are natural enemies. Nowhere is that more true than in the relationship between the media and the military. Equally true, however, is that the media and the military are locked into a Catholic marriage. If anything, interdependency between the partners is increasing. The military is ever more dependent on the media to secure the support of domestic public opinion and as a key tool in the battle for hearts and minds, an ever more important component of military strategy. The media needs the military to tell a key element of the story. Yet, the media and the military live on different planets. The world of the military is a hierarchical command structure with clear lines of authority and precise definitions of responsibility and loyalty. The military sees in the media anarchy with no clear command lines, no clear authority and no degree of responsibility, loyalty or patriotism. In fact, all of that exists in the media albeit not as immediately visible and to a degree differently defined. At first glance, this looks like a recipe for disaster. It need not be. It is a relationship with inbuilt permanent tensions that are manageable provided there is the willingness and the ability on both sides to understand the needs and requirements of the other and the mutual dependency involved. On that basis, it can be turned into a mutually beneficial relationship that strengthens not only the ability of both partners to achieve their respective goals but also significantly contributes to a society that cherishes accountability and transparency.

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Panel 5: The Future of Stability Operations The Future of Stability Operations Dr (Col) Thomas Hammes

The international community has struggled with stability operations throughout the last two decades. These operations have been enormously expensive, marginally successful and have often strained relationships between friends. Some writers have questioned the validity of the idea that an outside power can impose stability. Others, to include major U.S. think tanks, question whether the United States will lead such operations in the future. This author believes it will – simply because the United States will not have a choice. Instability will either strike an area of vital economic/strategic interest or of vital political interest to the United States. And the United States will have to respond. That said, it is highly unlikely the United States will continue to attempt large scale nation building efforts. The historical record of an outside power building a nation from a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-cultural society is very slim. Just as slim is the record of success by external powers in conducting direct (the external troops fight rather than simply advise/train), large scale counterinsurgencies. However, there are significant historical examples of external powers conducting successful small-scale, indirect advise/assist campaigns in support of a government under attack by insurgents. If the United States adopts this approach, the role of smaller powers will be magnified since they can bring niche expertise the United States does not possess. Further, smaller powers can conduct an advise and assist campaign, either as a unilateral effort or as part of a coalition. In short, global conditions will likely require continued stability operations. The key is learning from the last two decades challenges to create a more effective international response.

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