general chemistry and inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry module 1 pharmacist licensure exam review

GENERAL CHEMISTRY&

INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Module 1 (20%)Pharmacist Licensure Exam

Review

SILIP SA MODULE 1

Title: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (20%) – 100 itemsFirst Day of the Board Exam – 8:00 am to 10:00 am

Components: General Chemistry Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Qualitative Chemistry Analytical Chemistry

* ACTUALLY, LAHAT NG CHEM NA ALAM MO, EH ANDITO SA MODULE 1

EXPECT that MODULE 1 is the hardest and the most CRUCIAL module

BUT… we’ll work together to make it ANSWERABLE

CHEMISTRY Physical science

Study of the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES and BEHAVIOR OF MATTER

“THE CENTRAL SCIENCE”

“the ABC of Pharmacy Practice”

MATTER Anything that has mass and volume Made up of particles Exist in 4 fundamental states (S,L,G,P)

Note:Mass- refers to the amount of matter

present in the material.Weight= mass x pull of gravity

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

Shape definite indefinite indefinite

Volume definite definite indefinite

IFA strength strongest strong Weakest

Molecular motion vibration gliding CONSTANT RANDOM MOTION

ATOM Basic unit of Matter Gk. “atomos” – indivisible

Proton – (+) charge Neutron- No charge Electron- (-) charge

Found in the NUCLEUS…. Kaya they are collectively called NUCLEONS…. xD

GUYS TAKE NOTE that it is 1,836 times lighter

than a proton; thus, the weight is

negligible, okie?

ELEMENT Pure chemical substance

Contains only 1 type of atom

Currently, there are 118 elements

LET’S DO THIS

THINGS TO REMEMBER: Atomic number = # of protons = # of

electrons Mass number = # of protons + # of

neutronsAtomic Number: ________

Mass Number: _____

Protons: _____

Electrons: ____

Neutrons: ____

Charge: ____

DEFINITION OF TERMS Isotope – Same no. of protons (so same

element), but diff. no. of neutrons

Isotone- same number of Neutrons

Isobar- same mass number

COLLOIDS Dividing line between solution and

homogenous mixture

Homogenous mixture

True Solution

Colloid

4 Properties of COLLOIDS: always remember (T-BAC) Tyndall effectBrownian movementAdsorption (ooooops…. hindi po Absorption)Charged electrically

TRIVIA USEFUL FOR THE BOARD EXAM :

3 most Abundant Elements – O, Si, Al

1st produced artificially – Tc Rarest Element – At Liquid at room Temp – Hg / BrHi future RPhs, Please

REVIEW THE CHEMICAL SYMBOLS in

THE PTE

METALS VS. NON-METALSMETALS NON-METALSGood conductors of heat and electricity

Poor conductors

Form BASIC oxides Form ACIDIC oxidesLustrous, Ductile, Malleable

Dull & Brittle if Solid

High Density Low DensityHigh Melting point Low Melting pointTends to lose e- Tends to accept e-

NOTE: Metallic Property – Capability of an element to lose an e-

@FutureRphs PLEASE TAKE NOTE #brotip

#brotip

1. Alamin kung sino ang METALS, NON-METALS at METALLOIDS

2. Knowing them would give you points in Module 1 and Module 6

3. How to remember the Metalloids?Mnemonic: Sige po, sabi ni ATe Baby.Silicon, Germanium, Polonium,

Sb (Antimony), Arsenic, Telurium, Boron

-Don’t forget it-

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS Electronegativity – ability of an

element to attract electrons to itself

Electron Affinity – energy gained by an atom when an electron is added to it

Ionization Energy / Ionization Potential – amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom

PROPERTIES USED TO IDENTIFY SUBSTANCESIntensive/Intrinsic vs. Extensive/Extrinsic

Physical Properties – observed or measured without changing the identity of matter

Ex. MP,BP,Solubility,Ƿ, malleability, ductility

Chemical Properties – describe the change or the reaction a substance undergoes

Ex. Flammability, reactivity, inertness

LAWS OF STOICHIOMETRY

1. Law of Definite Proportions (Proust’s Law)

Elements Same Compound

2. Law of Multiple Proportions

Elements Diff. Compound

Same ratio

Diff. ratio

NOTE: the ratio must be a WHOLE NUMBER

CHEMICAL REACTIONS1. Direct Union / Synthesis / Composition

Simple Subs Complex SubsMgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

2. Decomposition / Analysis Complex Subs Simple Subs

H2CO3 H2O + CO2

CHEMICAL REACTIONS3. Single Replacement Reaction

A + BC B + AC

CHEMICAL REACTIONS4. Double Displacement Rxn / METATHESIS

AB + CD AD + BCEx. Neutralization Reaction

5. Reduction-Oxidation Rxn (REDOX) Review: GEROA and

LEORA

ELECTROCHEMISTRY- Separation of particles based on e- charge

Let’s make ELECTROCHEM simple

ANODE

-Oxidation-POSITIVE electrode

CATHODE

-Reduction-NEGATIVE electrode

e- e- e- e- e- e- e-e-

e-e-e- e-

e-

ATOMIC STRUCTURE Democritus – “Atomos” Dalton – “Billiard Ball Model” Thomson – “Raisin Bread Model” / electron Rutherford – “Gold Foil Expt” / proton in the nucleus James Chadwick – Neutron Bohr – “Planetary Model” Schrodinger – “Quantum Mechanic Model” / 3D model

QUANTUM NUMBERS 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)

- describes the MAIN ELECTRON SHELL and the SIZE of the e- cloud Value: 1,2,3,4….

2. Angular / Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)- describes the SUBSHELL and the SHAPE of the e- cloud Value: 0 up to n-1

QUANTUM NUMBERS 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml)-describes the ORBITAL or ORIENTATION in spaceValues: -l , 0 , l

4. Spin (Ms or s) Values: +1/2 or -1/2

n = 3

l = 0, 1, 2

Ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

n = 4

l =

Ml =

RULES / PRINCIPLES1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

- No 2 e- can have the same set of quantum numbers

2. Aufbau’s Principle - “Building up” Principle- Electrons are placed first on the subshell with

lowest energy level

3. Hund’s Rule- Electrons are spread singly before pairing up

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Make your own Mnemonics

Give the Electron Configuration of the following:

Beryllium (At. No. 4)Calcium (At. No. 20)

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Lavoisier – 1st to set up the table (33 elem)

Dobereiner – Triads

Newland – Law of Octaves

Meyer & Mendeleev – 1st Periodic Law; properties are periodic functions of atomic wt.

Moseley – first modern Periodic Table

- 8 elements are grouped before another set of 8 elements

NOTE: 118 elements, 18 groups/families, 7 periods or series

PERIODIC TRENDS Atomic Radius

½ the distance between 2 nuclei Right to left increases Top to bottom increases

Electronegativity Ability to attract electrons Left to right increases Going up increases

Ionization energy or potential Ability to remove an electron from a positively charged atom Left to right increases Going up increases

Electron affinity Property to accept an electron Right to left increases Top to bottom increases

CHEMICAL BONDING - Forces that hold atoms together- All elements try to achieve the configuration of the NOBLE GASES

* OCTET RULE – atoms become stable when the valence e- will complement fully the valence shell

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:

1. Complete e- transfer (a.k.a. IONIC BOND)- bond formed by a metal and a non-metal- ELECTROSTATIC BOND

2. Sharing of e- (a.k.a. COVALENT BOND)- 2 nonpolar (similar atoms) equal e- sharing- 2 polar (dissimilar atoms) unequal e- sharing

I.M.F. (INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION)1. Dipole-Dipole (Keesom Forces)

2. Dipole-Induced Dipole (Debye Forces)

3. London Forces (Dispersion) (Van der Waals)

4. H-bond (Hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom)

MEMORIZE BY

1 atm / 760 mmHg (torr)

0 deg. Celsius / 273 KSTP

NOTE: At STP, 1 mole of a substance occupies

22.4 L You can forget your Birthday, BUT NEVER EVER EVER EVER FORGET

Conditions at S.T.P.

Conditions:

GAS LAWS BOYLE’S LAW —Volume is inversely proportional to pressure 

CHARLES’ LAW— Volume is directly proportional to temperature (Kelvin) 

AVOGADRO’S LAW —Volume is directly proportional to moles  

DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE- States that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures that each gas in the mixture exert individually

GAS LAWS IDEAL GAS LAW

GRAHAM’S LAW —The rate of the effusion of two gases (and diffusion) are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities providing the temperature and pressure are the same for the two gases. DIFFUSION=gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with the molecules of

another gas by virtue of their kinetic properties  EFFUSION=passage of a gas under pressure through a small opening

SOLUTIONS Solute + Solvent Factors affecting solubility:

1. Nature of Solute and Solvent2. Temperature: Temp = Solubility (MOST OF THE TIME)

3. Pressure: Pressure = Solubility of gas in Liquid – (HENRY’S LAW)

EXCEPTIONS: Exothermic: Inc in Temp = Dec Solubility Solution of gas in liquid: Inc in Temp = Dec

Solubility

REMEMBER that GAS and Ca(OH)2 are the most common substances that dissolve in COLD TEMPERATURE

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamic System- part of the universe

isolated from the rest by a boundary

“Surrounding” = Everything outside

TYPE OF SYSTEM ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF

Open (Non-conservative)

Matter & Energy

Closed (Conservative)

Energy ONLY

Isolated (Adiabatic) No matter, No energy

LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1st Law of Thermodynamics - Heat and work are forms of

energy transfer. Energy is invariably conserved, however the internal energy of a closed system may change as heat is transferred into or out of the system or work is done on or by the system.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics - An isolated system, if not already in its state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spontaneously evolves towards it. Thermodynamic equilibrium has the greatest entropy among the states accessible to the system.

3rd Law of Thermodynamics - The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero

WHAT YOU NEED TO REMEMBER:

“Conservation of Energy”

“Energy of the Universe is CONSTANT”

KEYWORD 1: ENTROPY

KEYWORD 2: GIBBS FREE ENERGY

GFE- expendable amt of Energy

ΔG(-) = SPONTANEOUSΔG(+) = NON-SPONTANEOUS

ΔG(0) = Equilibrium

KEYWORDS: ENTROPY OF A

PURE CRYSTALLINE IS EQUAL TO

ZERO

1st LAW 2nd LAW 3rd LAW

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM- It is a STATE at which the amount of Reactant and

Products present are CONSTANT

LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE- if a system is subjected to stress, the

system will adjust to relieve the stress

Stress: Concentration Pressure and Volume Temperature Catalyst – causes NO SHIFT in Equilibrium (PLS. REMEMBER )

IONIC EQUILIBRIUM Electrolytes dissociates into ions

Acids and BasesCheckpoint: Can you FILL IN THE BLANKS?

Theory Acid BaseArrhenius  

Bronsted-Lowry Theory

Lewis Theory  

SALTS Neutral Salt = SA + SB Acidic Salt = SA + WB Basic Salt = WA + SB

Question: How would you know which is a Strong Acid and a Strong

Base?

Naaalala nyo pa ba? Or Huhulaan

nyo nalang sa exam at isuko

ang 3-4 points?

REMEMBER THIS BY HEART Para matandaan, i-recite pagkagising sa

umaga at bago matulog sa gabi :P

1.) Strong Bases : hydroxides of Group IA/IIA2.) Strong Acid: H-CBNIPS

HCl HBrHNO3 HI HClO4

H2SO4 Perchloric Acid

Sulfuric AcidNitric Acid

REVIEW:

Ka – acid dissociation constant Kb – base dissociation constant Ksp – solubility product constant pH=-log [H+] pH=7 neutral pH<7 acidic pH>7 basic

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Radioactivity: decomposition process of unstable nuclei to more stable ones

Radiation: energy and particles released during the decomposition process

3 TYPES OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY

α-radiation : α-particle : He Mass number decrease by 4 & atomic number

by 2

β- radiation : e- (Neutron proton) Mass number stays THE SAME but Atomic number INCREASES by 1

Ex. Th e + Pa

γ – radiation : γ-rays are HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS no change in mass number and atomic number

24

23490 91

2340-1

UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY Non-SI : Curie (Ci) : 1Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/sec SI: Bequerel (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 decay/sec

Unit of RADIATION DAMAGE: R.E.M.

Unit of AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE to radiation: rad or gray

#brotip: memorize what is written above. It can SAVE YOU on the board exam. Swear

Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical

Chemistry

ALKALI METALS Group IA: Alkali Metals Most reactive metals Valence=1 A. HYDROGENAka: “inflammable air”lightest elementIsotopes:

A. protium – most abundant B. deuterium – heavy hydrogen C. tritium- radioactive

B. LITHIUM Aka: “Earth” Lightest metal

Pcol action: Depressant Diuretic

Non pcol action: Heat exchanger in aircon

 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Lithium Bromide

Depressant  Lithium Carbonate (Lithase ®)

DOC for MANIA

C. SODIUM Aka: “Natrium” Extracellular fluid Pcol action: fluid retention IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Sodium Acetate

Diuretic Urinary and systemic alkalizer Antacid

Sodium bicarbonate Aka: “Baking soda” Systemic antacid Carbonating agent S/E:

systemic alkalosis rebound hyperacidity

Na Dihydrogen Phosphate Aka: fleet enema Uses: cathartic

Sodium metabisulfite Water soluble anti-oxidant

Sodium CarbonateUse: 1. Antacid

2. Carbonating agent Sodium chloride

Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt

Use: 1. electrolyte replenisher 2. tonicity adjusting agent3. condiments4. preservative

  Sodium citrate

1. alkalizer 2. buffer3. diuretic4. expectorant5. shorten the coagulation

time

Sodium FluorideUse:Anticariogenic (2% solution) Sodium HydroxideAka: 1. Caustic soda

2. Sosa3. Lye

Use: Saponifying agent Sodium Phosphite Use: Reducing agent 

Sodium HypochloriteAka: Dakin’s solution, chlorox Use: 1. Oxidizing agent

2. Disinfectant3. Bleaching agent

 Sodium IodideUse: 1. expectorant

2. antifungal3. iodine solubilizer

 Sodium LactateUse: 1. antacid

2. diuretic

Sodium nitrateUse: 1. Vasodilator

2. meat preservation3. treatment in cyanide poisoning

 Aka: chile salt peter Sodium sulfateAka: Glauber’s saltUse: cathartic Sodium tartrate Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination Sodium thiocyanate Use: hypotensive agent Sodium thiosulfate Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypoUse: 1. Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrate

2. VS in iodometry and permanganometry

D. POTASSIUMAka: Kalium Most abundant and predominant Intracellular cation Deficiency: hypokalemia Pcol action:

1. diuretic2. important in muscle contraction

 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: Potassium acetate1. antacid2. diuretic3. urinary and systemic alkalizer  Potassium bicarbonate1. systemic antacid2. carbonating agent3. source of bicarbonate ion 

Potassium bitartrate Aka: cream of tartar, creamor Use: laxative Potassium bromideUse: depressant Potassium Carbonate Aka: potash, salt of peter, perlash 1. antacid2. carbonating agent3. carbonate source   Potassium chlorateUse: oxidizing agentComponent in: toothpaste, gargle and mouthwash Potassium chlorideUse: electrolyte replenisher TAKE note: SLOW push*

Potassium citrate1. diuretic2. expectorant3. diaphoretic Potassium hydroxideAka: caustic potash, lye potashUse: saponifying agent (SOFT soap) Potassium Iodide1.expectorant2. antifungal3. iodine solubilizer  Potassium nitrateAka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle Use: 1. diuretic/ meat preservative 

Potassium permanganateAka: mineral chameleon1. oxidizing agent2. VS in permanganometry  Potassium dihydrogen phosphateUse: cathartic Potassium Sodium tartrate Aka: 1. rochelle salt

2. sal signette Use: 1. cathartic 2. sequestering agent

Potassium thiocyanate Use: hypotensive agent K2Sx.K2S2O3

aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur

E. NH4Hypothetical alkali metalPcol action:1. diuretic2. buffer3. expectorant (like Iodide)4. anti-cariogenic (like Fluoride) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:1. NH4Bruse: depressant/sedative 2. (NH4)2CO3

Aka: sal volatile, hartshorn Use: 1. expectorant (ammonium)

2. antacid (carboante)3. respiratory stimulant

3. NH4ClAka: muriate of hartshorn Use: 1.expectorant

2. diuretic3. urinary acidifier

 4. HgNH2ClAka: white precipitateUse: topical anti-infective  5. NH4I Use: 1. source of iodide

2. expectorant3. antifungal

 6. NH4CH3COOAka: spirit of mendererus Use: styptic

COINAGE METALSCan occur in free metal stateComplexes/ chelates

A. CuAka: CuprumOnly reddish metalComponent of hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase 2 important alloys:

1. Brass: Cu + Zn2. Bronze: Cu + Sn

Pcol actions:1. protein precipitant2. enhances physiological utilization of iron3. toxicity: Wilson’s DiseaseAntidote: Penicillamine

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1.CuSO4.5H2OAka: blue vitriol, blue stoneUse: component of benedict’s,barfoed’s and fehling’s ingredientAntidote for PHOSPHORUS poisoningIngredient of Bordeaux mixture 2. [Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O2)2]Aka: Paris greenUse: insecticide 3. (Cu)3(C6H5O7)3

Use: astringent in 8% concentration

B. AgAka: argentum, shining, brightPcol action: Oligodynamic property (germicidal action) Toxicity: argyria Antidote: NSS  IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:A. Soluble compounds1.AgNO3

Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencilUse:

1. treatment of warts 2. eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea 

2. Ag (NH3)2NO3

Aka: Howe’s solutionUse: 1. dental protective

2. desinsitizing agent

 B. Insoluble compounds 1.AgI-poisonous-disinfectant

2. Ag proteinate a. Mild Ag Proteinate

Aka: ARGYROLUse: antiseptic for the eye

b. Strong Ag Proteinate Aka: Protargol Stronger germicide for ear and throat

c. Colloidal Ag Proteinate Aka: Collargol Use general germicide

C. AuAka: Aurum. Shining dawn, King of all metalsMost malleable and ductileBest conductor of electricityDissolved by:

1. aqua regia (3part HCl + 1 part HNO3)2. Selenic acid

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1.Aurothioglucose (IM)

-Treatment of Gout and R.A2. Gold Na Thiomalate (IM)

-Treatment of Gout and R.A3. Auranofin (PO) -Treatment of Gout and R.A

PLEASE MEMORIZE

ALKALINE EARTH METALSA. BeNever employed in medicine becauseit is the most toxic metalFluorescent lamp   B. MgLightest of all structurally important metalChlorophyll componentCompound of Grignard’s reagent

Natural Sources:1. As silicates: (talc, asbestos)2. As CO3: (magnesite, dolomite)3. As SO4: (keiserite)

Pcol action: 1. Laxative2. Depressant3. Natural Ca-channel blocker

Antidote: Ca Gluconate

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:MgCO3

Aka: Magnesia1. Antacid2. Laxative Mg(OH)2

Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma

Use: Antacid and Laxative MgO Aka: calcined magnesia1. laxative2. antacid3. component of Universal antidote 2MgO . 3SiO2 .nH2OUse: antacidAdvantage: prolonged antacid action

 MgSO4

Aka: Epsom saltUse: 1. cathartic (PO)

2. anticonvulsant (IM)3. Antidote for Ba toxicity

 Hydrated Mg Silicate

Aka: talc, soapstone, french chalkSoftest mineralUses: 1. Filtering agent

2. Clarifying agent3. Dusting powder

 Mg3(C6H5O7)2

Magnesium CitrateAka: lemonada purgante, purgative lemon

C. Ca2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluidVit D is needed for its maximum absorption

Pcol action:1. blood coagulation factor2. important muscle contraction3. important release of neurotransmitter4. primary element of bones and teeth

Deficiency state:1. osteoporosis

2. osteomalacia (adults) 3. rickets (immature mammals) 4.hypocalcemia 

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSCaBr2 Sedative/depressant CaCO3Aka: precipitated chalk, prepared chalk1. antacid2. ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices  CaCl2Aka: muriate of limeUse: Ca replenisher  Ca Gluconate Use: Ca supplement and replenisher  Ca(OH)2Aka: slaked lime, milk of lime, calcium hydrate1. antacid2. saponifying agent

Ca(C3H5O3)2Use: Ca supplement CaHPO4 . 2H2OUse: source of Ca and PO4 CaO Aka: lime, quicklime, calx 1.component of Bordeaux mixture2. insecticide Ca3(PO4)2Aka: bone ashUse: antacid 

CaClO or CaOClAka: chlorinated lime, chloride of limeUse: 1. disinfectant

2. bleaching agent CaSO4 . 1/2H2O or 2H2OAka: plaster of paris, gypsum, terra alba1. rodenticide 2. prep of surgical casts and dental impressions

D. SrUse: manufacture of flares IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. SrCl2 Use: temperature de sensitizing agent (SENSODYNE) E. BaAka: HeavyToxicity: Baritosis Antidote: Epsom Salt 

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1.BaSO4

Use: radiopaque subs used for GIT imaging 2. Ba(OH)2

Use: CO2 absorbent

F. RaMarie CurieRadioactive element use for:

Cancer radiotherapyDiagnostic purpose

VOLATILE METALSZincPresent in insulinPcol action: 1. Astringent

2. Antiseptic3. Antiperspirant4. Protectant

Other uses: 1. container of batteries2. protective coating of galvanized iron

Deficiency: Parakeratosis Antidote: NaHCO3

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:

ZnCl2 Aka: Burnett’s disinfectant fluid1. disinfectant/antiseptic2. dentin desensitizer3. Corrosive

ZnO Aka: Zinc white, Lassar’s pasteUse: antiseptic, astringent, topical protectant  ZnO2

Use: antiseptic 

ZnS Aka: white lotion, white sulfideUse: parasiticide, topical protectant, antiseptic  ZnSO4 . 7H2OAka: white vitriol

1. emetic2. astringent3. prep of white lotion

 Hydrated Zinc SilicateAka: Natural calamineUse: topical protectant  Zinc-eugenol cement – dental protective

Cadmium

Pcol action: astringentOther use: manufacture of stink bombPoisoning: itai-itai (ouch-ouch)Antidote: BAL (British Anti-Lewesite) or (Dimercaprol) IMPORTANT COMPOUND:CdCl2 1. emetic2. treatment of Tinea infection CdS Aka: yellow sulfideUse: anti-seborrheic  CdSO4

Use: ophthalmic antiseptic

Mercury Aka: Quicksilver, messenger of Gods1. diuretic2. antiseptic3. treatment of syphilis4. cathartic5. parasiticidal/fungicidal

Industrial use: thermometer, amalgams (dental cement)Disease: Minamata Antidote: EDTA IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:

Hg2Cl2 Aka: calomel1. cathartic2. local aniseptic  

HgCl2

Aka: corrosive sublimate Use: disinfectant HgI Use: treatment of syphilis HgI2

Use: stimulant of indolent ulcers K2HgI4

1. antiseptic2. component of Mayer’s reagent HgNH2ClAka: white precipitateUse: topical antiseptic HgO Aka: yellow precipitateUse: ophthalmic anti infective

BORON GROUP A. BoronIndustrial use: in vulcanizing rubber IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

H3BO3 Aka: sal sativum Toxicity: lobster appearance1. buffer (ophthamic soln 2%)2. antiseptic3. Tonicity adjusting agent 

Na2B4O7 . 10H2OAka: Borax, Na tetraborate, Dobelle’s solution

Use: 1. antiseptic2. eye wash3. wet dressing for wounds

B. Al-Most abundant metal-3rd most abundant element

Pcol uses:1. astringent2. aluminum foils used for burn patients IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:

AlCl3 . 6H2O 1. astringent2. antiseptic3. antiperspirant/deodorant 

Alum[AlNH4(SO4)2 . 12H2O] – NH4 salt[AlK(SO4)2 . 12H2O]- K saltUsed as astringent

 Al(OH)3Aka: amphojel, cremalin gel1. antacid2. protectant Disadvantage: constipation

AlPO4Aka: phosphagel Used as antacid, astringent, demulcent Al2(CO3)3Use: treatment of phosphatic calculci

Al2O3

Aka: AluminaUse: treatment of silicosis Aluminum Silicatea. Kaolinaka: china clay, native hydrated aluminum silicateuse: adsorbent in diarrhea

b. Bentonite aka: Soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal hydrated magnesium silicateuse: suspending agent

c. Pumice – volcanic origin and used as dental abrasive

C. Gallium- substitute for mercury in manufacture of arc lamps

CARBON GROUPA. CManifestation:

A. crystalline – graphite, diamondB. Amorphous – coal, anthracite

 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. CO2

Use: treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, Eczema 2. CO3

-2 Use: 1. antacid and for effervescent tablets 3. CO -210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to

asphyxia then death

Treatment: 1. 100% O2

2. Artificial air ( He 80%, O2 20%)3. Hyperbaric O2

B. Si - 2nd most abundant element IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. SiO2 Toxicity: Silicosis 2. Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica 3. Kaolin - adsorbent 4. Purified Siliceous Earth –absorbent 5. Bentonite – suspending agent 6. Talc – clarifying agent , dusting agent 7. Attapulgite Aka: polymagma, diatabs, quintess Use: adsorbent 8. Simethicone: polymeric dimethyl siloxane Use: antiflatulent

C. SnAka: stannum Use: preparation of tin cans IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSSnF2 – anticariogenic  SnO2 Use: germicide

D. PbAka: plumbum 1. astringent2. protein precipitantPoisoning:Plumbism Antidote: EDTA

Sources of poisoning:1. lead pipes2. paints3. batteries

 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSPb(CH3COO)2

Aka: sugar of leadUse: astringent Pb2(CH3COO)Aka: goulard’s extractUse: 1. astringent

2. antiseptic PbO Common name: LITHARGE

TITANIUM / ZIRCONIUMA. TiAka: Titan, Sons of the earthUse: powerful reducing agent IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. TiO2

Opacifying agent ex: OCUSERTUV Ray protectant – TiO2 reflects UV

B. ZrUse: same with Al but banned due to granuloma formation Former Official Compounds:1. Oxide2. CO3

Both used as antiperspirant and for athlete's foot

NITROGEN GROUPA. NitrogenAka: Mephitic air, azote, without lifeMost abundant gas in air: 71% N2, 29% O2

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:

N2 – very stable Since stable, used as INERT Atmosphere for readily oxidizable substance

LIQ N2 – used as RefrigerantContainer: BLACK

N2OAka: Laughing gasUse: inhalational anestheticS/E: diffusion hypoxiaContainer: blue NO2

1. vasodilator2. for cyanide poisoning

NO3-

Use: preservative Aromatic Ammonia spiritAka: Spirit of Hartshorn, spirit of sal volatileUse: respiratory stimulant

B. P Aka: Light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire2 forms:

1. White: poisonous2. Red: non-poisonus

 IMPORTANT COMPOUND:PO4

Use: Antacid and Cathartic

C. AsAka: Lewisite metalInsecticide:

Copper Aceto Arsenate (Paris green)

Antidote: BAL 

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:As2O3

Insecticide/ anti-leukemic

AsI3

Use: primary standard in the preparation of ceric sulfate

D. SbPcol use:

1. expectorant2. emetic3. anti-helminthic

IMPORTANT COMPOUND:SbKOC4H4O6

Aka: Tartar emetic, brown mixture1. emetic2. Tx of schistosomiasis

E. BiAka: Beautiful MeadowPcol action: 1. astringent2. antiseptic3. internal protective for ulcer

Cause: 1. dark stool 2. blue-black gums

Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol

TANTALUM Not affected by any body fluid, therefore

inert in our body Sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve

and tissue

CHALCOGENSA. OAka: empyreal air, dephlogisticated air, “yne” -Most abundant element-Use: treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia-Container: green B. SAka: brimstone, shubari, enemy of copper

- Used in preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointment or lotion

- stimulant cathartic

- depilatory agent- Anti dandruff  C. SeAka: Selena, moonEssential trace elementPromotes absorption of Vit. EUse: antioxidant IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. SeS2 (Selsun blue)

use: anti-dandruff

CHROMIUM / MOLYBDENUM / URANIUMA. ChromiumEssential trace element Glucose tolerance factorDeficiency: hyperglycemia IMPORTANT COMPOUND:K2Cr2O7

Use: oxidizing agent

B. MolybdenumEssential trace elementCo-factor enzyme IMPORTANT COMPOUND:Molybdenum Oxide+ FeSO4 – use: hematinic Brand name: MOL-IRON C. Uranium-Discovered by Becquerel-Radioactive element used for manufacture of atomic bombs-No pharmaceutical use

HALOGENSA. FStrongest oxidizing agentPoisoning: fluorosis Principal manifestation:1. mottled enamel2. abnormal bone growth IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. NaF Use: anti cariogenic at 2% soln  2. SnF2

Use: anti cariogenic at 8% soln

 B. ClAka: Dephlogisticated muriatic acidMost abundant extracellular anionUsed as water disinfectant IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:1. Hypochlorite (Na, K)Use: bleaching agent 2. HCl Use: treatment of achlorhydria

C. Br- Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor

-action: sedative/ depressant

-Poisoning: bromism -Principal manifestation: 1. skin eruption2. psychosis3. weakness4. headache

Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl

D. I-expectorant -anti fungal

-Deficiency: goiter

-Elemental Iodine preparation:1. Strong Iodine soln aka: Lugol’s soln 2. Iodine Tincture – disinfectant3. Povidone-Iodine - BETADINE

 E. At-Only metallic-Only synthetic halogen-Only radioactive halogen

MANGANESE / TECHNECIUM

A. MnCo-factor in:

1. protein synthesis2. phosphorylation 3.fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis

Poisoning: Parkinson -like IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. KMnO4

Aka: mineral chameleonUse: 1. oxidizing agent

2. antiseptic

 B. Tc-1st element produced artificially-Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals

NOBLE GASES A. He-2nd lightest gas-Toxicity (inhalation): donald duck-like sound-Container: brown

B. NeFor advertising C. ArMost abundant noble gasSubstitute for N2 in providing inert atmosphere.

D. KrLeast abundant of all noble gasHave inhalational anesthetic activity  E. XeInvestigational with inhalational anesthetic activity

F. RnAka: niton Synthetic noble gasUsed for treatment of CA (Cervical CA)

IRON Present In proteins:

HemoglobinTransferrin Ferritin Cytochrome oxidase

 Enhance absorption of

Vit. CCopper

Use: hematinic Toxicity: 1. GIT distress2. cardiac collapseAntidote: Deferroxamine  

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:FesO4

Aka: green vitriolUse: hematinic S/E: constipation Ferrous gluconate Brand name: FERGONadv: less irritating Ferrous fumarate Brand name: TOLERON

FeCO3Aka: chalybeate pills, ferrunginous pillsUse: hematinic  FeCl3Use: 1. astringent

2. styptic3. detection of tannins

 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Ferric ferrocyanide or prussian blue

Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2Ferrous ferricyanide or turnbull’s blue

Please MEMORIZE by HEART I know you

can!

OTHER METALSCobaltEssential in development of erythrocyte and hemoglobinComponent of vit B12

Defeciency: megaloblastic anemia IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSCoCl2

Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic inkUse: desiccator indicator

NickelAka: old nick’s copperFossil fuel

OsmiumHeaviest/ densest metal IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. Osmic acid2. Osmium tetroxide - Both used in staining microorganism for microscopic study especially in electron microscopy

Platinum & PalladiumCatalyst in finely divided steel

END

I’m sure that everyone who listened attentively would pass the board

exam

YES. REALLY. I AM SURE.