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FROM: http://www.sswm.info FROM: http://designtaxi.com
Presented at the Regional Workshop onMAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES
Organised by African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
16 – 18 September, Nairobi, KENYA
Bioenergy Platforms and TechnologiesBy
Prof. Thomson Sinkalatsinkala@gmail.com
CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia
A powerful bioenergy feedstock
from our body
CONTENTS
• Bioenergy production technologies• Research, development, demonstration and
deployment• Institutional and technical capacity development• Conclusions
BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
3
• Fuel wood• Charcoal• Agricultural waste• Wood pellets• Biogas• Bioethanol (equivalent of gasoline) • Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and • Bioelectricity
GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES
A burden to carry
Easy to harvest
Strenuous to harvest
Easy to transport A lot in store, few trips
Little in store, many trips
Clean cooking stove
Unhealthy cooking
Examples of Firewood Production Technologies and Use
Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use
Litter Drying Heaping Cooking
Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking
Examples of Wood Pellet Processing
Cost structure of charcoal Blantyre and LilongweFROM: Kambewa P. etal. 2007. Charcoal: the reality - A study of charcoal consumption, trade and production in Malawi. pubs.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/13544IIED.pdf.
Based on the Malawi study, charcoal costs 6.0 to 10 US$/40 Kg bag (Malawi), or US$2,700/Ha for 15 tons of
wood cleared.Pellets from wood shavings cost about 3.0 to 5 US$/40 Kg bag (Zambia, personal communications with
Dr. Per Lofberg of Vagga till Vagga AB of Sweden)
Energy efficiency of selected cooking fuels
Economics between charcoal and wood pellets
(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)
Example of Biogas Production
Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies
(FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)
(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)
Electricity Production from Biogas
13Biogas bus(Sweden)
Biogas fridgeBiogas cookstove
Biogas generator(Alibaba)
Biogas lamp
Biogas motorbike(www.inforse.org)
Biogas truck
BIOGAS(One Stop Gas)
Biogas train(www.metaefficient.com)
Biogas car(oneighturbo.com)
Biogas Market
Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks
+ Grass and Wood
ITEM SUGARCANE SWEET SORGHUM CASSAVA AGAVE Americana SUGAR BEET
Feedstock unit cost 0.381 0.384 0.15 – 0.47 0.512 0.15 to 0.29Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha) 110 20 - 100 12 - 40 80 60 to 80Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton), fresh roots.
80 45 170 125110
Yield, (Litres/Ha/Harvest) 8,800 900 – 4,500 2,000 - 6,000 3,600 - 12,000 4,800 – 10,000
Water Requirement, (mm/crop)1500 - 2500 450 to 700 400 - 750 500
600
Fertiliser Requirement, (Kg/Ha)300 basal & 250
kg urea
N 75-150P 30-60,
K 60-120.
NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags(if necessary)
150 – 350 Kg Urea(if necessary)
Gestation Period, (months) 12 - 14 4 – 4.3 12 - 16 60 - 72 5 - 6
Rotation Crops
Maize, sorghum, vegetables, legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical
sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).
Corn, sorghum, vegetables, cassava
(Gokhale, 2010)
Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas,
Electricity, Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,
Fertilizer
Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch, Electricity,
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,
FertilizerBiogas, Electricity
RemarksCan be stored as
molasses.
Harvested and processed s within a month. Stored as
molasses.
10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare, 80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can be processed from fresh roots or dry.
Extensive experience in Mexico, but also Australia and USA
recently.
Must process fresh roots
Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)
Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser
(FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)
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Liquefaction module
Fermentation module
Distillation module
Dehydration module
E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery
• Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months.• No need for large start-up capital.• Can process multiple feedstocks.• Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol.• Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel.
Modular Biorefineries and their Importance
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Bioethanol Market
Bioethanol bus
Bioethanol fridgeBioethanol cookstove
Flexi fuel generator
Bioethanol lantern
Flexi fuel motorbikeBioethanol truck
Eg. BIOETHANOLA One-Stop Fuel
Flexi fuel plane
Flexi fuel car
Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks
Animal Fat, Waste Cooking Oil, Algae
and Wood+
ITEM SOY PALM JATROPHA MORINGA CASTOR SUN FLOWER
Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre 0.429 0.426 0.459 0.290 0.562 0.698Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha) 3.5 15.8 6.0 3.0 1.0 2.0Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton) 196 230 300 400 489 398Yield, (Litres/Ha) 686 4,803 1,800 1,200 489 796
Water Requirement, mm 450 - 7003 – 5mm per day during
hot-dry season500 - 600 250 – 3000 500-600 600 -1000
Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha)250 Basal, 100
UreaN170-230, P70-90, K220-
310 per Year2.5 t Manure
Appropriate amount of manure, when and if necessary
N40,P40, K20200 Basal, 150
Urea.
Gestation Period, (months) 4.5 to 5 24 – 30 24 - 36 12 - 24 4 - 6 4.2 to 4.5
Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification
Food, FeedFood, Electricity, Fodder, Building, Furniture
Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer, Etc
Fertilizer, Biogas
Food, Feed, Biogas
Remarks
Currently experiencing high prices in the food market.
When efficient, ONE worker can harvest 10-hectare (Fact Foundation, 2010)
There is presently no “Cook Book” to give definite yields. Yields are currently location specific.
Among the world’s most useful plants.
A very important oil in high-tech industry as a lubricant.
Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)
Biodiesel Processing
Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing
(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)
(SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)
Electricity Generation from Biomass
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Range in recent levelized cost of energy for selected commercially available renewable-energy technologies
FROM: www.unep.org/greeneconomy
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT
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Bioenergy Value Chain1.
PRELIMINARY
ACTIVITIES
2.
PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
3.
FEEDSTOCK
PRODUCTION and
TRADE
4.
BIOFUELS
PROCESSING
5.
BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE
ACTIVITIESOTHER
SERVICES
Business Plans Sourcing funds Land acquisitions /
lease contracts Impact assessments Obtaining permits
and licences Securing markets Setting-up of
bioenergy industry governance
Technology assessments
Etc
Drilling boreholes Building dams and
canals Assessing soils Building access
roads and bridges Building houses and
offices Building processing
plants Etc,.
Land clearance Land preparations Nurseries Plantation
development Plantation
management Weed and pest
control Feedstock
harvesting Feedstock trading Etc.
Cassava peeling, chipping and drying
Seed cleaning and packaging
Oil extraction Molasses
production Processing and
refining of biofuels Byproducts
production.
Biofuels transportation Byproduct transportation Biofuels blending Biofuels transportation Engine conversion Importation of biofuels compliant
vehicles and appliances Manufacturing of inputs and processing
plants for the biofuels value chain Biofuels R&D Training in biofuels industry Biofuels quality control assessments Biofuels plant repair Development of appropriate cookstoves Etc.
Education Health Recreation Etc
Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modeling and analysis.
Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS
• Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants• Sustainable wood harvest• Efficient/cost-effective forest management• Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing
(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)
Cookstoves
General Research, Development, Demonstration and DeploymentFEEDSTOCK SUPPLY Identify sustainable, high-
quality feedstock supply and quantify risk
Baseline sustainable regional feedstock productivity
Develop commercial-scale supply systems
CONVERSION Reduce costs/improve quality of
intermediates Reduce enzyme costs Develop fermentation organisms Enable high performance
separations technologies Improve catalyst performance–
cleanup/ conditioning and fuel synthesis
Maximize carbon utilization Optimize reactor performance
DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT Validate biorefinery operations Establish pioneer plants Support advanced biofuels compatibility
testing Support biopower demonstration and
deployment
Cross-cutting areas
SUSTAINABILITY Assess effects across full supply
chain Establish baselines and targets
for improving sustainability Develop best practices
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS Define and validate technology
performance targets Guide program planning Assess progress
STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS Increase awareness of accomplishments Communicate new technology strategies Educate stakeholders on environmental
and oil-displacement benefits
(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)
Feedstock Supply and Logistics
Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.
Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an economic opportunity for communities across Africa.
This requires developing the technologies and systems needed to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.
Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)
The diverse biomass transformed by these technologies and systems must be consistent, quality-controlled commodity products that can be efficiently handled, stored, and transported to biorefineries for processing.
This work requires a complementary focus on feedstock supply interfaces and logistics, as follows (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov).
• Interfaces: To develop compatibility at interfaces with commercial-scale handling equipment and conversion processes, R&D should explore biomass specifications and characteristics, the effects of various handling techniques, and the resulting impacts on conversion performance.
• Logistics: R&D is required for systems for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing, storing, and transporting diverse forms of biomass more efficiently.
Therefore it is important to also research and develop equipment and systems to improve biomass quality, reduce costs, and increase productivity.
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
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INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Government Policies, regulations and standards Governance Information on value for investment (e.g.
balance sheet approach) Etc
Industry Feedstocks Technologies Production efficiencies Etc
Public / consumers Consumer information Value chain information Products Standards Etc
Universities / Educational Institutions Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula Research, development and demonstration Etc
NGOs Community needs and information Bioenergy industry participatory methods Community resource management Land rights Gender issues EtcRECs Identifying and providing info on best
practices in bioenergy development Capacity building in cross-border bioenergy
issues Etc
CONCLUSIONS
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Africa has resources (material and human), but lacks productive action.
Available technologies can be used to establish a vibrant bioenergy industry in Africa.
Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can benefit all on sustainable basis.
Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the environment.
Thank you for your attention
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