french mix design standard guideok

Bituminous mixes Bituminous mixes French mix design French mix design

Method and overview for empirical or fundamental specifications

Yves BROSSEAUD – LCPC Nantes France -

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OutlinesOutlines

French mix design:An example of performance based mix design methodology

Main performance characteristics of asphalt mixesDocuments of reference :

European – French Asphalt mixesAsphalt mix design guideNational guide for the application of European standards

Conclusion

An example of performance based An example of performance based methodologymethodology

French Bituminous French Bituminous Mix Design MethodologyMix Design Methodology

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One material type for each need

Optimized with performance based criteria

In relation with its use on the road

Method used in France since more than 20 years old

Principle Principle

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Standard Performances Lab studyGradation & Binder content designer’s choice

Typical grading curves

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.1 1 10

Sieve [mm]

Paas

ing

[%]

ECFBBSGBBMBBTMBBUMBBDr

Formulation tool: Gyratory

Compactor(PCG)

Mix design Mix design and Compositionand Composition

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Mix design Formulation methodMix design Formulation method

Components selection(aggregates, filler, binder, additives)Check of their properties

performance classMinimum binder content defined by standard

K Richness modulus (linked to the binder film thickness)

Level of mix design study defined in contract

Check of the performance versus the selected class of the product French (European) standards

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Performances tested Performances tested

One test per property

Gyratory compactor (PCG) workability and compactability assessment

Immersion compression (Duriez) test Water sensitivity

Wheel tracking testRutting resistance

Direct tensile or 2 point bending test− Stiffness

2 points bending test− Fatigue resistance

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Design stepsDesign steps

Selection and identification of components

Choice: gradation & binder content

Compactability test (gyratory)

Duriez test

Rutting test

Modulus test

Fatigue test

Formulation selected

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Compaction

Water sensitivity

Rutting

Stiffness

Fatigue

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Level 1 and 2 testsLevel 1 and 2 tests

Components selection(aggregates, filler, binder, additives)Check of their properties

performance classManufacturing and control of samples

Gyratory compaction testWater sensitivityWheel tracking rutting testMarshall Marshall test

Preparation of samples in laboratoryPreparation of samples in laboratory

Good control quality of mix :composition, voids, homogeneity, ...

Accurate and Relevant TestsRelevant comparison with in situ materials

11/67Mixer BBMAX 80

Plate compactor: 400*600*150 or 180*500*25 à 100

Vertical gamma Bench

EN 12697EN 12697--3333ex NFP 98ex NFP 98--250250--22

EN 12697-35 ex NFP 98-250-1EN 12697EN 12697--7 ex NFP 987 ex NFP 98--250250--55

12/67MLPC Gyratory shear compactor

Gyratory compactorStandard (NF 12697-31 ex NFP 98-252)Characterisation of void % reduction under axial force + gyratory shearMix design by adjustment of void content according to product standards Estimation of site void content

Vsite = V(Ne)Ne nbr of cycle as thickness [mm]

r = 0,95 R = 1,38 (% voids 60 g)

CompactabilityCompactability characterisationcharacterisation

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Typical resultV

oid

cont

ent (

%)

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Void content

Failed

Failed

InterpretationInterpretationof gyratory compaction testof gyratory compaction test

Conformity study of a mix in relation to product standard specification for each material type ( NFP 98-130 to 141)

Pass

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% voids

Number of passes2 2616820

10

5

46

812 cm

Void content versus layer thicknessVoid content versus layer thicknessIn site compaction processIn site compaction process

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

BB

AC

BB

AC

(bin

der)

BB

AG

G

BB

ME

GB

2

GB

3

EME

1

EME

2

Void

s %

Correct

Out of spec

Gyratory compactor test: specificationsGyratory compactor test: specificationsGyratory compactor test: specifications

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Water sensitivity : Water sensitivity : DuriezDuriez testtest

Standard EN 12697-12 exNFP 98-251-1Two compaction processes

D< 14 mm H 190 mm, 60 kN, 5 min D>14 mm H 270 mm, 180 kN, 5 min

Stored at 18 °C, 7 daysin air (50 % moisture) in water

Vertical compression (1 mm/s )Ratio r/R (and % voids)Repeatability and reproducibility

r = 0,08 R =0,13 (ratio of 0,73)

Decision to use of an adhesion agent

European standard used also indirect tensile test (EN 12697-12)

LevelLevel 2 : 2 : ruttingrutting resistanceresistance testtest

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LPC Wheel tracking testLPC Wheel tracking test

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Wheel

Rut depth measurement

Standard (EN 12697-22 ex NFP 98-253-1Influence of heavy, slow, channelled traffic under high temperaturerelevant correlation with site, repeatability (r = 1,2 et R =1,3)Test conditions:

Smooth tire, pressure 0.6 MPaLoad 5 kN, speed 1 cycle/sControlled temperature 60°C

LPC Wheel tracking testLPC Wheel tracking testLPC Wheel tracking test

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Rutting

Number of cycles

AverageRegression

Typical results with the LCPC wheel Typical results with the LCPC wheel tracking testtracking test

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Influence of binder contentInfluence of binder contentInfluence of binder content

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Influence of binder typeInfluence of binder type

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Rutting resistance - specificationsRutting resistance Rutting resistance -- specificationsspecifications

Test @ 60 °C

0

4

8

12

16

20

BBA1

BBA2

BBA3

BBME1

BBME2

BBME3

GB 2to 4

EME1-2

Rut

dep

th [%

]

Surface Base

Numberof cycles 10 000 30 000 10 000 30 000

Out of spec

On spec

Level 3 and 4Level 3 and 4

Mechanical tests:stiffness measurement (direct tensile test or 2 points

bending on trapezoidal samples)Fatigue resistance test

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Determination of bituminous mixes mechanical Determination of bituminous mixes mechanical characteristics for pavement structural designcharacteristics for pavement structural design

Need for stiffness characteristics and fatigue resistance : admissible strain for 1 million cycles

Traffic direction

Wearing course

BaseSub-base

Natural soil

BituminousLayers Thickness tStiffness Eε, σ(tension)

Non treated

ε, σ

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Direct tensile test

100

1000

10000

100000

0,0001 0,01 1 100 10000

Temps (s)

Mod

ule

(Mpa

)

0°C

10 °C

15°C

courbemaîtresse

EN 12697-26 ex NFP 98 260-1

Direct tension on cylindrical specimen

Master curve (rheological behavior)

Modulus for pavement design (specification) 15°C, 0,02s

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ComplexComplex modulusmodulus testtest

EN 12697-26 ex NFP 98 260-2

2 points bending on trapezoidal samples, 4 repetitions

E pavement design 15°C, 10 HzMaster curve (rheological behavior)

60°C

100

1000

10000

100000

0,1 1,0 10,0 100,0

Fréquence (Hz)

-10°C0°C10°C15°C20°C30°C40°C

r = 335 MPa , R = 2750 MPa(E = 15300 MPa)

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StiffnessStiffnessStiffness

Modulus @ 15°C: complex (10 Hz) or tensile (0,02 s)

02000400060008000

100001200014000160001800020000

BBA1-2

BBA3

BBME1

BBME2-3

GB 2-3

GB 4 EME1-2

Mod

ulus

[M

Pa]

Out of spec

On spec

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Fatigue testFatigue test

Standard EN 12697-24 ex NF P 98-261-12 points Bending beam on trapezoidal samples

B=56, b=25, t=2, h=250 mm3 strain levels with 6 specimens each, 10°C and 25 Hz Strain calculated for 1 million of cycles ε6

(better behavior for high ε6)r = 4,2 µstrain R= 8,3 µstrain

Droite de fatigue

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

10 100 1000

Déformation

Nom

bre

decy

cles

ε6

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Fatigue testFatigue testFatigue test

Admissible strain @ 10 °C and 25 Hz [µstrain]

708090

100110

120130

140150

BBA 1 BBA 2 BBA 3 BBME1

BBME2-3

GB 2 GB 3 GB 4 EME1

EME2

ε 6[µ

stra

in]

Out of spec

On spec

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Summary of French mix design methodology: different levelsSummarySummary of French mix design of French mix design methodologymethodology: : differentdifferent levelslevels

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ReferenceReference document for document for asphaltasphalt mixesmixes

Asphalt mixes standardsGeneral asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-1

Very thin asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-2

Porous asphalt NF EN 13108-7

Type testing NF EN 13108-20

Factory Production control NF EN 13108-21

French asphalt mix design guide

French guide for the application of Europeanstandards

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General General asphaltasphalt mixes NF EN 13108mixes NF EN 13108--11

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Type of performance for Type of performance for asphaltasphalt mixesmixes

The asphalt mix standards NF EN 13 108-1 to NF EN 13 108-7specifie 2 different performance approaches :

Empirical Fundamental

added with general characterizationwithout combination with these 2 approaches

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General General CharactCharactééristicsristics

«General» characteristics are :Grading curve,

Void content,

Sensibility again water effect

Resistance to rutting

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EmpiricalEmpirical charactcharactééristicsristics

«Empirical» characteristics are:To specify the minimum bitumen content,

To precise the nature of bitumen (performance grade),

To fix an envelop for the grading at the specified seives.

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Fondamental Fondamental charactcharactééristicsristics

«Fondamental» characteristics are essentially measurements on mechanical performances:

stiffness modulus

fatigue resistance.

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EmpiricalEmpirical approaches : approaches : ex EB10ex EB10--BBSGBBSG

Caractéristiques générales Caractéristiques empiriques

Pourcentage de vide PCG

Étendue (%) /Tamis caractéristiques

0 ,0

63

0,25

0

2,00

6,3 D

Ten

eur

en li

ant

min

imal

e

Dés

igna

tion

Des

tinat

ion

NF

EN

de

réfé

renc

e

Lia

nt

Gra

de

D (m

ax) e

n m

m

Sens

ibili

té à

l’ea

u IT

SR (I

/C)

mét

hode

B p

ar c

ompr

essi

on

Cla

sse

Nb

gira

tions

à 10

gir

atio

ns

Essai d’orniérage À 60°C

Nb cycles

{% vides plaque}

Classe

% % % % %

Roulement EB10-BBSG

classe 0 Liaison

NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60

V10

G m

in11

- 5 à 8

10 à

25

28 à

38

50 à

65

90 à

100TLmin5,2

Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 1 Liaison

NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60 - 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P10

5 à 8

10 à

25

28 à

38

50 à

65

90 à

100TLmin5,2

Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 2 Liaison

NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60 - 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P7,5

5 à 8

10 à

25

28 à

38

50 à

65

90 à

100TLmin5,2

Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 3 Liaison

NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60 - 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P5

5 à 8

10 à

25

28 à

38

50 à

65

90 à

100TLmin5.2

Wearing course

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Caractéristiques générales Caractéristiques fondamentales

Pourcentage de vide PCG

Dés

igna

tion

Des

tinat

ion

Nor

me

NF

EN

de

réfé

renc

e

Lia

nt

Gra

de

D (m

ax) e

n m

m

Sens

ibili

té à

l’ea

u IT

SR (I

/C)

mét

hode

B p

ar c

ompr

essi

on

Cla

sse

Nb

gira

tions

Essai d’orniérage À 60°C

Nb cycles

(% vides plaque)

Classe

Essai de module 15°C

0,02s ou 10 Hz

(% vides plaque)

Classe

Essai de fatigue 10°C

25 Hz flex.2

(% vides plaque)

Classe

Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 1 Liaison

NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P10

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) Smin5500

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)

ε6-100

Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 2

Liaison

NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P7,5

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) Smin7000

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)

ε6-100

Roulement EB10-BBSG

classe 3 Liaison NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70

Vmin 5 Vmax 10

60 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P5

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) Smin7000

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)

ε6-100

Wearing course

FondamentalFondamental approaches : approaches : ex EB10ex EB10--BBSGBBSG

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FondamentalFondamental approaches : ex EB14approaches : ex EB14--GBGB

Base or fundation layer

Caractéristiques générales Caractéristiques fondamentales

Pourcentage de vide PCG

Dés

igna

tion

Des

tinat

ion

Nor

me

NF

EN

de

réfé

renc

e

Lia

nt

Gra

de

D (m

ax) e

n m

m

Sens

ibili

té à

l’ea

u IT

SR (I

/C)

mét

hode

B p

ar c

ompr

essi

on

Cla

sse

Nb

gira

tions

Essai d’orniérage À 60°C

Nb cycles

(% vides plaque)

Classe

Essai de module 15°C

0,02s ou 10 Hz

(% vides plaque)

Classe

Essai de fatigue 10°C

25 Hz flex.2

(% vides plaque)

Classe

EB14-GB classe 2 Assise NF EN

13108-1 * 14 ITSR70 Vmin 11 100 10 000 cycles

(Vi= 8% Vs = 11%)P10

(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)Smin9000

(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)

ε6-80

EB14-GB classe 3 Assise NF EN

13108-1 * 14 ITSR70 Vmin 10 100 10 000 cycles

(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)P10

(Vi= 7% Vs = 7%) Smin9000

(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)

ε6-90

EB14-GB classe 4 Assise NF EN

13108-1 * 14 ITSR70 Vmin 9 100 30 000 cycles

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P10

(Vi=5% Vs = 8%) Smin11000

(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)

ε6-100

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Type

of m

ix

Gira

tory

. (V

oids

%)

C80

(D 1

0mm

)C

100

(D 1

4mm

) C

120

(D 2

0 m

m)

Wat

er se

nsiti

vity

r/R ra

tio

Rut

dep

th(6

0°C

-100

mm

)*

10.0

00 c

ycle

s (%

)**

30.

000

cycl

es (%

)

Stiff

ness

mod

ulus

(15°

C-1

0Hz)

in M

Pa

Fatig

ue –

adm

issi

ble

stra

in(@

1 m

illio

n de

cyc

les)

G.BClass 2 ≤ 11 ≥ 0.65 ≤ 10* ≥ 9,000 ≥ 80.10-6

GBClass 3 ≤ 10 ≥ 0.7 ≤ 10* ≥ 9,000 ≥ 90.10-6

GBClass 4 ≤ 9 ≥ 0.7 ≤ 10** ≥ 11,000 ≥ 100.10-6

EMEClass 1 ≤ 10 ≥ 0.7 ≤ 7.5** ≥ 14,000 ≥ 100.10-6

EMEclass 2 ≤ 6 ≥ 0.75 ≤ 7.5** ≥ 14,000 ≥ 130.10-6

Base Hot Mix Asphalt : main performances Base Hot Mix Asphalt : main performances

fundamentalempirical

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Example of CE markingfor general requirements

or fundamental

ExampleExample of CE of CE markingmarkingfor for generalgeneral requirementsrequirements

or or fundamentalfundamental

information + empirical

requirements

information information + + empiricalempirical

requirementsrequirements

fundamental

CE mark

empirical

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Conformity control for Asphalt mixesConformityConformity control for control for AsphaltAsphalt mixesmixes

CE mark

PRODUCER

NOTIFIEDBODY

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Essential characteristics (according with European directive)for empirical specifications

Essential Essential characteristicscharacteristics ((accordingaccording withwith EuropeanEuropean directive)directive)for for empiricalempirical specificationsspecifications

CE mark

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Essential characteristics (according with European directive)for fundamental specifications

Essential Essential characteristicscharacteristics ((accordingaccording withwith EuropeanEuropean directive)directive)for for fundamentalfundamental specificationsspecifications

CE mark

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Description and classification for asphalt mixesDescription and classification for Description and classification for asphaltasphalt mixesmixes

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Uses of asphalt mixesUses of Uses of asphaltasphalt mixesmixes

uses

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Type Testing : or formulation proof Type Type TestingTesting : or formulation proof : or formulation proof

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Validated period for mix designValidated period for mix designValidated period for mix design

Période of validity – 5 years without changingCheck new formula if some:

Changes in aggregates:coarse aggregates:

− properties shape, semi-crushed aggregate percentage, wear resistance

− in petrographic type− Density (> 0,05 Mg/m3)

fine aggregate: source , grading category, angularitymineralogical type of filler

Changes in bitumen : bitumen grade

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Type – frequency test control for components(QC)

Type Type –– frequency test control for frequency test control for componentscomponents(QC)(QC)

CE mark

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Type – frequency test control for asphalt concrete NF EN 13108-1 (QC)

Type Type –– frequency test control for asphalt frequency test control for asphalt concrete concrete NF EN 13108NF EN 13108--11 (QC)(QC)

CE mark

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Type – frequency test control for asphalt mixes used on airfields NF EN 13108-1 (QC)

Type Type –– frequency test control for asphalt mixes frequency test control for asphalt mixes used on used on airfields NF EN 13108airfields NF EN 13108--1 1 (QC)(QC)

CE mark

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ConclusionsConclusions

French mix design methodology is based on the following performances :

Workability assessment (Giratory, central tool)Water sensitivityResistance to permanent deformationStiffnessFatigue

depending on the mix design study level asked in contractual documents

Performances based mix design methodology allows Optimization of mix design to the expected use of the material Evolution of techniques Innovation

I whish you a very fruitful meeting on performance I whish you a very fruitful meeting on performance requirements for asphalt mixes requirements for asphalt mixes

Gracias por su atenciGracias por su atencióónn

Taxi in the world : world exhibition in Paris last week “mondial de l’automobile)”