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Farming for Fruit Quality and Health
Preston AndrewsHorticultural Science
Neal DaviesPharmaceutical Science
John ReganoldSoil Science
Fruit quality
Depends on stakeholder fruit growers graders/processors marketers consumers
Scientists - specific quantifiable measures priorities of consumers, growers, grading
and processing enterprises, wholesale & retail marketers
Definition of fruit quality
• The standards of excellence of a product that distinguishes it as superior
• Composite of attributes on-farm productivity fruit maturity - “ripeness” storage capacity - “keeping quality” & “shelf-life” sensuous nutritious disease prevention safe
Does Organic Production Enhance Phytochemical Content of Fruit and Vegetables?Zhao et al., HortTechnology 16:449, 2006
“The evidence overall seems in favor of enhancement of phytochemical content in organically grown produce, but there has been little systematic study of the factors that may contribute to increased phytochemical content in organic crops. It remains to be seen whether consistent differences will be found, and the extent to which biotic and abiotic stresses, and … soil biology contribute to those differences. Problems associated with most studies tend to weaken the validity of comparisons.”
Farm System - Fruit Quality Criteria
Vertically oriented, quality attribute extensive studies with: matched soil, microclimate & crop variety alternatives in distribution system for
storage, processing, transport & marketing consumer handling & preparation
• Crop quality• Soil quality• Farm profitability• Environmental risks of agrochemicals• Energy efficiency
Apple orchard productivity and fruit quality under organic, conventional, and integrated managementGM Peck, PK Andrews, JP Reganold & JK FellmanHortScience 41:99, 2006
Sustainability of three appleproduction systemsJP Reganold, JD Glover, PK Andrews & HR HinmanNature 410: 926, 2001
Apple study
• Yakima County, Washington
• Replicated, on-farm ORG, CON, INT
• Soil & topography identical
• Cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ ‘Gala’
• Grower/scientist managed
Crop yield
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
CON ORG
Yie
ld (
Mg
/ha
)
2003200219991998199719961995
Reganold et al., Nature (2001) & Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
NS
Fruit weight
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2002 2003
Mea
n w
eig
ht
(g)
CON ORGNS
NSNS
**
**
*p < 0.05
Reganold et al., Nature (2001) & Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
Fruit firmness
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Harvest Storage Harvest Storage Harvest Storage Harvest Storage
Fo
rce
(N)
CON ORG
Golden Delicious Gala
1998 1999 2002 2003
NS
NS
NS
* * *
**p < 0.05
*
Reganold et al., Nature (2001) & Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
Antioxidant activity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Harvest 3-month CA
Tro
lox
eq
uiv
ale
nts
(m m
ol/
g F
W) CON ORG
NSp < 0.05
Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
Skin 5X concentration of flesh
Quercetin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Harvest 3-month CA
To
tal
qu
erc
eti
n (
mg
/10
0g
FW
) CON ORG
NS
p < 0.05
Unpublished
Skin 4X concentration of flesh
“Researchers at Minnesota's Mayo Clinic report that quercetin, … found most abundantly in apples, may provide a new method for preventing or treating prostate cancer.” Carcinogenesis 22:409, 2001
“Researchers at the University of Hawaii found that increased consumption of quercetin was associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92:154, 2000
Quercetin
http://www.usapple.org/educators/research/index.cfm
Strawberry study
• Monterey & Santa Cruz Counties, California
• Paired ORG/CON farms 5 pairs in 2004 8 pairs in 2005
• Soil & topography matched for each pair
• Cultivars Diamante San Juan Lanai
Antioxidant activity
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0T
rolo
x e
qu
iva
len
ts (m m
ol/g
FW
)
CON ORG
p < 0.005
Unpublished
Ascorbic acid
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(m
g/g
FW
) p < 0.005
CON ORGUnpublished
Phytochemicals
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Phenolics
Co
nc
(O
D2
80
, 3
25
nm
, mm
ol/g
FW
) p < 0.01
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Flavonoids
CON ORG
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Anthocyanins
p < 0.05 p < 0.05
Unpublished
Specific polyphenolics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CON ORG
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/100
g F
W)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
CON ORG
Glycoside Aglycone
Ellagic acid
NS
NS
p < 0.05
Unpublished
NS
Naringin/Naringenin
• chiral flavanone with R and S enantiomers
• citrus, tomato, apple, cherry
• anti-oxidant, -cancer, -mutagenic properties
• glycoside and aglycone forms of enantiomers have different bio-availabilities and bio-activities
Naringin (glycoside) Naringenin (aglycone)
**
Evaluating polyphenolics
• chiral separation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• measure multiple polyphenolic compounds and any enantiomers
• evaluate anti-cancer, anti-inflamation, and anti-hyperlipidermia of pure compounds and fruit extracts
Fruit weight
0
5
10
15
20
25
30W
eig
ht
(g)
CON ORG
p < 0.001
Unpublished
Dry matter
0
2
4
6
8
10
12D
ry m
atte
r (%
)
CON ORG
p < 0.01
Unpublished
Hypothesis: phytochemicals are “diluted” in conventional systems
because of excess growth caused by too readily available nitrogen and/or selection of varieties for large fruits with high yields
Biologically Intensive & Organic Agriculture (BIOAg) project: small-, medium- and large-fruited tomato varieties
grown under ORG or CON soil fertility monitor soil fertility/biology, measure growth, cell size
and phytochemical “density,” assess anti-cancer activity
Current research
Acknowledgements• Funding
CSNAR The Organic Center USDA Washington Tree Fruit
Research Commission Organic Farming Research
Foundation
Grad students Jaime Yañez Karina Vega-Villa Jennifer Reeve Greg Peck Jerry Glover Jeffrey Clark
Post-docs, techs, students Canming Xiao Carolina Torres Peggy Collier Mays Vue
Faculty Lynne Carpenter-Boggs Carolyn Ross Marc Evans Herb Hinman John Fellman Rich Aldridge
Questions?Questions?andrewspandrewsp@@wsu.eduwsu.edu
John Marshall Photography
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