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Exploring litter bug diversity: the challenges of collecting and curating some of the smallest Heteroptera
Christiane Weirauch and Rochelle Hoey-Chamberlain Entomology Department University of California, Riverside
1. Tiny, but understudied and cool: background on Dipsocoromorpha
2. NSF project goals
3. Litter bugs in the field
4. Museum work: residues and more
5. Organizing, extracting, imaging
Schizopteridae: Hypselosomatinae sp. New Zealand Prague October 2013
Ceratocombidae: Issidomimus sp. Tanzania Prague October 2013
Schizopteridae: Humpatanannus sp. Tanzania Prague October 2013
Schizopteridae: Hypselosomatinae sp. Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago Prague October 2013
Schizopteridae: Pinochius sp. India Prague October 2013
Schizopteridae: Biturinannus sp. Brazil Prague October 2013
5 morphologically divergent families
~320 described species
Monophyly of infraorder is controversial
Tiny, cryptic bugs
Symmetrical to asymmetrical and uniquely modified male genitalia
Sexual dimorphism slight to extreme, with females often coleopteroid
Schizopteridae ~ 240 described spp.
Ceratocombidae ~ 50 described spp.
Dipsocoridae ~ 25 described spp. 0.5mm
?
5 morphologically divergent families
~320 described species
Monophyly of infraorder is controversial
Tiny, cryptic bugs
Symmetrical to asymmetrical and uniquely modified male genitalia
Sexual dimorphism slight to extreme, with females often coleopteroid
Images: Alex Knyshov, Rochelle Hoey-Chamberlain, Christane Weirauch
Symmetrical to asymmetrical and uniquely modified male genitalia
Sexual dimorphism slight to extreme, with females often coleopteroid
Schizoptera sp. male Schizoptera spp. females?
Chinannus sp. male Chinannus sp. female Nannocoris sp. male Nannocoris sp. female
Data: 28S rDNA & 18S rDNA
Taxa: 87 terminals (all
infraorders); 35 are
Dipsocoromorpha
MAFFT alignments; TNT and
RAxML
Weirauch & Stys, in press, Insect Systematics & Evolution
Dipsocoridae:
Cryptostemma spp. only:
monophyletic
Ceratocombidae:
Ceratocombus spp. only:
monophyletic
Schizopteridae: all three
tribes: monophyletic
Weirauch & Stys, in press, Insect Systematics & Evolution
Weirauch & Stys, in press, Insect Systematics & Evolution
tc 1 2 3
4 5
Kokeshia sp.
tc 1 2 3
4
Corixidea sp.
Wing images: Stephanie Leon
1. Assemble the largest worldwide collection of Dipsocoromorpha or litter bugs (~15,000 specimens).
2. Produce integrative taxonomic revisions of genera and species of Schizopteridae.
3. Test family-level concepts of the 5 recognized families of Dipsocoromorpha, the monophyly of the infraorder, and the classification of Schizopteridae.
4. Test hypotheses on the stepwise evolution of elytra (Fig.1) and genital and abdominal asymmetry
NSF project goals
Three-year project; starting date July 1, 2013
Petr Baňař Dimitri Forero http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ri
der/Pentatomoidea/Researchers/Fernandes_Jose.jpg
Jose Antonio Fernandes
..in schizopterid heaven…
Alex Knyshov
Daniela Takiya
David Rédei http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Researchers/Redei_David.jpg
Dimitri Forero
UCR crew
Stephanie Léon Rochelle Hoey-
Chamberlain
Main collaborators (taxonomic projects,
coparative morphology; specimen acquisition)
Pavel Štys
OTS course: Costa Rica, 2010
Litter sifting
light “Traditional”
collecting methods
Litter bugs in the field
YPT Malaise
Images: Plant Bug PBI
Beating vegetation
Cameroon, 2013
Mt. Cameroon, 2013
Mt. Cameroon, 2013
Trinidad, 2013
Pinochius sp.
Schizoptera sp.
Dundonannus sp.
Ceratocombus sp. – Honduras 2013
Hand collecting
Schizoptera sp. – Honduras 2013
Issidomimini sp. – Cameroon 2013
I. Ceratocombinae 1 Ceratocombini
Ceratocombus Signoret (3 subgenera; 25 spp.) Leptonannus Reuter (3 spp.; Nearct; Neotr.; Afrotrop Feshnia Stys (1 sp.; Zaire)
2 Issidomimini Issidomimus Poppius (2 spp.; Oriental, Papua) Kvamula Stys (4 spp.; Vietnam) Muatianvuaia Wygodzinsky (5 spp.; Afrotrop.)
II. Trichotonanninae 3 Trichotonannini Trichotonannus Reuter (6 spp.; Palaeotrop.)
….no jumping…………...., but adhesion?
Museum work: residues and more
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/47/dc/65/natural-history-museum.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/California_Academy_of_Sciences_pano.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Natural_History_Museum_of_Geneva.JPG
http://www.natur.cuni.cz/eng/about-the-faculty/faculty1.jpg/@@images/acdc5638-d7be-4a55-b34b-e0f8f64abe51.jpeg
Planned visits (next 12 months): FMNH, AMNH, USNM, FSCA, BMNH, SAMC
LACM CAS
MHNG CUNY
Curated collections and types: mostly AMNH, USNM, and BMNH
Semi-curated collections : mostly CUNY
Semi-sorted (Heteroptera) wet samples: mostly MHNG
Unsorted bulk and residue samples: various collections
MHN Geneva The (?) largest leaf litter sample collection >30 countries, all biogeographic regions >1,500 Dipsos “pulled” (5 days) ~1,300 are Schizopteridae
Weirauch Lab sample sorting 1130 samples sorted since April 2013 20 countries, focus on Thailand and Neotropics 1,151 Schizopteridae 5,817 Ceratocombidae
American Samoa
Argentina
Australia
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Cameroon
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
French Guyana
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Karamea
Madagascar
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Rep. of Congo
Thailand
Trinidad
USA
Samples sorted: some insights
American SamoaArgentinaAustraliaBermudaBoliviaBrazilCameroonColombiaCosta RicaEcuadorFrench GuyanaGuatemalaGuyanaHondurasKarameaMadagascarMexicoNew ZealandPeruRep. of CongoThailandTrinidad
Thailand (= TIGER)
Colombia
Brazil
Honduras
Costa Rica
Dipsocoromorpha Ceratocombidae Dipsocoridae Schizopteridae
# of successful traps 791 693 5 217
# of unsuccessful traps 339 437 1125 913
TOTAL 1130 1130 1130 1130
Argentina
Thailand
Colombia Madagascar
Proportion of samples with Schizopteridae per country Proportion of samples per country sorted
Argentina
Brazil
Cameroon
Trinidad
Honduras
61% 19%
Percentage of samples with Dipsocoromorpha
All Pan traps
BL
S
BT
GC
LL
MT
MV
PFT
Sorted samples, by collecting method
Malaise (MT)
Pan traps
sweep
Leaf Litter
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
All Pantraps
BL S BT GC LL MT MV PFT
Ceratocombidae (#) by trap type
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
All Pantraps
BL S BT GC LL MT MV PFT
Schizopteridae (#) by trap type
Samples sorted: some insights
Bridget Gonzales
Bryan Vanderveer
Andrew Freedman
Keeping track of bulk sample sorting
Preliminary IDs
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Pcr_machine.jpg
Habitus imaging (Leica MZ16)
DNA extractions Specimen databasing
Confocal SEM
Compound microscope
What’s next….?
Start taxonomic projects
Keep sorting, imaging, extracting, databasing….
…..and have a lot of fun!
Schizoptera Fieber 62 described spp.; many
new spp.
Subgeneric limits?
Chinannus Wygondzinsky 2 described spp.; several new spp.
Male/female association?
Corixidea Reuter genus group 6 genera and 16 described
spp.; many new spp.
Generic limits?
Male/female association?
Acknowledgements
NSF for financial support – Litter Bug ARTS project
Lots of collaborators and colleagues for access to specimens
Fieldtrip logistics: Oliver Schlein, Rachid Hanna, Maurice Tindo, Tom Smith, Kevin Njabo and many others
All Weirauch lab members for help with collecting, sorting, imaging, etc.
Istvan Miko for advise on confocal imaging
The Heraty Lab for use of their GT Vision System
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