exam i motor strategies mate calling in crickets song production by s
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exam I motor strategies mate calling in crickets
song production by s song recognition by s sender-receiver matching summary
PART 3: MOTOR STRATEGIES#11: MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS I
SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT
VISION
OLFACTION
GUSTATION
AUDITION
MOTIVATION
COURT
FORAGE
ATTACK
ESCAPE
FREEZE
CEN
TRA
LIN
TEGR
ATIO
N
MOTOR STRATEGIES
SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT
VISION
OLFACTION
GUSTATION
AUDITION
MOTIVATION
COURT
FORAGE
ATTACK
ESCAPE
FREEZE
CEN
TRA
LIN
TEGR
ATIO
N
MOTOR STRATEGIES
SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT
VISION
OLFACTION
GUSTATION
AUDITION
MOTIVATION
COURT
FORAGE
ATTACK
ESCAPE
FREEZE
CEN
TRA
LIN
TEGR
ATIO
N
MOTOR STRATEGIES
complex activity, requires
eg, coordinated operation of limbs
often rapid & appropriate responses to environmental signals
sensory-motor interface... behavior itself changes requirements of subsequent behavior
MOTOR STRATEGIES
song production by s only...
innate recognition by s...
innate attraction by s
s navigate s... courtship
stereotypic song
many species... many different songs
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
~ 2600 modern cricket species
most work on 3 related temperate latitude families: bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) field crickets (Gryllidae) mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae)
most nocturnal
high predation... many predators, avoid by hiding, freezing, burrowing, fleeing, camouflage short calls ~ ventriloquism... hard to locate
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
song production in s by scraping wings together
several types of song calling song courtship song aggressive song
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
song production in s by scraping wings together
several types of song calling song
response = positive phonotaxis call & remain stationary... attract single call & move... attract many s amplify & direct call using hollow trees, burrows
courtship song aggressive song
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
song production in s by scraping wings together
several types of song calling song courtship song
1 of many signals (olfactory, visual, tactile) aggressive song
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
song production in s by scraping wings together
several types of song calling song courtship song aggressive song
establish territory threaten impending aggression
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
several types of song
1st…how NOT to study cricket songs…
calling song…
courtship song
aggressive song…
establish territory
threaten impending aggression
MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS
calling by wing scissor motion = stridulation
file & scraper on wings
sound ~ comb
chirps & syllables
sonogram... amplify...
SONG PRODUCTION BY s
oscillogram cycles
carrier frequency 5 kHz 1 scraper tooth
pulses = syllables 1 stridulation
chirps & trills sequences
SONG PRODUCTION BY s
cricket CNS
chain of ganglia = functional aggregates of neurons
linked by paired connectives
brain (3 fused) sensory input
subeosphageal ganglion
thoracic ganglia (3)
abdominal ganglia (?)
HEAD
SONG PRODUCTION BY s
meso- & metathoracic ganglia
motor neurons innervate wing elevator muscles wing depressor muscles
SONG PRODUCTION CIRCUITRY
meso- & metathoracic ganglia motor neurons innervate
wing elevator muscles wing depressor muscles
observe a coordinated sequence of events…
record from motoneuron muscle... EMG
electromyogram
SONG PRODUCTION CIRCUITRY
correlate with tegmen movement muscle contraction sound ... closing only
note timing of events oscillating pattern reciprocal output to antagonistic muscles typical rhythmic motor
activity... eg ,walking
SONG PRODUCTION CIRCUITRY
interneuron spikes
motoneuron spikes
thoracic ganglia contain central pattern generator
inhibition (C)
activity (B)
correlate calls (A)
SONG PRODUCTION CIRCUITRY
central pattern generator (CPG) call “machinery”
brain call “decision”... from 3 experiments: focal stimulation in head
call & courtship songs stimulate cervical connective (in “neck”)
call & courtship songs cut off head... stimulate individual neurons in cervical connective...
call, courtship & aggression single neurons encode each type of trigger
TRIGGERING A SONG
central pattern generator (CPG) call “machinery”
brain call “decision” signals not ~ timing
of calls, only onset
TRIGGERING A SONG
brain / cervical connective stimulation shows that...
1. behavior onset but not pattern timing ~ stimulation descending signals need patterning from CPG
2. stimulus freq. ~ rate of chirping only rate encoded by brain
3. stimulus freq. or strength transition from call courtship or aggression weakest trigger call
TRIGGERING A SONG
brain / cervical connective stimulation shows that...
4. duration of brain stimulus ~ duration of call constant brain stimulus required for call
5. some stimulation call suppression... stimulus off resumed calling more intense, often courtship, postinhibitory rebound ~ song courtship in nature
TRIGGERING A SONG
song & response studied for > 200 yrs
how do s recognize song ? navigate s ... phonotaxis ?
can test for hrs distance constantnever “”
many versions of device... different questions
SONG RECOGNITION BY s
walks toward artificial call
zigzag pattern
oscillations 60° ~ direct line to source
SONG RECOGNITION BY s
what song features attract s ?
computer-constructed songs played s
varied components syllable rate syllable duration chirp rate # syllables / chirp duty cycle / chirp
SONG RECOGNITION BY s
what song features attract s ?
computer-constructed songs played s
varied components syllable rate
30 / s others not critical
SONG RECOGNITION BY s
how does the first recognize the song ? localize the song ?
2 tympanic membranes ~ 60 auditory receptor cells auditory neurons auditory nerve CNS
(prothoracic ganglion) associated with trachea
ears on forelegs
SONG RECOGNITION & LOCALIZATION
tracheal tubes = insect “lungs”
connect tympanum outside via spiracles
sound via 2 routes direct indirect
distance ½ wave pull / push
SONG RECOGNITION & LOCALIZATION
BREAK
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