exam 2 review - university of...

Exam 2 Review

Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception

Chapter 3: Consciousness

Chapter 7: Learning

Chapter 9: Language

Reminders and Study Tips

• Bring a scantron (fill out name, etc., in advance)

• Bring a pencil

• Bring your student ID

• Use the study guide and practice exam on

the course website

• Read text carefully – more than once!

• Re-read your lecture notes

• Test yourself, identify what you don’t know

Distribution of questions:

• Ch. 6: Sensation & Perception - 14 questions

• Ch. 3: Consciousness – 8 questions(sleeping & dreaming only; p. 112-124 NOT on Exam 2)

• Ch 7: Learning - 7 questions

• Ch 9: Language – 6 questions

• 70% both class and text, 20% just in the text, 10% just in class

Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception

• True or false? Humans have five senses.

• True or false? Humans have five senses.

– FALSE!

1) thermoreceptors

2) chemoreceptors

3) nociceptors

4) mechanoreceptors

5) photoreceptors

a. vision

b. touch, hearing, & balance

c. taste & smell

d. pain perception

e. temperature

Match each type of receptor cell to its sense:

Match each type of receptor cell to its sense:

1) thermoreceptors

2) chemoreceptors

3) nociceptors

4) mechanoreceptors

5) photoreceptors

e. temperature

c. taste & smell

d. pain perception

b. touch, hearing, & balance

a. vision

Which is the correct order for sensing visual stimuli?

a) photoreceptors � thalamus � ganglion cells �bipolar cells � visual cortex

b) thalamus � ganglion cells � visual cortex �photoreceptors � bipolar cells

c) photoreceptors � bipolar cells � ganglion cells �thalamus � visual cortex

d) bipolar cells � ganglion cells � photoreceptors �thalamus � visual cortex

Which is the correct order for sensing visual stimuli?

a) photoreceptors � thalamus � ganglion cells �bipolar cells � visual cortex

b) thalamus � ganglion cells � visual cortex �photoreceptors � bipolar cells

c) photoreceptors ���� bipolar cells ���� ganglion cells ����thalamus ���� visual cortex

d) bipolar cells � ganglion cells � photoreceptors �thalamus � visual cortex

What is formed by the axons of the ganglion cells?

What is formed by the axons of the ganglion cells?

� the OPTIC NERVE!

• What is a blind spot? Why do we have one?

The following concepts belong in two categories:

fovea“day vision”

“night vision” cones

rods

color

peripherydetails/acuity

wavelength

amplitude

brightness

motion

Two types of photoreceptors:

• cones

• fovea (center)

• “day vision”

• details/acuity

• colors

• wavelength

• rods

• periphery

• “night vision”

• motion

• lightness

• amplitude

Color Perception

• How do we sense colors?

blue cones: ~430 nm

green cones: ~530 nm

red cones: ~580 nm

Color Perception

Color Perception

• What are the two theories of color perception described in the text?

Color Perception

• What are the two theories of color perception described in the text?

– Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

• red, green, and blue cones

– Hering’s opponent-process theory

• opponent process neurons, turned “on” by one color and “off” by the opposite color (red vs. green, yellow vs. blue, white vs. black)

Color Perception

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

– Sensation: passive process

– Perception: active interpretation

– *note: the distinction isn’t always clear-cut!

• Who said the following? “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

• What does it mean?

• How do figure-ground relations fit into Gestalt theories of psychology?

• What are the Gestalt rules for grouping things together?

• How do figure-ground relations fit into Gestalt theories of psychology?

• What are the Gestalt rules for grouping things together?

– proximity (closeness)

– similarity

– closure

– others: continuity, connectedness

• List some of the monocular and binocularcues used by the brain to perceive depth.

• List some of the monocular and binocular cues used by the brain to perceive depth.

– Monocular: relative clarity, texture gradient, linear perspective

– Binocular: retinal disparity, convergence

• Why do we see illusions? What were some of the illusions demonstrated in class?

• Why do we see illusions? What were some of the illusions demonstrated in class?

– Sensory processes:

• spinning spiral

• light contrast (Cornsweet effect)

• illusory green dots

– Perceptual processes:

• lighting & effects of shading

• color & effects of shading

• mask effect

• rotating window

Chapter 3: Consciousness

• How many stages of sleep are there? In what stage do sleep spindles occur?

• Which stage has EEG waves with the lowest frequency (slowest) and highest amplitude (largest) EEG waves?

• About how long is a typical sleep cycle?

• How many stages of sleep are there? In what stage do sleep spindles occur?

– four; stage II

• Which stage has EEG waves with the lowest frequency (slowest) and highest amplitude (largest) EEG waves?

– stage IV (the most synchronized brain activity)

• About how long is a typical sleep cycle?– 90 minutes

Put the EEG waves in the correct order from fastest to slowest.

a)theta, alpha, delta

b)delta, alpha, theta

c)alpha, delta, theta

d)alpha, theta, delta

Put the EEG waves in the correct order from fastest to slowest.

a)theta, alpha, delta

b)delta, alpha, theta

c)alpha, delta, theta

d)alpha, theta, delta

Which EEG waves are found in which sleep cycles?

Alpha:

Theta:

Delta:

Which EEG waves are found in which sleep cycles?

Alpha: awake, relaxed state

Theta: stage I, stage II, stage III

Delta: stage III, stage IV

When do we dream?

When do we dream?

– during REM sleep

Say that last night I had a dream that I attended a play at the top of the Space Needle in the rain. The play was about birds who would chase and eat cats.

According to Freud what is the manifest content of my dream? And, what do you think that the latent content is?

According to Freud, which part of my personality was responsible for the emotional content of the dream?

According to Freud, which part of my personality was responsible for the emotional content of the dream?

According to Hobson’s activation-synthesis theory, what caused the emotional content of my dream?

According to Hobson’s activation-synthesis theory, what caused the emotional content of my dream?

– The reticular formation was activating my limbic system, which is involved in emotion.

How long is the average human free-running circadian rhythm? How then do humans manage then to stick to a 24 hour schedule?

What part of the brain is responsible for setting your “biological clock”?

How does light influence your circadian rhythm?

What part of the brain is responsible for setting your “biological clock”?

– suprachiasmatic nucleus

How does light influence your circadian rhythm?

– light-sensitive ganglion cells � send signals to the suprachiasmic nucleus

Match the sleep disorder to its definition/characteristic:

1. narcolepsy2. insomnia3. sleep apnea4. night terrors5. REM-behavior disorder6. sleep walking/talking7. SIDS

a) chronic inability to get sufficient sleep

b) no paralysis of voluntary muscles during REM sleep

c) infant stops breathing while sleeping (and dies)

d) typically occurs during stage III or IV of sleep

e) it’s best *not* to wake children up when this happens

f) irresistible sleep attacks, loss of voluntary muscle control

g) adult stops breathing while asleep

1. narcolepsy

2. insomnia

3. sleep apnea

4. night terrors

5. REM-behavior disorder

6. sleep walking/talking

7. SIDS

f) irresistible sleep attacks, loss of voluntary muscle control

a) chronic inability to get sufficient sleep

g) adult stops breathing while asleep

e) it’s best *not* to wake children up when this happens

b) no paralysis of voluntary muscles during REM sleep

d) typically occurs during stage III or IV of sleep

c) infant stops breathing while sleeping (and dies)

Match the sleep disorder to its definition/characteristic:

What is REM Sleep Disorder, and how is it different than sleepwalking?

What are some cures for jet lag?

What are some cures for jet lag?

– spend the first day outside, in the sun

– light therapy

– melatonin

– light patch directed toward the blood?

Chapter 7: Learning

What is learning?

What is learning?

• A change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experience.

You’ve been very busy with school and studying, and haven’t been able to wash your dishes in a couple of days. A friend comes over to visit, and upon entering your apartment exclaims “Gross – what’s that smell?”. Although you may have noticed something when you came home earlier, you don’t smell anything now.

What is this an example of?

You’ve been very busy with school and studying, and haven’t been able to wash your dishes in a couple of days. A friend comes over to visit, and upon entering your apartment exclaims “Gross – what’s that smell?”. Although you may have noticed something when you came home earlier, you don’t smell anything now.

What is this an example of?

Habituation

What is classical conditioning?

What is classical conditioning?

A form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

In Pavlov’s classic experiment, what are the UCR, UCS, CR, CS?

• Conditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned response

• Conditioned response

In Pavlov’s classic experiment, what are the UCR, UCS, CR, CS?

• Conditioned stimulus – bell

• Unconditioned stimulus – food

• Unconditioned response – salivation

• Conditioned response - salivation

Example

• http://www.spike.com/video-clips/0jnov0/the-office-the-jim-trains-dwight

• What is the unconditioned stimulus?

• What is the unconditioned response?

• What is the conditioned stimulus?

• What is the conditioned response?

• What is the unconditioned stimulus?

offering a mint

• What is the unconditioned response?

accepting/wanting a mint

• What is the conditioned stimulus?

computer reboot sound

• What is the conditioned response?

accepting/wanting a mint

What is operant conditioning?

What is operant conditioning?

• Learning controlled by the consequencesof the organism’s behavior

• Increase a behavior using reinforcement

– Positive reinforcement

– Negative reinforcement

• Decrease a behavior using punishment

• http://vimeo.com/18823407

• http://vimeo.com/19044808

Positive & Negative Reinforcement

Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.

What type of consequence is being used?

Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.

What type of consequence is being used?

Negative reinforcement

Robert gets a ticket for driving under the influence that results in a $500 fine and

suspension of his driving license.

What kind of consequence is involved?

Robert gets a ticket for driving under the influence that results in a $500 fine and

suspension of his driving license.

What kind of consequence is involved?

Punishment

Bill goes to work every day because he receives a paycheck every two weeks. What schedule of reinforcement does this demonstrate?

What are the other schedules of reinforcement?

What are examples of each?

Bill goes to work every day because he receives a paycheck every two weeks. What schedule of reinforcement does this demonstrate?Fixed interval

What are the other schedules of reinforcement?Fixed ratio, variable ratio, variable interval

What are examples of each?

Reinforcement Schedules (p. 309)

Chapter 9: Language

What researcher is likely to have made each statement?

“Language is a genetically pre-programmed ability, unique to humans.”

“Language can be learned by non-human animals if they are exposed to a culture of language.”

“Language learning can be explained by the principles of association, imitation, and reinforcement.”

What researcher is likely to have made each statement?

“Language is a genetically pre-programmed ability, unique to humans.”

Noam Chomsky

“Language can be learned by non-human animals if they are exposed to a culture of language.”

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh

“Language learning can be explained by the principles of association, imitation, and reinforcement.”

B. F. Skinner

Primate (ape) language is:

a) a compositional, two-level system with an infinite number of possible utterances

b) a non-compositional, two-level system with a finite number of possible utterances

c) a non-compositional, three-level system with a finite number of possible utterances

d) a compositional, three-level system with an infinite number of possible utterances

Primate (ape) language is:

a) a compositional, two-level system with an infinite number of possible utterances

b) a non-compositional, two-level system with a finite number of possible utterances

c) a non-compositional, three-level system with a finite number of possible utterances

d) a compositional, three-level system with an infinite number of possible utterances

True or False?

• One of the stages of language development is the two-word stage.

• The five-word stage of language development occurs at about 20 months of age.

• Telegraphic speech occurs at about 18-24 months of age.

True or False?

• One of the stages of language development is the two-word stage.

TRUE

• The five-word stage of language development occurs at about 20 months of age.

FALSE – there is no five-word stage

• Telegraphic speech occurs at about 18-24 months of age.

TRUE

Cerebrovascular accidents • What does the brain need to function (supplied by blood)?

• What happens during a cerebrovascular accident?

• Damage to which brain hemisphere results in language deficits?

Cerebrovascular accidents • What does the brain need to function (supplied by blood)?– Glucose, oxygen

• What happens during a cerebrovascular accident?– Damage to the brain due to interruption of blood

flow to the brain (stroke), a bulging blood vessel (aneurysm), or blood escapes from a blood vessel (brain hemorrhage)

• Damage to which brain hemisphere results in language deficits?– Left

Match the language disorder to the aspect of language that is affected.

phonemes/sounds

semantics/meaning

syntax/structure

Broca’s aphasia

Foreign Accent

Syndrome

Wernicke’s aphasia

Match the language disorder to the aspect of language that is affected.

phonemes/sounds

semantics/meaning

syntax/structure

Broca’s aphasia

Foreign Accent

Syndrome

Wernicke’s aphasia