ewea wp21 dec 01 - offshore wind energy · nordex n60 1300 stall reg., fixed speed 60 nordex n80...
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Colin MorganColin Morgan
Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd
www.garradhassan.com
Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd
www.garradhassan.com
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
Contract No. NEE5/1999/562
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
Funded by the European Commission
CA-OWEE ProjectCA-OWEE Project
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
17 European Partners from 13 Countries:
Principal partners:
• Delft University of Technology, NL (co-ordinator)
• Garrad Hassan & Partners, United Kingdom *
• Kvaerner Oil & Gas, United Kingdom *
• Energi & Miljoe Undersoegelser (EMU), Denmark
• Risø National Laboratory, Denmark
• Tractebel Energy Engineering, Belgium
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
17 European Partners from 13 Countries:
Other Contributors:
• Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain
• Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Greece
• Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (DEWI), Germany
• Germanischer Lloyd Windenergie, Germany *
• Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), The Netherlands
• Espace Eolien Developpement (EED), France
• Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente (ENEA), Italy *
• University College Cork, Ireland
• Vindkompaniet i Hemse AB, Sweden *
• Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Finland *
• Baltic Energy Conservation Agency (BAPE), Poland
Objective:
“to define the maturity of the technology currently available for offshore wind farms”
Objective:
“to define the maturity of the technology currently available for offshore wind farms”
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
Scope:Scope:
l Offshore wind turbine size and configuration
l Support structure
l Installation, decommissioning and dismantling
l Operation and maintenance, reliability
l Electrical transmission and grid connection
l Offshore wind turbine size and configuration
l Support structure
l Installation, decommissioning and dismantling
l Operation and maintenance, reliability
l Electrical transmission and grid connection
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
Wind turbine size and configurationWind turbine size and configuration
1. Scaling trends
2. Control
3. Rotor blades
4. Gearboxes
1. Scaling trends
2. Control
3. Rotor blades
4. Gearboxes
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
Growth of the technologyGrowth of the technology
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
kW
Offshore
Onshore Germany
Power rating trend - up to 62m rotor diameter
Power rating trend - up to 62m rotor diameter
P = 0.0664D 2.43
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
rotor diameter, D [m]
ratedoutput
power P [kW]
….. with larger machines….. with larger machines
P = 0.1215D2.23
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
rotor diameter, D [m]
rate
d ou
tput
pow
er, P
[kW
]
P = 0.1215D2.23
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
rotor diameter, D [m]
rate
d ou
tput
pow
er, P
[kW
]
Design blade tip speedDesign blade tip speed
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
rotor diameter [m]
blad
e ti
p sp
eed
[m/s
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
rotor diameter [m]
blad
e ti
p sp
eed
[m/s
]
Increasing tip speedIncreasing tip speedDesign Power
[kW]Controlconcept
Tip speed[m/s]
Ratio(offshore/land)
Vestas V66 (land) 1650 Pitch reg.,variable slip
66
Vestas V80 (offshore) 2000 Pitch reg.,variable speed
80
1.21
Nordex N60 1300 Stall reg.,fixed speed
60
Nordex N80 (offshore) 2000 Pitch reg.,variable speed
80
1.33
Bonus 1300 (land) 1300 Active stall,fixed speed
62
Bonus 2000 (offshore) 2000 Active stall,fixed speed
68
1.10
NEG Micon 1000/60 (land) 1000 Stall reg.,fixed speed
57
NEG Micon 2000/72 (offshore) 2000 Active stall,fixed speed
68
1.19
Control system trendsControl system trends
l Pitch controlOnly around half of models historicallyPredominant in turbines over 70m diameter
l Variable speedLess than 10% of models historically are fixed speedDual-speed; high slip; moderate range variable speed; direct drive systemsSome form of variable speed predominant in large machines
l Pitch controlOnly around half of models historicallyPredominant in turbines over 70m diameter
l Variable speedLess than 10% of models historically are fixed speedDual-speed; high slip; moderate range variable speed; direct drive systemsSome form of variable speed predominant in large machines
Blade technologyBlade technology
y = 0.2699x2.3448
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
rotor diame te r D, [m]
blad
e w
eigh
t [k
g]
GearboxesGearboxes
l Rotor speed approx. 20rpm; generator speed approx. 1500rpm
l Historically, 3 stage - 1 planetary, 2 parallel
l Larger machines likely to require 4th stage (>3MW onshore, larger offshore due to higher rotor speed)
Marked increase in complexity, or,
Increased generator speed, or,
Direct drive approach
l Rotor speed approx. 20rpm; generator speed approx. 1500rpm
l Historically, 3 stage - 1 planetary, 2 parallel
l Larger machines likely to require 4th stage (>3MW onshore, larger offshore due to higher rotor speed)
Marked increase in complexity, or,
Increased generator speed, or,
Direct drive approach
Future trendsFuture trends
l Higher tip speedsLower torque, less mass and cost of tower top
l Increased carbon fibre usageHigher specific strength if solidity is to be maintained
l Direct driveLess mechanical complexity
l Increasingly integrated designSupport structure
Grid connection (e.g. HVDC generator)
Design for installation & maintenance
l Higher tip speedsLower torque, less mass and cost of tower top
l Increased carbon fibre usageHigher specific strength if solidity is to be maintained
l Direct driveLess mechanical complexity
l Increasingly integrated designSupport structure
Grid connection (e.g. HVDC generator)
Design for installation & maintenance
Support structuresSupport structures
Monopile expected to be most common option for future offshore wind projects (but probably least stiff)
Monopile expected to be most common option for future offshore wind projects (but probably least stiff)
Monopile Piled-BracedMonotower
GBS-BracedMonotower
GBSMonotower
GBS-LatticeTower
Monopile designMonopile design
Well-established codes and practices (oil and gas)Structures typically supported by 3 or 4 legs
Single pile through each leg“Skirt” piles around each leg
But, unlike an offshore platform,Turbines exert much higher live loads (shear and bending)Cyclic loading of near-surface soils more importantPotential for loss of soil contact near surface (post-holing)
Much higher volume jobs (I.e. not one-offs)
Nearshore works practice (jetties, etc.) important reference
Well-established codes and practices (oil and gas)Structures typically supported by 3 or 4 legs
Single pile through each leg“Skirt” piles around each leg
But, unlike an offshore platform,Turbines exert much higher live loads (shear and bending)Cyclic loading of near-surface soils more importantPotential for loss of soil contact near surface (post-holing)
Much higher volume jobs (I.e. not one-offs)
Nearshore works practice (jetties, etc.) important reference
Monopile installationMonopile installation
Four options:Above-surface hammeringUnderwater hammeringDrill-driveDrill and grout
Trade-off:Installation speedRequired pile capacityGeotechnical knowledgeRisk of damage to pileRequired placement accuracy
Four options:Above-surface hammeringUnderwater hammeringDrill-driveDrill and grout
Trade-off:Installation speedRequired pile capacityGeotechnical knowledgeRisk of damage to pileRequired placement accuracy
www.offshorewindenergy.orgwww.offshorewindenergy.org
Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in EuropeState of the art - offshore wind turbine technology
Acknowledgement: EC funding & 17 partnersAcknowledgement: EC funding & 17 partners
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