ethnocentrism, stereotype and acculturation

Hangzhou, January 2011Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Liu Jun, Zhejiang University

Ethnocentrism  &  Enculturation  Culture and Psychology Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).

Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

2

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

EthnocentrismThe  tendency  to  view  the  world  through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

2

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

Ethnocentrism

A  normal consequence  of  socializa+on  and  encultura+on.

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

2

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

Ethnocentrism

A  normal consequence  of  socializa+on  and  encultura+on.

As  we  become  enculturated,  we  learn  how  to  act,  how  to  perceive  and  interpret  how  other  people  act.

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

2

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

Ethnocentrism

A  normal consequence  of  socializa+on  and  encultura+on.

As  we  become  enculturated,  we  learn  how  to  act,  how  to  perceive  and  interpret  how  other  people  act.

By  the  +me  we  are  adults,  we  hardly notice  the  culture  filters  in  our  mind.

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

2

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

Ethnocentrism

A  normal consequence  of  socializa+on  and  encultura+on.

As  we  become  enculturated,  we  learn  how  to  act,  how  to  perceive  and  interpret  how  other  people  act.

By  the  +me  we  are  adults,  we  hardly notice  the  culture  filters  in  our  mind.

However,  it’s  possible  that  we  are  aware  of  this  ethnocentrism:  develop  flexible ethnocentrism.  

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

2

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

3

14  years  in  Germany

7  years  in  China

Born  and  grew  up  in  Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology

Dipl.-Psych., Technical University of BraunschweigOrganizational Psychology and Human Resource Management

Dr. Phil., University of RegensburgIntercultural Psychology and Strategic Management

Executive Education, INSEADHR Management in Asia

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Contents

             Slide  2-­‐5              Ethnocentrism:  defini=on,  development,  and  psychological  factors

             Slide  6-­‐7              Stereotypes:  defini=on,  types,  and  psychological  development

             Slide  8-­‐10              Prejudice  and  discrimina=on:  defini=on,  origins,  and  going  beyond

             Slide  11                Review:  ethnocentrism,  stereotypes  and  prejudice

             Slide  12-­‐13      Encultura=on,  socializa=on  and  socializa=on  agents  

             Slide  14                  Paren=ng  styles

             Slide  15                  Peer  influence  on  socializa=on

             Slide  16                  Educa=on  and  encultura=on:  math  achievement

4

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

5

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

Emotions

5

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

Emotions Values

5

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

Self

Emotions Values

5

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

Self

Emotions Values

Maintenance and Development

of Ethnocentrism

5

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

6

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

6

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

Stereotypes

Generalized images  that  we  have  about  groups  of  people,  par=cularly  about  their  underlying  psychological  characteris=cs  or  personality  traits.

6

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

Stereotypes

Generalized images  that  we  have  about  groups  of  people,  par=cularly  about  their  underlying  psychological  characteris=cs  or  personality  traits.

Nega=vePosi=ve

6

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

Stereotypes

Generalized images  that  we  have  about  groups  of  people,  par=cularly  about  their  underlying  psychological  characteris=cs  or  personality  traits.

Nega=ve

Completely  False

Posi=ve

Generally  True

6

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

Stereotypes

Generalized images  that  we  have  about  groups  of  people,  par=cularly  about  their  underlying  psychological  characteris=cs  or  personality  traits.

Nega=ve

Completely  False

Heterostereotypes

Posi=ve

Generally  True

Autostereotypes

6

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Development of Stereotypes

7

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Development of Stereotypes

Selective Attention

Appraisal

Concept formation and categorization

Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Development of Stereotypes

Keep Categories about the World

Selective Attention

Appraisal

Concept formation and categorization

Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Development of Stereotypes

Keep Categories about the World

Confirm the Stereotypes

Selective Attention

Appraisal

Concept formation and categorization

Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Psychological Development of Stereotypes

Keep Categories about the World

Confirm the Stereotypes

Reinforce Our Self-concept

Selective Attention

Appraisal

Concept formation and categorization

Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Prejudice and Discrimination

8

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Prejudice and Discrimination

PrejudiceThe  tendency  to  prejudge others  on  the  basis  of  their  group  membership,  solely  in  termsof  their  stereotype.

8

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Prejudice and Discrimination

PrejudiceThe  tendency  to  prejudge others  on  the  basis  of  their  group  membership,  solely  in  termsof  their  stereotype.

8

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Prejudice and Discrimination

PrejudiceThe  tendency  to  prejudge others  on  the  basis  of  their  group  membership,  solely  in  termsof  their  stereotype.

Cogni+ve  (thinking)Component

Affec+ve  (feeling)

Component

8

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Prejudice and Discrimination

PrejudiceThe  tendency  to  prejudge others  on  the  basis  of  their  group  membership,  solely  in  termsof  their  stereotype.

Cogni+ve  (thinking)Component

Affec+ve  (feeling)

Component

Discrimination Unfair treatment  of  others  based  on  their  group  membership.

8

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

9

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

Responsible Factors:Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural

History, Personality, and others

9

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

Responsible Factors:Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural

History, Personality, and others

through

9

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

Responsible Factors:Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural

History, Personality, and others

through

Attached Factors:Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class

9

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

Responsible Factors:Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural

History, Personality, and others

through

Attached Factors:Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class

to to

9

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

Responsible Factors:Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural

History, Personality, and others

through

Attached Factors:Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class

to

Prejudice Discrimination

to

9

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and D

iscrimination

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and D

iscrimination

Recognize  the  existence  of  Stereotypes

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and D

iscrimination

Recognize  the  existence  of  Stereotypes

Recognize  their  inherent  limitations

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and D

iscrimination

Recognize  the  existence  of  Stereotypes

Recognize  their  inherent  limitations

Recognize  individual differences

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Going beyond Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and D

iscrimination

Recognize  the  existence  of  Stereotypes

Recognize  their  inherent  limitations

Recognize  individual differences

Learn  to  control emotions

10

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  

through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  

through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

Stereotypes

Generalized imagesthat  we  have  about  groups  of  people  on  their  underlying  

psychological  characteris+cs  

or  personality  traits)

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  

through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

PrejudiceStereotypes

The  tendency  to  prejudge  others  onthe  basis  of  their

group membership,solely  in  terms

of  their  stereotype.

Generalized imagesthat  we  have  about  groups  of  people  on  their  underlying  

psychological  characteris+cs  

or  personality  traits)

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  

through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

PrejudiceStereotypes

The  tendency  to  prejudge  others  onthe  basis  of  their

group membership,solely  in  terms

of  their  stereotype.

Generalized imagesthat  we  have  about  groups  of  people  on  their  underlying  

psychological  characteris+cs  

or  personality  traits)

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  

through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

PrejudiceStereotypes

The  tendency  to  prejudge  others  onthe  basis  of  their

group membership,solely  in  terms

of  their  stereotype.

Generalized imagesthat  we  have  about  groups  of  people  on  their  underlying  

psychological  characteris+cs  

or  personality  traits)

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

The  tendency  to  view  the  world  

through  one’s  own  cultural filters.

PrejudiceStereotypes

The  tendency  to  prejudge  others  onthe  basis  of  their

group membership,solely  in  terms

of  their  stereotype.

Generalized imagesthat  we  have  about  groups  of  people  on  their  underlying  

psychological  characteris+cs  

or  personality  traits)

11

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

SocializationThe  process  by  which  we  learn  and  internalize  the rules and patterns of behavior  that  are  affected  by  culture.

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

Enculturation

SocializationThe  process  by  which  we  learn  and  internalize  the rules and patterns of behavior  that  are  affected  by  culture.

The  process  by  which  youngsters  learn  and  adopt  the ways and manners  of  their  culture.

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

Enculturation

SocializationThe  process  by  which  we  learn  and  internalize  the rules and patterns of behavior  that  are  affected  by  culture.

The  process  by  which  youngsters  learn  and  adopt  the ways and manners  of  their  culture.

Process and Mechanism

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

Enculturation

SocializationThe  process  by  which  we  learn  and  internalize  the rules and patterns of behavior  that  are  affected  by  culture.

The  process  by  which  youngsters  learn  and  adopt  the ways and manners  of  their  culture.

Process and Mechanism

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

Enculturation

SocializationThe  process  by  which  we  learn  and  internalize  the rules and patterns of behavior  that  are  affected  by  culture.

The  process  by  which  youngsters  learn  and  adopt  the ways and manners  of  their  culture.

Process and Mechanism

Products

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Enculturation and Socialization

Enculturation

SocializationThe  process  by  which  we  learn  and  internalize  the rules and patterns of behavior  that  are  affected  by  culture.

The  process  by  which  youngsters  learn  and  adopt  the ways and manners  of  their  culture.

Process and Mechanism

Products

Socialization (and  encultura=on)  agents:  the  people,  ins=tu=ons,  and  organiza=ons  

that  exist  to  help  ensure  that  socializa=on  (or  encultura=on)  occurs.

12

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

Siblings

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

Siblings Extended Families

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

Siblings Extended Families

Peers

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

Siblings Extended Families

Peers Day Care

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

Siblings Extended Families

Peers Day Care

Religion Institutions

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

Parenting• Goals  and  Beliefs  of  Parents•  Paren+ng  Styles•  Paren+ng  Behaviors  and  Strategies

Siblings Extended Families

Peers Day Care

Religion Institutions

Educational System

13

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Parenting Styles

AuthoritativeSensi+ve  to  the  child’s  maturity  and  are  firm,  fair,  and  reasonable.  Expressa  high  degree  of  warmth  and  affec+on  to  them.

Uninvolved Do  not  seem  

commiNed  to  care  giving,  beyond  the  

Minimum  effort  required  to  meet  the  physical  wants  of  their  child.

Authoritarian Expect  unques+oned  obedience  and  view  the  child  as  needing  to  be  controlled.  Be  low  on  warmth  and  responsive-­‐ness  toward  the  children.

Permissive Warm  and  nurturing  to  

their  children;  allow  themto  regulate  their  own  lives  and  provide  few

 firm  guidelines.

ParentingStyles

Guide & Control Indulgent

Warm

Cool14

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

15

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

Postfigurative cultures

Cultural  change  is  slow,  Socializa+on  occurs  primarily  by  elders

transferring know-ledge  to  their  children.Elders  hold  the  know-­‐ledge  necessary  for  

becoming  a  successful  and  competent  adult.

15

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

Cofigurative Cultures

Cultural  change  occurs  more  rapidly,  adults  con+nue  to  socialize

 their  children,  but  peers play a greater role

in  socializing  each  other.  Young  people  may  have  to  turn  to  one  another  foradvice  and  informa+on.

Postfigurative cultures

Cultural  change  is  slow,  Socializa+on  occurs  primarily  by  elders

transferring know-ledge  to  their  children.Elders  hold  the  know-­‐ledge  necessary  for  

becoming  a  successful  and  competent  adult.

15

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

Cofigurative Cultures

Cultural  change  occurs  more  rapidly,  adults  con+nue  to  socialize

 their  children,  but  peers play a greater role

in  socializing  each  other.  Young  people  may  have  to  turn  to  one  another  foradvice  and  informa+on.

Prefigurative Cultures

Culture  is  changing  sorapidly  that  young  

people  may  be  the  ones  to  teach adults.  The  knowledge  that  adults  

hold  may  not  be  sufficient  for  the  next  genera+on.

Postfigurative cultures

Cultural  change  is  slow,  Socializa+on  occurs  primarily  by  elders

transferring know-ledge  to  their  children.Elders  hold  the  know-­‐ledge  necessary  for  

becoming  a  successful  and  competent  adult.

15

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

Cofigurative Cultures

Cultural  change  occurs  more  rapidly,  adults  con+nue  to  socialize

 their  children,  but  peers play a greater role

in  socializing  each  other.  Young  people  may  have  to  turn  to  one  another  foradvice  and  informa+on.

Prefigurative Cultures

Culture  is  changing  sorapidly  that  young  

people  may  be  the  ones  to  teach adults.  The  knowledge  that  adults  

hold  may  not  be  sufficient  for  the  next  genera+on.

Postfigurative cultures

Cultural  change  is  slow,  Socializa+on  occurs  primarily  by  elders

transferring know-ledge  to  their  children.Elders  hold  the  know-­‐ledge  necessary  for  

becoming  a  successful  and  competent  adult.

Low High

15

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement

Cross National Differences in Math Achievement

16

An  Introduc+on  to  Ethnocentrism  and  Accultura+on

Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement

Cross National Differences in Math Achievement

• Language

• School Systems

• Parental and Family Values

• Attitudes and Appraisals of Students

• Teaching Styles and Teacher–Student Relationships

16

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Zhejiang  University,  Hangzhou  (China)