energy
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FORMS OF
ENERGY
Introduction
DEFINITION
Energy is the ability to do work,
measured in joules (J).
Power is the amount of work done
per unit of time. The unit of power is
the watt, defined as one joule per
second.
Energy is usually expressed as
kilowatt per hour, the energy
consumed in one hour by an object
doing a work of 1,000 joules per
second.
ENERGY
WORK
POWER
WARNING!
We must not confuse energy with power.
For example, in Spain, the wind energy power doubles the nuclear
energy power; however, the nuclear energy doubles the wind power.
ENERGY
RESSOURCE POWER
ENERGY
PROVIDED
(2008)
WIND 16,000 MW 31,000 GWh
NUCLEAR 8,000 MW 59,000 GWh
TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
Primary energy is energy that has
not been subjected to any
transformation process.
Secondary energy is an energy form
which has been transformed from
another one.
Electrical energy is the most
common example, being
transformed from a primary energy,
such as the heat or the movement.
ELECTRICITY
Nowadays electricity is the most
important secondary energy.
Electricity's extraordinary versatility
means it can be put to an limitless
set of applications (transport,
heating, lighting, communications…)
60 W
200 W
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The energy stock is very difficult, so the energy production must be
adapted to fit the energy demand.
4 MWh
400 000 MWh
263 000 000 MWh
Four family members
(Spain, 2008)
Ironwork
(1 000 000 t)
Spain
(2008)
High-speed rail
(Madrid-Barcelona) 26 MWh
Petroleum
FORMATION
Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel
formed by the accumulation of
zooplankton and algae in the bottom
of prehistoric seas.
It was buried under heavy layers of
sediment resulting in high levels of
heat and pressure, which resulted in
the formation of petroleum.
This process takes hundreds of
thousands of years, so petroleum is
considered a non-renewable
resource.
DISTRIBUTION
The extraction and distribution of petroleum (mainly by oleoduct and
oil tankers) is very difficult and dangerous.
In 1988, a fire in Ppiper Alha, a North Sea oil production platform, killed 167 men.
In 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez spilled 500 000 barrels of crude oil in Alaska.
REFINING AND USES
Fuel for transport (48%): gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel
(petrodiesel), kerosene, fuel oil…
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): butane, propane…
Naphta for plastics
Others: fuel oil for thermal power stations, asphalt,
lubricants…
PRODUCTION
The production of petroleum is concentred in bounded geographical areas,
often in very troubled and unstable countries.
Saudi Arabia
10 Mbbl/d
CONSUMPTION
Most of industrialized countries must import large quantities of petroleum,
even those producing it. Nowadays petroleum is the most valuable
merchandise.
United States
12 Mbbl/d
OPEC
The ‘Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries' (OPEC) is an oil
cartel of countries which join together to control prices and limit
competition.
OPEC
The OPEC, whose members are mostly dictatorships, dominates the global
energy market and has the power to trigger a world, crisis. All countres
depend on it because they need to import large quantities of petroleum.
PRIMARY ENERGY IN SPAIN
(2008)
Spain needs to import huge quantities of petroleum because of the lack of
freight trains. The petroleum dependance of Spanish economy is roughly
47% (in Europe 35%)
47.6%
petroleum
24.3%
natural gas
9.7%
coal
10.7%
nuclear
7.6%
renewable
OIL PEAK
Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum
extraction is reached, after which the rate of production declines.
It is an unavoidable phenomenon, but the development of China and India
has speeded up the process.
2175 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150 1975 1950 1925 1900 1875 1850 2200
Energy forms
CONVENTIONAL
ENERGIES
Thermal power
Combined cycle
Hydropower
Nuclear power
ALTERNATIVES
ENERGIES
?
Wind power
Solar power
Biomass
Others
COAL
Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the accumulation of plan matter deeply
buried by sediment.
Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity
worlwide (41 % en 2006).
ANTHRACITE BLACK COAL
(BITOMINOUS COAL)
BROWN COAL
(LIGNITE) PEAT
DOMESTIC HEATING THERMAL POWER IRONWORK
KINDS OF COAL
COAL
Open-pit mining refers to a method
of extracting coal from the earth by
their removal from an open pit.
Undergorund mining methods are
necessary when coal veins occur
deep below the surface.
Underground mining, which is more labor-
intensive, has often become uneconomical
because of the reduction in the price of
transport.
STEAM
GENERATOR
TURBINE COAL
HOPPER
COOLING
TOWER ASH
HOPPER
COAL CONVEYOR
SO2
NO2
CO2
THERMAL POWER STATION
PRODUCTION
The People's Republic of China is the largest consumer of coal in the world
generating 1.95 trillion MWh per year, or 68.7% of its electricity from coal
as of 2006. A new thermal power station is set up every week.
China
2 536 m.t
CONSUMPTION OF COAL (thousand tons)
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COAL IN CHINA (thousand tons)
of coal world
production was
consumed by China
in 2009
46%
LE SYNGAS
Syngas (from synthetic gas) is the name given to a gas mixture resulted
from the gasification of coal.
H20
02
H20
O2
GAS
Syngas CO2 H2O
THERMAL
POWER STATION REACTOR
ANAEROBIC
COMBUSTION
CO2
COAL
VEIN
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER
Large power
(1 000 MW)
Stability of production
Cheap
Large reserves
(200 years)
Non-renewable resource
Extremely pollutant
(SO2, NO2)
Greenhouse gases
(CO2)
PRODUCTION DE GAZ NATUREL
A combined cycle power plant generates electricity from burning of natural
gas, a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found often associated with
other hydrocarbon fuel, such as the petroleum.
Russia
654 Gm3
STEAM
GENERATOR
STEAM TURBINE
(200 ºC)
COOLING
TOWER
NATURAL
GAS
GENERATOR
GAS TURBINE
(1 000 ºC)
CO2
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMBINED CYCLE
Large power
(1 000 MW)
Stabiliy of production
High energy efficient
Non-pollutant
Non-renewable
Dependance on foreign and
unreliable countries
Greenhouse gases
(CO2)
HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION
Hydroelectric power comes from the gravitational force of falling dammed
water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the
water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the
source and the water's outflow.
GENERATOR
TURBINE RIVER DAM
THE THREE GORGES DAM
The Three Gorges Dam, located on the Yangtze river, in China, will be the
world’s largest capacity hydroelectric power station with a total generating
capacity of 22,000 MW. The annual generation will be 80,000 GWh.
The dam displaced 1.3 million
people.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER
High power
(1 000 MW)
Renewable
Non-pollutant
Relocation of residents
Accident hazards:
Banqiao (1975), 26,000 kills
Hydrological and geological
requirements
No greenhouse gases
Flooding control
Stocks for irrigation
NUCLEAR FISSION
Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits
into smaller parts, producing energy.
URANIUM
Uranium is used to fuel nuclear power plant. It is a very common mineral,
but the extraction is uneconomical in most of places.
Kazakhstan
13 820 t
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
1 kg uranium 100 coal wagons (3,000 t)
=
NUCLEAR REACTORS IN THE WORLD
URANIUM ENRICHMENT
Natural uranium has a too low concentration of 235U (1%), the fissile
isotope.
It must be purified in order to obtain a powder (yellowcake) and later
processed to produce the enriched uranium, that has a greater than 3%
concentration of 235U.
Natural uranium
(20,000 Tm)
Yellowcake
(230 Tm)
Enriched uranium
(24 Tm)
PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)
STEAM
GENERATOR
TURBINE
STEAM
GENERATOR
COOLING
TOWER
CONTAINMENT
STRUCTURE
VESSEL
BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)
STEAM
GENERATOR
TURBINE
COOLING
TOWER
CONTAINMENT
STRUCTURE
VESSEL
COST COMPARISON (M€)
(800 MW) (1,600 MW)
NUCLEAR PROPULSION
Many military submarines and aircraft carriers use small nuclear reactors
as their power plants. These vessels don’t need to stop for fuel like their
conventional counterparts, being limited only by crew endurance and
supplies.
RADIATION
35 μSv
EXPOSURE OF MEDICAL ORIGIN
10 μSv
TELLURIC RADIATION
5 μSv
COSMIC RADIATION
4 μSv
RADON
13 μSv Rn
NUCLEAR PLANT (2 KM)
0.05 μSv
RADIATION
DOSE SYNTOMPS MORTALITY
> 5,000 μSv
Headache
0%
> 10,000 μSv Vomiting
Fatigue
5%
> 20,000 μSv Epilation
Fever
35%
> 80,000 μSv High fever
Severe diarrhea
100%
ANNUAL LIMIT ON INTAKE
500 μSv FUKUSHIMA (15 MARS 2011)
8,217 μSv CHERNOBYL (26 APRIL 1986)
3,000,000 μSv
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
A nuclear power plant produces 24
TM of radioactive wastes every year:
23 Tm of depleted uranium and 732
kg of transuranium elements
(plutonium, cesium, americium,
neptunium…).
Transuranium elements are very
radioactive because of theirs
gamma rays, often for million years.
Exposure to high levels of
radioactive wastes may cause
serious harm or even death: burns
to the skin and cancer and maybe
other long-range effects (e.g.
congenital malformations).
Several days later, the
radiation has decrased
enough to allow the transfer fo
the wastes to the pool.
The water in the pool works
as a screen, so the stock is
perfectly secure.
However, its capacity is
limited to 30 years maximum.
STOCK IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
VITRIFICATION
Several years later, the radiation
is low enough to manipulate this
material.
It is vitrified in order to compress
it (3 m3) and to avoid the
dissolution in water, which is
very dangerous to public health.
NUCLEAR FLAKS
A nuclear flask is a container that is used to transport active nuclear
materials. Each flask weighs more than 50 tonnes, and transports usually
not more than 2.5 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel.
DEEP GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORY
A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated below
300 meters within a stable geologic environment.
PLUTONIUM
Plutonium, a by-product of nuclear power plants, is a key component in
nuclear weapons. This is the reason some countries with a lot of energy
resources want to build nuclear power plants.
DEPLETED URANIUM
Depleted uranium is a byproduct of uranium enrichement and spent
nuclear reactor fuel. It is very useful because of its very high density (68%
denser than lead). Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft, radiation
shielding in medical radiation therapy and containers used to transport
radioactive materials. Military uses include defensive armor plating and
armor-piercing projectiles.
MOX
Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is nuclear fuel containing spent nuclear reactor
fuel (plutonium, depleted uranium, etc.), which is processed in order to be
used in modern nuclear power plants.
TRANSMUTATION
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or
isotope into another. This occurs either through nuclear reactions (in which
an outside particle reacts with a nucleus), or through radioactive decay
(where no outside particle is needed).
Artificial nuclear transmutation has been considered as a possible
mechanism for reducing the volume and hazard of radioactive waste.
243Am 244Am ABSORTION
OF A NEUTRON
Radiactivity :
10,000 years
Radioactivity :
10 hours
THREE MILES ISLAND
The Three Mile Island accident was
a partial core meltdown in a PWR in
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near
Harrisburg (USA) in 1979.
Containment did not fail, and just a
small quantity of radioactive gases
from the leak were vented into the
atmosphere through specially
designed filters under operator
control (460 μSv).
Radiation releases from the accident
had no perceptible effect on cancer
incidence in residents near the plant,
THREE MILES ISLAND
Public reaction to the event was
probably influenced by The China
Syndrome, a movie which had
recently been released and which
depicts an accident at a nuclear
reactor.
The accident crystallized anti-
nuclear safety concerns among the
general public.
CHERNOBYL
The Chernobyl disaster was a
nuclear accident that occurred in
1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant (RBMK) in the Soviet
Union (now Ukraine). It is
considered the worst nuclear power
plant accident in history.
An experiment, combined with a
series of human failures, resulted in
a explosion in the reactor, which
released a huge quantity of radiation
(RBMK doesn’t have any
containment structure).
Roughly 4,000 people were killed:
57 in the explosion and the rest
because of the cancer.
GENERATOR GENERATOR
STEAM STEAM
REAKTOR BOLSHOY MOSHCHNOSTI KANALNIY (RBMK)
STEAM
SEPARATOR
STEAM
SEPARATOR
GRAPHITE
CORE
LIQUIDATORS
Most of people who died were
liquidators, name given in the former
USSR to approximately 800,000
people who were in charge of the
removal of the consequences of the
Chernobyl disaster on the site of the
event.
They included personnel of the
reactors, firefighters, medical
personnel, construction workers who
constructed the sarcophagus over
the exploded reactor, transport
workers, the coal miners who
pumped out the contaminated water
to prevent its entrance into
groundwater…
CONTROVERSY
The controversy which has surrounded the use of nuclear fission reactors
to generate electricity for civilian purposes results from the nuclear
weapons, commonly associated with nuclear power.
NEUTRON BOMB (N-BOMB)
A neutron bomb is a type of
thermonuclear weapon designed
specifically to release a large
neutron radiation rather than
explosive energy.
Although their extreme blast and
heat effects are not eliminated, it is
the enormous radiation released that
is meant to be a major source of
casualties. Such radiation is able to
penetrate buildings and armored
vehicles to kill personnel that would
otherwise be protected from the
explosion.
EFFECTS OF A 10 KT BOMB
SEVERE
DAMAGE ZONE
(radius of 0.8 km)
Few buildings standing
Very few people
survive (subterranean
parking garages)
Very high radiation,
increasing risks to
survivors
EFFECTS OF A 10 KT BOMB
MODERATE
DAMAGE ZONE
(radius of 1.6 km)
Most buildings
severely damaged or
collapsed
Serious injuries; early
medical assistance
can significantly
improve number of
survivors
Limited visibility for an
hour because of dust
raised by the shock
wave
EFFECTS OF A 10 KT BOMB
LIGHT
DAMAGE ZONE
(radius of 16 km)
Blown windows and
doors
Mostly minor injuries
highly survivable
EFFECTS ON HEALTH
• People may be subject to burn
injuries up to two miles away
• Observation of the thermal flash
can result in temporary or
permanent eye injuries, even via
peripheral vision
• Exposure rates of 10,000 μSv
during the first six hours post-
detonation may be observed..
Radiation can be an important
contributor to casualties some
weeks or months after the
explosion (5% of exposed people
will die from cancer)
EUROPEAN PRESSURIZED REACTOR (EPR)
The EPR is a third generation pressurized water reactor (PWR) design.
The main design objectives are increased safety while providing enhanced
economic competitiveness (MOX fuel, 1650 MW, etc.).
TOSHIBA 4S
The Toshiba 4S (Super Safe, Small
and Simple) is a micro nuclear
reactor design (10 MW).
The reactor would be located in a
sealed, cylindrical vault 30 m
underground, while the building
above ground would be 11 m tall.
This power plant is designed to
provide 10 MW of electrical power
continously for 30 years.
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION
n
n
NUCLEAR FUSION
n +
n n +
+ + n
n
n n + +
deuterium
tritium
helium
neutron
ENERGY
NUCLEAR FUSION
The nuclear fusion, which is a
phenomenon produced in stars or in
thermonuclear weapons, could be a
form of energy with the same
advantages as nuclear fission
reactors (high power, no pollution,
no CO2, etc.) but without theirs
disadvantages (radioactive waste,
radiation leaks, dependence on
uranium, etc.).
ITER
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an
Construction of the facility began in 2008 and first plasma is expected in
2018. The total price of constructing the experiment is expected to be in
excess of € 20 billion.
ITER
The plasma, a gas of charged
particles, is heated to a temperature
of 150,000,000 ºC in order to give
the nuclei enough energy to
overcome their electrostatic
repulsion.
The plasma is confined using
magnetic fields to contain the
particles in a small enough volume
for a long enough time for much of
the plasma to fuse.
The machine is expected to
demonstrate the principle of getting
more energy out of the fusion
process (500 MW) than is used to
initiate it (50 MW).
ITER
ADVANTAGES OF DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
High power
(1,000 MW)
Stability of production
Cheap fuel
Large reserves of uranium
Non-renewable
Severe accidents
(Chernobyl)
Radioactive waste
Non-pollutant
No greenhouses gases
Nuclear proliferation or
terrorism
Production bottlenecks
(E.g. vessels)
Construction time
(10 years)
Heavy capital investment
(€ 4,000 millions)
Long lifespan
(60 years)
WIND ENERGY
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the air in motion. The wind has been
used for thousands of years as a source of energy: Sailors capture it in the
sails of their ships, and the Netherlands are famous for the windmills used
for pumping water to drain polders forming agricultural land.
WIND GENERATORS
A wind generator is used to produce electricity. There are different types of
turbines, but most of them have a power of 2 MW.
WIND GENERATORS
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) must be pointed into the wind.
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWT) don’t need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective, but the power is lower.
SMALL WIND TURBINES
Small wind turbines are wind turbines which have lower energy output than
large commercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms. They
produce electricity at a rate of 300 to 10,000 watts.
BACKUP ENERGY
Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several
different timescales (from hour to hour, daily, and seasonally), so it needs
backup power resources, usually combined cycle power plants. It results in
a lot of troubles: energy waste, breakdowns, etc.
The instability and unpredictability are the main problem of wind energy.
RATE OF WIND POWER PRODUCTION IN SPAIN (2008)
24 november 2008
16:47 48%
27 november 2008
16:22 1%
WORKING HOURS
POWER PRODUCTION IN SPAIN (25/03/2011)
POWER PRODUCTION IN SPAIN (20/08/2010)
ELECTRICITY STORAGE
TURBINE
GENERATOR
CAVE
Energy could be used to
compress air at high pressure
into storage tanks or caves.
WORLD WIND ENERGY POTENCIAL
OFFSHORE WIND POWER
Offshore wind power refers to the
construction of wind farms in bodies
of water to generate electricity from
wind.
Better wind speeds are available
offshore compared to on land, so
offshore wind power’s contribution in
terms of electricity supplied is
higher.
Lillgrund Wind Farm, located about 10 km off the coast of Sweden, has 48
wind turbines and a capacity of 110 MW.
L’exploitation de la ressource éolienne en mer convient particulièrement dans
les pays à forte densité de population ayant des difficultés à trouver des sites
appropriés sur terre.
Bien que les coûts de construction soit plus élevés en mer que sur terre,
l’éolien offshore permet d’obtenir une production plus régulière et plus
importante.
L’éolien offshore implique la construction d’ engins plus robustes capable de
résister à la force des vagues et à la corrosion.
OFFSHORE WIND POWER
WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION
In 2009 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 159 GW.
Energy production was 340 TWh, which is about 2% of worldwide
electricity usage.
United States
35,000 MW (1.8 %)
WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION (MW)
WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION (%)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER
Renewable
Non-pollutant
No greenhouse gases
The most economical of
alternative energies
Instability and unpredictability
of production
Visual contamination
Not very high prospects for
technological advancements
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar power is the conversion of
sunlight into electricity, either directly
using photovoltaic systems, or
indirectly using solar thermal power
systems.
Earth receives from the sun a power
of 170 millions of Gigawats, so the
solar power potential is huge.
Actually solar energy is the origin of
every energy in Earth but the
nuclear power, geothermal power
and tidal power.
SOLAR POWER FACTORS
Solar fluctuations
Astronomical factors (latitude, season, hour…)
Weather (clouds, fog, mist…)
SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL
PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY
The most ancient and important kind
of solar energy is passive solar
energy, which doesn’t involve the
use of mechanical or electrical
devices, but an appropriate building
design: placement of room-types
and equipment in the house,
orienting the building to face the
equator, adequately sizing windows
to face the midday sun in the winter
and be shaded in the summer….
WINTER
SUMMER
PASSIVE HOUSE IN WINTER
PERGOLA
BEDROOM
LIVING ROOM STUDY
SOLAR
RADIATION
(34 º)
S N
PASSIVE HOUSE IN SUMMER
PERGOLA
SOLAR
RADIATION
(65 º)
S N
PERGOLA
BEDROOM
LIVING ROOM STUDY
SOLAR WATER HEATING
Solar water heating systems use heat from the sun to warm domestic hot
water. It must include an auxiliary energy source (e.g. gas heating system)
that is activated when the water in the tank falls below a minimum
temperature setting such as 55°C.
Israel is the per-capita leader in the use of solar hot water systems with
over 90% of homes using them.
SOLAR WATER HEATING
SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
It is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity using solar thermal power
systems.
PARABOLIC TROUGH POWER PLANT
GENERATOR
TURBINE
ABSORBER
TUBE
PARABOLIC
MIRROR
PARABOLIC TROUGH POWER PLANT
Andasol (Granada) is the largest parabolic trough power plant (50 MW).
It has a heat storage formed by a mixture of molten salt in order to produce
electricity during the evening, which doubles the annual operation hours
(3,600 hours every year).
CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT
GENERATOR
TURBINE HELIOSTAT HELIOSTAT
SO
LAR
TO
WE
R
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER PLANT
PS10 and PS20, located in Sanlúcar la Mayor (Seville) are the largest
concentrated solar power plants in the world. They have a power of 11 and
20 MW respectively.
PHOTOVOLTAICS
A solar cell is a device that converts the sunlight directly into electricity.
Assemblies of cells are used to make solar pannels.
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT
The largest photovoltaic power plant is in Amareleja (Portugal). It has a
power of 46 MW..
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER
Renewable
Non-pollutant
No greenhouse-gases
More predictable than wind
power
Instability of production
Very low power
(120 W/m2)
Very land-intensive
Very high prospects for
technological advancements
Very expensive, specially
phovoltaics
BIOMASS
Biomass is a renewable energy
source that uses organic matter as
fuel in order to produce energy.
It is the most common energy
source in the world.
It could be considered a way of solar
energy storage, as the plants use
the sunlight to grow.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Although burning organic matter
produces CO2, it is the same
amount of carbone that had been
absorbed by the plant by the
photosynthesis.
As a result, biomass can be
considered a clean energy source.
SUNLIGHT
CO2 OXYGEN
EAU
BIOMASS POWER PLANT
CO2
CO2
STEAM
TYPES OF BIOMASS
There are different types of biomass:
Natural biomass, produced without human intervention (deadwood
removal)
Residual biomass, a by-product resulting from the agriculture or
industrial activities that use wood
Industrial biomass, that uses industrial crops to obtain biofuel
FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS
First generation biofuels are made from crops usually grown for food.
Biodiesel results from oil contained in some crops (soya, oilseed rape) and
bioethanol results from the fermentation of sugarcane or maize.
BIOFUELS PRODUCTION (2006)
ETHANOL
(40,000 m. litters)
BIODIESEL
(6,500 m. litters)
REPLACEMENT ENERGY TO FOSSIL FUEL?
It is impossible to replace completely
fossil fuel with first generation
biofuel.
We would need to grow crops in a
space several times the surface on
Earth in order to produce enough
biofuel.
SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
Second generation biofuels uses
species whose exploitation is purely
energetic, so the yield is much
better.
The most important is jatropha, a
drought-tolerant plant grown to make
biodiesel.
THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS
Third generation biofuel, also called
oilgae, is a biofuel from algae or
microalgae.
Algae are low-input, high-yield
feedstocks to produce biofuels.
Based on laboratory experiments, it
is claimed that algae can produce up
to 30 times more energy per acre
than land crops such as soybeans
(the growth rate is 9 days).
With the higher prices of fossil fuels
(petroleum), there is much interest in
algaculture (farming algae).
CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO BIOMASS BY MICROALGAE
SEA WATER
FRESH WATER
BIOFUEL
MICROALGAE
COMBINED CYCLE
POWER PLANT
(EMISSIONS OF CO2)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS
Renewable
Stability of production
Non-pollutant
No greenhouse-gases
Very land-intensive
Consume of water
Increments of food prices
Economical in countries with a
strong agrarian activity
COGENERATION
Cogeneration is the use of a power
station to simultaneously generate
both electricity and useful heat. It is
and example of decentralized
energy.
Cogeneration plants are fired by
natural gas, biomass, industrial and
municipal waste…
This by-product heat is usually used
in factories, hospitals, hotels, etc.
GENERATOR
CO2
COGENERATION IN A CEMENT FACTORY
FUEL
CLINKER COOKER
CONVEYOR
CEMENT
SILO CEMENT
MILL
RAW MEAL
SILO
LIM
ES
TO
NE
CLA
Y
SA
ND
IRO
N
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy is thermal
energy generated and stored in the
Earth. It originates from the original
formation of the planet, from
radioactive decay of minerals and
from volcanic activity.
From hot springs, geothermal
energy has been used for bathing
since Paleolithic times and for space
heating since ancient Roman times.
Geothermal energy is now better known for electricity generation.
Worldwide, about 10,715 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power is online.
Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station in Iceland(120 MW)
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
MINI HYDRO
Mini hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a
small community.
A generating capacity of up to 5 MW is accepted as the upper limit of what
can be termed mini hydro.
TIDAL POWER
Tidal power is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into
electricity.
GENERATOR
TURBINE
DAM
SEA BAY
WAVE POWER
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the
capture of that energy for electricity generation.
The Aguçadoura Wave Farm in Portugal (2 MW)
Energy policy of Spain
Energy policy
Energy policy has long term consequences given the
long lead times for energy investments and the long
lifespan covering several decades.
Rule of Franco
(1939-1975)
Felipe González
administration
(1982-1996)
José María Aznar
administration
(1996-2004)
Zapatero
administration
(2004-2011)
Rule of Franco (1939-1975)
Hydro-electric plants
(Aldeadávila)
Energy autarky
(lignites, gasification…)
First nuclear plants
(José Cabrera)
Electricity production (GWh)
32%
HYDRO
9%
59%
NUCLEAR
COAL
Electricity production (1975)
Felipe González administration (1982-1996)
NUCLEAR
MORATORIUM
ANTI-NUCLEAR
MOVEMENT
ELECTRICITY
OVERPRODUCTION
Antinuclear movement (EUROBAREMER 2010)
‘Risks of nuclear power as an
energy source outweigh its benefits’
‘The benefits of nuclear power as an energy
source outweigh the risks it pose’
Antinuclear movement (EUROBAREMER 2010)
51%
INFORMED NOT INFORMED
30%
Science performance (PISA 2009)
The engineer José María Ryan is killed by ETA (1981)
Lemóniz Nuclear Plant (Biscay), stopped in 1984
1 000 000
2 000
400
400 000
1 700
440
Oil prices ($)
Passengers cars per capita (Spain)
Unemployment (Spain)
NUCLEAR PLANTS TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION
Lemóniz I-II (Biscay)
PWR 2x930 MW
1972 (100%-90% finished)
Valdecaballeros I-II (Badajoz)
BWR 2x975 MW
1975 (70%-60% finished)
Nuclear moratorium (1984)
Lemóniz I-II Santillán Regodela
Sayago
Escatrón I-II
Trillo II
Valdecaballeros I-II
The cost of the nuclear moratorium was 729 000 pesetas (nowadays 8000 millions euros)
JOSÉ CABRERA (ZORITA) PWR 150 MW
GAROÑA BWR 460 MW
VANDELLÓS I GCR 480 MW
ASCÓ I PWR 1032 MW
ASCÓ II PWR 1027 MW
ALMARAZ I PWR 973 MW
ALMARAZ II PWR 983 MW
VANDELLÓS II PWR 1087 MW
TRILLO PWR 1066 MW
LEMÓNIZ I PWR 930 MW
COFRENTES BWR 1110 MW
VALDECABALLEROS I BWR 975 MW
LEMÓNIZ II PWR 930 MW
VALDECABALLEROS II BWR 975 MW
Nuclear
moratorium
1973
oil crisis
Franco
Felipe González
Aznar
Zapatero
UCD
Spanish nuclear installations(2011)
ALMARAZ I-II
ASCÓ I-II
COFRENTES
GAROÑA
VANDELLÓS II
TRILLO
2
2
EL CABRIL
JUZBADO
Nuclear plant
(1 or 2 reactors)
Nuclear fuel factory
Uranium mining
SAELICES EL CHICO
U
Storage facility of
medium and low-
level waste
U
Nuclear electricity generation (2011)
25.4% HYDRO
37.9%
35.3%
NUCLEAR
COAL
1.4% FUEL/GAS
Electricity production (1996)
Aznar administration (1996-2004) Renewable energy
(Special regime)
Backup energy
(combined cycle)
Freezing tariffs
(tariff deficit)
Electricity production (2004)
Zapatero administration (2004-2012)
Coal aids
Photovoltaics bubble
Energy overproduction
Electricity production (2004)
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