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Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Energy Energy Management Management

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Page 1: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

Energy Energy ManagementManagement

Page 2: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Role of an energy managerRole of an energy manager

AssessAssess Current energy demandCurrent energy demand Energy auditEnergy audit

AnalyseAnalyse Energy requirementsEnergy requirements

AdviseAdvise On technical improvementsOn technical improvements

AdvertiseAdvertise Ways to save energyWays to save energy

AccountAccount For energy consumptionFor energy consumption

Page 3: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Assess energy demandAssess energy demand

Keep recordsKeep records ConsumptionConsumption Time of readingsTime of readings TemperatureTemperature Other factors affecting demandOther factors affecting demand

Weekday/weekendWeekday/weekend Special eventsSpecial events

Frequency of readingsFrequency of readings WeeklyWeekly DailyDaily

Page 4: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Energy AuditEnergy Audit

Feasibility studyFeasibility study Establish and quantify energy flows into and within a Establish and quantify energy flows into and within a

building or organisationbuilding or organisation AimAim

Identify viable and cost effective energy saving Identify viable and cost effective energy saving measuresmeasures

Enhance operating efficiency and reduce Enhance operating efficiency and reduce maintenance costsmaintenance costs

Establish a baseline energy consumptionEstablish a baseline energy consumption ProcessProcess

Collect data from energy invoices and metersCollect data from energy invoices and meters Surveys of plant, equipment and buildingsSurveys of plant, equipment and buildings Collect information from managers and other staffCollect information from managers and other staff

Page 5: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Auditing processAuditing process

Identify energy management Identify energy management opportunitiesopportunities

Can be ‘no cost’ or ‘low cost’ measuresCan be ‘no cost’ or ‘low cost’ measures Change an energy tariffChange an energy tariff Change an energy supplierChange an energy supplier Reschedule production activities Reschedule production activities

• Preferential tariffsPreferential tariffs Adjust existing controls to match requirementsAdjust existing controls to match requirements Implement ‘good housekeeping’ policiesImplement ‘good housekeeping’ policies Invest in small capital itemsInvest in small capital items

• Thermostats & time switchesThermostats & time switches

Page 6: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Who does energy audits?Who does energy audits?

Can be undertaken internally – energy managerCan be undertaken internally – energy manager Specialist energy consultantsSpecialist energy consultants Energy service companiesEnergy service companies

Performance contractsPerformance contracts Guarantee organisations energy cost savings in Guarantee organisations energy cost savings in

return for a feereturn for a fee Main interest is in installing and managing their Main interest is in installing and managing their

recommended plantrecommended plant May arrange finance of projectsMay arrange finance of projects Vested interestVested interest

Page 7: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Why is energy wasted?Why is energy wasted?

Poorly designed buildings and Poorly designed buildings and installationsinstallations Insufficient insulationInsufficient insulation Undersized ventilation ductsUndersized ventilation ducts

Inadequate control systemsInadequate control systems Poor control settingsPoor control settings Inefficient plant operationInefficient plant operation

Out of date technologyOut of date technology Poor maintenancePoor maintenance

Poor operating and working Poor operating and working practicespractices

Page 8: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Different types of energy auditDifferent types of energy audit

According to level of detail and depth of According to level of detail and depth of analysisanalysis

Preliminary Preliminary TargetedTargeted ComprehensiveComprehensive

Page 9: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Preliminary auditPreliminary audit

How much energy is being consumedHow much energy is being consumed What type of energyWhat type of energy Performance of facility compared with Performance of facility compared with

similar facilitiessimilar facilities Characteristic performance of buildingCharacteristic performance of building

Page 10: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Preliminary energy auditPreliminary energy audit

Identification of potential areas of energy Identification of potential areas of energy savingsaving

Financial energy auditsFinancial energy audits

Collect data Collect data Establish quantity and cost of each form of Establish quantity and cost of each form of

energyenergy Data from energy invoices and meters for Data from energy invoices and meters for

previous yearprevious year Analyse dataAnalyse data Present dataPresent data Establish priorities Establish priorities Make recommendationsMake recommendations

Page 11: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Targeted energy auditTargeted energy audit

Provide data and analysis on specific Provide data and analysis on specific targeted projectstargeted projects e.g. heating of one building or lightinge.g. heating of one building or lighting

Detailed survey of target areaDetailed survey of target area Analysis of energy flows and costsAnalysis of energy flows and costs Recommendations for actionRecommendations for action

Page 12: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Comprehensive energy auditsComprehensive energy audits

Similar to preliminary audits but in far Similar to preliminary audits but in far more detailmore detail

Detailed data on energy flows into Detailed data on energy flows into and within organisation or facilityand within organisation or facility Often requires use of sub-metering to Often requires use of sub-metering to

accurately determine component energy accurately determine component energy flowsflows

Or estimate energy useOr estimate energy use (Plant power output (kWh)/efficiency of (Plant power output (kWh)/efficiency of

plant) *operating hours per yearplant) *operating hours per year Use of thermal imaging Use of thermal imaging May use complex energy simulation May use complex energy simulation

softwaresoftware Detailed energy survey Detailed energy survey Energy project implementation plansEnergy project implementation plans

Page 13: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse
Page 14: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Collect dataCollect data Build up picture of pattern of energy consumption and Build up picture of pattern of energy consumption and

cost from energy invoicescost from energy invoices All invoices for relevant time periodAll invoices for relevant time period Delivery notes for oil, solid fuel, LPGDelivery notes for oil, solid fuel, LPG Identify estimated meter readings – check with previous yearsIdentify estimated meter readings – check with previous years Inadequate/unavailable invoices – contact utility company/fuel Inadequate/unavailable invoices – contact utility company/fuel

suppliersupplier Collect geographic data Collect geographic data

Location, altitude, orientationLocation, altitude, orientation Weather data, degree day dataWeather data, degree day data

Manufacturing data (if appropriate)Manufacturing data (if appropriate) Production output Production output

Check data for anomaliesCheck data for anomalies Small building using more energy than larger oneSmall building using more energy than larger one High energy use at night when unoccupiedHigh energy use at night when unoccupied

Page 15: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Understanding invoices: electricityUnderstanding invoices: electricity

Date of meter readingDate of meter reading Monthly standing chargeMonthly standing charge Present and previous meter readingPresent and previous meter reading

Daytime – peak rateDaytime – peak rate Night time – off-peak rateNight time – off-peak rate

Charges for each rateCharges for each rate Some tariffs have a higher unit charge for first 1000 kWhSome tariffs have a higher unit charge for first 1000 kWh

Monthly maximum demand charge Monthly maximum demand charge For every kW of the peak power demand during the monthFor every kW of the peak power demand during the month Penalise users make heavy demands during peak periodsPenalise users make heavy demands during peak periods

Supply capacity – annual maximum demandSupply capacity – annual maximum demand Monthly chargeMonthly charge

Total cost + VATTotal cost + VAT

Page 16: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Gas invoicesGas invoices

Much less complicated than electricityMuch less complicated than electricity Date of meter reading or estimateDate of meter reading or estimate Calorific value of gasCalorific value of gas Present and previous meter readingsPresent and previous meter readings Amount of gas used Amount of gas used

ftft33, kWh or therms, kWh or therms Unit price per kWhUnit price per kWh Standing chargeStanding charge

Monthly or quarterlyMonthly or quarterly Total cost + VATTotal cost + VAT

Page 17: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Other fuelsOther fuels

Fuel oilFuel oil Measured by volumeMeasured by volume

• Varies with temperature corrected to standard condition of Varies with temperature corrected to standard condition of 15.515.500CC

Date of deliveryDate of delivery Unit cost per standard litreUnit cost per standard litre Calorific value (?)Calorific value (?) Total cost + VATTotal cost + VAT

Solid fuelSolid fuel Weight deliveredWeight delivered Date of deliveryDate of delivery Total cost + VATTotal cost + VAT No calorific valueNo calorific value

Page 18: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Analysing energy recordsAnalysing energy records

Key variablesKey variables HeatingHeating

External temperature - dominantExternal temperature - dominant Wind speed )Wind speed ) Humidity ) <=10% variationHumidity ) <=10% variation Solar gain )Solar gain )

LightingLighting Hours of darknessHours of darkness

Page 19: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Data analysisData analysis

Many different ways of analysing dataMany different ways of analysing data Annual energy consumption Annual energy consumption Analysis of heating requirementsAnalysis of heating requirements

Degree day method Degree day method Mean temperature methodMean temperature method Cumulative deviation methodCumulative deviation method (Details in Keith’s lecture notes)(Details in Keith’s lecture notes)

Normalised performance indicators (NPI) Normalised performance indicators (NPI) (Beggs, 2002)(Beggs, 2002)

Time dependent energy analysisTime dependent energy analysis Linear regression analysisLinear regression analysis CUSUM – cumulative sum deviation methodCUSUM – cumulative sum deviation method

Page 20: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Annual energy consumptionAnnual energy consumption

Simplest analysisSimplest analysis Assess overall energy performance of buildingAssess overall energy performance of building

Produces a percentage breakdown of annual energy Produces a percentage breakdown of annual energy consumption and cost dataconsumption and cost data

Convert all energy consumption data into standard units (kWh) Convert all energy consumption data into standard units (kWh) • Standard conversion factors & gross calorific valuesStandard conversion factors & gross calorific values

Percentage breakdowns of total consumption and cost of each Percentage breakdowns of total consumption and cost of each energy typeenergy type

Present dataPresent data• Total annual energy consumptionTotal annual energy consumption• CostCost• Percentage breakdown of each fuel typePercentage breakdown of each fuel type• Historical trendsHistorical trends

Page 21: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Analysis of heating requirementsAnalysis of heating requirements

Degree day methodDegree day method QuickerQuicker Oil & coal heating difficult – general estimates Oil & coal heating difficult – general estimates

of consumptionof consumption Mean temperature methodMean temperature method

More accurateMore accurate Plot mean consumption against mean Plot mean consumption against mean

external temperatureexternal temperature

Page 22: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Degree day methodDegree day method

Two component partsTwo component parts Temperature relatedTemperature related Independent of temperatureIndependent of temperature

• Hot water & cooking if by gasHot water & cooking if by gas E = W + H*degree days*86400E = W + H*degree days*86400

• Where E is total energy consumedWhere E is total energy consumed• W energy for hot water + cooking (gas)W energy for hot water + cooking (gas)

W approx constant for given house – 7-10 GJ/quarterW approx constant for given house – 7-10 GJ/quarter

• H is heat loss rate for the homeH is heat loss rate for the home Two unknowns W & H, Two unknowns W & H, Know degree days & energy consumptionKnow degree days & energy consumption Estimate heat loss & steady energy requirementEstimate heat loss & steady energy requirement

Page 23: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Degree day method - exampleDegree day method - example

Energy consumption 2 successive quartersEnergy consumption 2 successive quarters 31.76 & 18.80 GJ31.76 & 18.80 GJ

Corresponding degree daysCorresponding degree days 1100 and 5001100 and 500

E = W + H * degree days*86400 E = W + H * degree days*86400 1100 * H * 86400 + W = 31.76 (1)1100 * H * 86400 + W = 31.76 (1)

500 * H * 86400 + W = 18.80 (2)500 * H * 86400 + W = 18.80 (2)Simultaneous equations (subtract 2 from 1)Simultaneous equations (subtract 2 from 1)

H = H = (31.76 – 18.80)(31.76 – 18.80) * 10 * 1099 = 250 Watts = 250 Watts (1100-500)*86400(1100-500)*86400Substitute for H in either equation to get WSubstitute for H in either equation to get W

W = 31.76 * 10W = 31.76 * 109 9 - 1100 * 250 * 86400- 1100 * 250 * 86400 = 8 * 10= 8 * 1099 = 8GJ = 8GJ

H - heat loss

W - hot water

Page 24: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Degree day method Degree day method

Once H & W have been calculatedOnce H & W have been calculated Performance for subsequent quarters can Performance for subsequent quarters can

be estimatedbe estimated If degree days for 3If degree days for 3rdrd quarter = 400 quarter = 400

Consumption predicted to be Consumption predicted to be 400 * 250 * 86400 + 8 * 400 * 250 * 86400 + 8 * 101099 = 16.64 GJ = 16.64 GJ

If actual consumption is 17.5 GJ then If actual consumption is 17.5 GJ then energy has been wastedenergy has been wasted

Page 25: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Mean temperature method Mean temperature method (non electrical heating)(non electrical heating)

Plot the mean consumption over a specific period Plot the mean consumption over a specific period against mean external temperatureagainst mean external temperature

For 1 week or 1 day - less time than previous methodFor 1 week or 1 day - less time than previous method

Page 26: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Analysis of lighting Analysis of lighting (non-electrically heated house)(non-electrically heated house)

Lighting varies throughout Lighting varies throughout the year with hours of the year with hours of darknessdarkness

Need to assess a realistic Need to assess a realistic time for lightingtime for lighting

There is constant load (A) There is constant load (A) from appliances and from appliances and refrigeration use and an refrigeration use and an increasing amount from increasing amount from lighting.lighting.

Increase in lighting hours Increase in lighting hours is used to obtain L & A in is used to obtain L & A in same way for H & W in same way for H & W in heating example heating example

Page 27: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Analysis of heating & lighting in an Analysis of heating & lighting in an electrically heated houseelectrically heated house

More complex as both H & L are unknownMore complex as both H & L are unknown Combine A & W to give overall appliance + hot water Combine A & W to give overall appliance + hot water

load (A)load (A) E = (degree days * H + lighting hours * L) * 86400 + AE = (degree days * H + lighting hours * L) * 86400 + A

Where E = energy consumptionWhere E = energy consumption H = heat loss rateH = heat loss rate L = lighting (units of L are Watts per hour)L = lighting (units of L are Watts per hour) A = appliance + hot waterA = appliance + hot water

3 unknowns – H, L & A3 unknowns – H, L & A If we have data for 3 quarters If we have data for 3 quarters Estimate values for H, L & A by solving 3 simultaneous Estimate values for H, L & A by solving 3 simultaneous

equationsequations If appliance load is known calculation is easierIf appliance load is known calculation is easier

Page 28: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Cumulative deviation methodCumulative deviation method

1.1. No energy conservation No energy conservation – horizontal line– horizontal line

2.2. Winter following Winter following improved insulationimproved insulation

3.3. Summer – no savings – Summer – no savings – heat conservation onlyheat conservation only

4.4. Winter – parallel to 2Winter – parallel to 25.5. Summer - improved Summer - improved

management of hot management of hot waterwater

6.6. Should be (4) + (5) but Should be (4) + (5) but less - energy less - energy conservation conservation performance is reducedperformance is reduced

Page 29: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Normalised Performance Indicators (NPIs)Normalised Performance Indicators (NPIs) Provides an indication of the energy performance of a buildingProvides an indication of the energy performance of a building Compares actual annual energy consumption and costs with those Compares actual annual energy consumption and costs with those

achieved by buildings of a similar type and functionachieved by buildings of a similar type and function ProblemsProblems

Buildings may be different sizesBuildings may be different sizes Locations may have different climatesLocations may have different climates Locations may have different levels of exposureLocations may have different levels of exposure Maybe different operating hoursMaybe different operating hours

Correct the building energy consumption data Correct the building energy consumption data allow for variables such as occupancy and weather.allow for variables such as occupancy and weather.

NPIs developed to address these problems. Used toNPIs developed to address these problems. Used to compare with other buildings of a similar type and functioncompare with other buildings of a similar type and function compare with standard energy benchmark for different building typescompare with standard energy benchmark for different building types

BenchmarksBenchmarks Many countries have national energy benchmarks for different types of Many countries have national energy benchmarks for different types of

buildingsbuildings Usually kWh/m2 of floor area (volume)Usually kWh/m2 of floor area (volume) Provide guidance, not absolute values to achieveProvide guidance, not absolute values to achieve

Page 30: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

How to calculate NPIsHow to calculate NPIs Establish total building energy use in standard unitsEstablish total building energy use in standard units Calculate the annual energy use for space heatingCalculate the annual energy use for space heating

Sub-metering, or analytical techniquesSub-metering, or analytical techniques Correct space heating energy data for climate & exposureCorrect space heating energy data for climate & exposure

Weather coefficient = std annual heating degree days/ annual heating Weather coefficient = std annual heating degree days/ annual heating degree days experienced by buildingdegree days experienced by building

Exposure coefficientsExposure coefficients• Sheltered (city centre) = 1.1Sheltered (city centre) = 1.1• Normal (urban/rural) = 1.0Normal (urban/rural) = 1.0• Exposed (coastal/hilly site) = 0.9Exposed (coastal/hilly site) = 0.9

Non-heating energy consumption + corrected space heating = non-Non-heating energy consumption + corrected space heating = non-time corrected energy consumptiontime corrected energy consumption

To calculate normalised annual energy consumption need to correct To calculate normalised annual energy consumption need to correct for ‘hours of use’ for ‘hours of use’

non-time corrected energy consumption * coefficient non-time corrected energy consumption * coefficient Hours of use coefficient = std annual hours of use/actual annual hours Hours of use coefficient = std annual hours of use/actual annual hours

of useof use NPI = normalised annual energy consumption/building floor areaNPI = normalised annual energy consumption/building floor area

Page 31: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Energy SurveysEnergy Surveys

Integral part of energy auditIntegral part of energy audit Helps to understand energy flows within a Helps to understand energy flows within a

facility/buildingfacility/building Helps to identify energy wastageHelps to identify energy wastage Can be comprehensive or targetedCan be comprehensive or targeted ObjectivesObjectives

Determine energy performance of facility/building or specific Determine energy performance of facility/building or specific plant/equipmentplant/equipment

Identify and quantify the principal energy flows & energy cost Identify and quantify the principal energy flows & energy cost savingssavings

Produce costed recommendations to achieve energy cost Produce costed recommendations to achieve energy cost savingssavings

Make recommendations on future energy management of Make recommendations on future energy management of facility facility

Page 32: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

What to include in an energy surveyWhat to include in an energy survey

Management and operation characteristics Management and operation characteristics of a facility or organisationof a facility or organisation

Energy supply to an organisations various Energy supply to an organisations various facilities facilities

Energy use within an organisations Energy use within an organisations facilitiesfacilities

The plant and equipment within a facilityThe plant and equipment within a facility The fabric of the organisation’s buildingsThe fabric of the organisation’s buildings

Page 33: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Management and operating characteristicsManagement and operating characteristics

Management cultureManagement culture Can have considerable influence on energy Can have considerable influence on energy

consumptionconsumption Determine management structure and Determine management structure and

practices relating to energy procurement practices relating to energy procurement and consumptionand consumption

Identify cost centresIdentify cost centres• Are the managers accountable for operating Are the managers accountable for operating

costs also responsible for energy consumption?costs also responsible for energy consumption? Maintenance proceduresMaintenance procedures

• Frequency and qualityFrequency and quality• Identify new maintenance measures to improve Identify new maintenance measures to improve

energy efficiencyenergy efficiency

Page 34: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Operating practices: data collectionOperating practices: data collection

Use of particular space or buildingUse of particular space or building Mechanical/electrical services in buildingMechanical/electrical services in building Number & type of occupants e.g. stationary or Number & type of occupants e.g. stationary or

activeactive Occupancy patternsOccupancy patterns Environmental conditionsEnvironmental conditions

Air temp, humidity, lightingAir temp, humidity, lighting Operating practices of plant/equipmentOperating practices of plant/equipment Identify where actual practices deviate from that Identify where actual practices deviate from that

stated by managementstated by management Overheated rooms, open windows, computers left onOverheated rooms, open windows, computers left on

Page 35: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Energy SupplyEnergy Supply

Identify tariffs and supply contracts of organisationIdentify tariffs and supply contracts of organisation Ensure organisation is using correct electricity tariff Ensure organisation is using correct electricity tariff

to suite its load profileto suite its load profile Calculate load profileCalculate load profile

Regular meter readings – include daytime, night time & Regular meter readings – include daytime, night time & weekendsweekends

For large electrical loadsFor large electrical loads• Need to be more accurateNeed to be more accurate

• Measure every 30 mins, use portable meters if necessaryMeasure every 30 mins, use portable meters if necessary Investigate large peaks in loadInvestigate large peaks in load

Page 36: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Plant and equipmentPlant and equipment Survey major items of plant and equipment to determine their Survey major items of plant and equipment to determine their

operating efficiencyoperating efficiency Include pipe distribution networksInclude pipe distribution networks

BoilersBoilers ‘‘tune’ to minimise flue gas heat losstune’ to minimise flue gas heat loss Identify if flue gas heat recovery is feasibleIdentify if flue gas heat recovery is feasible

RefrigerationRefrigeration Check efficiencyCheck efficiency Opening practicesOpening practices Is heat recovery feasibleIs heat recovery feasible

PipeworkPipework Insulation & leaksInsulation & leaks

Planned replacement of old plantPlanned replacement of old plant

Building fabricBuilding fabric Identify using U values areas of greatest heat lossIdentify using U values areas of greatest heat loss Thermal imagingThermal imaging Excess ventilation – open doorsExcess ventilation – open doors

Page 37: Energy Conservation Energy Management. Role of an energy manager Assess Assess Current energy demand Current energy demand Energy audit Energy audit Analyse

Energy management: recommendationsEnergy management: recommendations

Recommendations will relate to cost of fuel – more interested in Recommendations will relate to cost of fuel – more interested in saving money than energy/carbonsaving money than energy/carbon

TechnicalTechnical Insulation, draft exclusion, thermostatic radiator valves, heating controlInsulation, draft exclusion, thermostatic radiator valves, heating control Low energy lighting, efficient refrigerationLow energy lighting, efficient refrigeration Power factor correctionsPower factor corrections Relocation of switches, movement sensorsRelocation of switches, movement sensors

Energy managementEnergy management Checking performanceChecking performance Record keepingRecord keeping

FinancialFinancial Make sub-sections responsible for their own energy budgetMake sub-sections responsible for their own energy budget ‘‘Carrots’ for those who save energyCarrots’ for those who save energy

Other factorsOther factors Change patterns of workingChange patterns of working Working practicesWorking practices Use of spaceUse of space