electric power generation and the environment
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Electric Power Generation and the
Environment
Health Physics SocietyPower Reactor Section
History Of Electricity Static Electricity – Ancient Greeks
Franklin Invents Lightning Rods - 1752
Faraday Discovers Electromagnetic Induction – early 1800’s
Edison Invents the Light Bulb and Generating Stations in NYC – 1882
Tesla Invents Alternating Current Motor for Westinghouse - 1888
Faraday’s Law Moving a magnet
through a wire loop produces an electric current.
Called “electromagnetic” induction.
Generator
A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
North America At Night
Earth At Night
U.S. Sources Today
Gas17.9%
Oil2.3%
Nuclear20.4%
Hydro6.9%
Renewable2.2%
Coal50.3%
Source: EIA - Updated 11/03
(2002)
3,831.0
5,787.0
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2002 2025Growth in Electricity Demand
Bill
ion
kWh
Future Energy Need
Sources Tomorrow
(2025)
?
Energy Policy Goals
Increase energy supply
Optimize available resources
Develop new technology
Limiting environmental impact
A Question Of Balance
Pros & Cons COAL
HYDRO
NATURAL GAS
SOLAR & WIND
cheap and abundant but source of greenhouse gases
clean but seasonal and no new
sources
cleaner than coal but limited supply
renewable but expensive, low energy
density, and intermittent
Pros & Cons
NUCLEAR
high energy density
no air pollution
reliable fuel supply but what about safety, security,
and waste?
High Energy Density Each person in the United States uses either:
4 tons of coal or a few ounces of uranium
1 pellet = 150 gallons gasoline 1780 pounds coal 16,000 ft3 natural gas 2.5 tons wood
No Air Pollution
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
76% 22% 1.4% 0.7% 0.1%Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Wind Solar
Global Nuclear Power 442 Nuclear Plants Worldwide
25% in the United States
Strong growth internationally, China is the fastest growing maket
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency
103 Nuclear Power Reactors
But What About… Safety, Security, and
Waste?
Designed, Constructed, and Operated for Safety
Robust Security
Used Fuel Storage at Yucca Mountain
Safety By Design: Low “Enrichment”
Fission “chain reaction”: E = m * c2
U-235 atoms fission. 5% in fuel, 95% in bombs.
Safety By Design: Fuel Rods
The uranium fuel is made of solid ceramic pellets.
The fuel pellets are sealed inside zirconium alloy rods that are about 13’ long.
~236 rods in each assembly
~200 assemblies in the reactor core
Safety By Design: Reactor Vessel
Typical values:
Weight: 400 tons
Thickness: 8 inches
Fuel Assemblies (Core)
Safety By Design: PWR Containment
Initial Construction
Completed Concrete Dome
Multiple Layers of Protection
Nuclear Plant Security Areas
Vital Area
Owner Controlled
Area
Protected Area
Active Vehicle Barrier System
Intrusion Detection• CCTV on poles
• Delay Fence
• Intrusion Detection
• Perimeter checks
• Roving Patrols
Defensive Fighting Position
Fuel Assemblies Cool In Pools
Temporary Dry Storage On Site
Yucca Mountain Site
Careers in Nuclear Design
Next Generation Power Plants Equipment Reliability Transportation Casks
Engineering Electrical and Mechanical Instrumentation and Control Nuclear
Careers in Nuclear Health Physics
Environmental Operations Regulations
Chemistry Corrosion Protection
Websites Nuclear Regulatory Commission
www.nrc.gov
Nuclear Energy Institute www.nei.org
Health Physics Society www.hps.org
Thanks…for your interest and patience !
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