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WPAC Safety ConferenceEffective HCI Practices Workshop
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
www.applyHCS.com
Prince George, BCJune 13, 2017
This document and the information contained herein are proprietary of Human Centered Solutions, LLP, and are confidentially disclosed to representatives of the Wood Pellet Association. This document and the information contained herein are made available only to employees of the aforementioned organization. This document, and any copy thereof, and the information contained herein shall be maintained in strictest confidence and shall not be disclosed or distributed (a) to WPA member employees for whom such information is not necessary in connection with their assigned responsibilities, or (b) to persons who are not bound by a non-disclosure agreement with WPA. There shall be no exceptions to the terms and conditions set forth herein except as authorized in writing by HCS.
© 2017 Human Centered Solutions® LLC/LLP
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Workshop Protocol
Ø Questions?Ø Breaks?Ø Share Your ExperiencesØ Expectations?Ø Describe challenges you have had?Ø Parking Lot
¾ Additional Information?
Participation is encouraged
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 2
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operations Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 3
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
What is Human Factors?
Ø Human Factors (Chapanis, 1985)¾ Discovery and application of information about human behavior
� abilities, limitations, and other characteristics¾ To the design of:
� tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs and environments¾ For productive, safe and effective human use
Ø Objectives (Sanders & McCormick, 1993)¾ Enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of human activities,
often with focus on work.¾ Enhance desirable human values including:
� improved safety, reduced fatigue and stress, increased comfort, greater user acceptance, increased job satisfaction and improved quality of life
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 4
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Human Centered SolutionsØ We apply human factors principles and design
methodologies to:¾ Enhance effectiveness and safety of human activities in and
around control rooms
Roles & Responsibilities
Training
Control Room& Console Design
Operator Interface Design
Alarms
Operating ProceduresManagement of
Change
Operator Staffing& Workload
FatigueManagement
CorporateCulture Process
Control
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 5
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Human Centered SolutionsHelping People Perform
Founded in 1994
Creating a new paradigm for the operation of
complex industrial plants, with solution concepts
that improve Operations’ ability to prevent and respond to abnormal
situations.
www.asmconsortium.org
Abnormal Situation ManagementA Joint Research & Development Consortium
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 6
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Sources of Abnormal Events
Established in literature ; confirmed by 18 plant studies - US, Canada, & Europe
People:• Fail to detect problems in
reams of data• Are required to make
hasty interventions• May be unable to make
consistent responses• May be unable to
communicate well
Process 20%
Mostly Preventable
Equipment 40%
Often Preventable
People 40%
Almost AlwaysPreventable
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 7
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
ASM & HCS
Ø Principal and Contributing Authors of ASMC Guidelines ¾ Effective Operations Practices¾ Effective Console Operator
Interface Design Effective Procedural Practices
¾ Effective Alarm Management Practices
¾ Effective Alarm Rationalization Practices
¾ Effective Change Management Practices in HMI Design
Ø Technical leadership and contributions as HCS on ASM Projects¾ Procedural Operations ¾ Future Role of the Operator ¾ First-line Leadership ¾ ASM HMI Business Case Study ¾ Advanced Operator Interface
Framework ¾ HMI Visualization Techniques¾ Alarm Trend Display¾ Alarm Sounds for Multi-Console
Control Rooms™ ¾ Root Cause Analysis & Process Safety
Metrics¾ Value of Integrated Trending in HMI
8©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights
reserved.
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 9
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
What is Situation Awareness (for an individual)?
Ø Put simply, Situation Awareness is “knowing what is going on round you so you can figure out what to do” (Adam, 1993)
Ø Aviation research identified poor situation awareness as a key factor:¾ Military aviation mishaps (Hartel, Smith & Prince, 1991)¾ Accidents among major airlines (Endsley, 1995)
Ø These findings have motivated studies in decision-making and training methods to improve pilot situation awareness
Situation Awareness
ExternalCues
Mental Model
Perception Comprehension Projection Actions
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 10
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Abnormal Situation Management
Ø A major responsibility of process operators is to prevent and respond to abnormal situations
Ø Abnormal situations extend, develop, and change over time increasing the complexity of interventions
Ø To prevent and respond to abnormal situations, operators must continuously maintain situation awareness¾ Where the process is, where it is going, and how quickly it is
going there¾ What tasks to perform, how to perform them, and when to
perform them
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 11
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
SA Failure Studies in Aviation
Ø Research in the fields of military and civil aviation has identified situation awareness failures as the leading contributor to accidents
Ø One study found that 88% of major airline accidents involving pilot error were problems with SA rather than decision making or flight skills (Endsley, 1995)
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 12
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
SA Failure Studies in AviationØ NASA Aviation Safety
Reporting System reports show the following Situation Awareness causes of accidents
Perception (76%)Ø Information not observedØ Information not availableØ Information difficult to detectØ Memory error Ø Misperception of informationComprehension (19%)Ø Misinterpretation of dataØ Over reliance on expectationsØ Incomplete/incorrect mental modelProjection (5%)Ø Attention overloadØ Over-reacting to current trendsØ Incomplete/incorrect mental model
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 13
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Transmission Pipeline Rupture (CA)Ø In 2010, a 30-inch diameter segment of a gas transmission pipeline
ruptured in a residential area in San Bruno, CA resulting in gas release, explosion & fire
Ø Investigations found multiple root causes, however a few were related to control room operations:¾ Operators lacked assigned roles &
responsibilities ¾ Operators did not notice the dropping
pressures at one station after the rupture
¾ Alerted by staff at another facility so ittook longer to stop the flow of gas to the rupture site – Level 1 SA Perception Failure
Ø What would have helped:¾ Specific assignments or operators to dedicated areas¾ An overview display showing critical process values (e.g., dropping pressures) to
help operators perceive important/critical information©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights
reserved. 14
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Improving Situation AwarenessØ Four basic principles for
improving situation awareness:1. Employ what we know of human
information processing to influence information perception
2. Understand the influence mental models have on operator performance and evaluating information
3. Understand how alertness can effect human performance and situation awareness, and how alertness levels can be influenced
4. Understand what comprises effective teamwork required for situation awareness and abnormal situation management recovery
MaintainingAlertness
Processing Information
Teamwork
Evaluating Information
EffectiveSituation Awareness
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 15
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Human Information Processing
Ø Attention influences each of the information processing elements
Situation Awareness
ExternalCues
Mental Model
Perception Comprehension Projection Actions Attention Resources
Long-term Memory
Short-term Memory
CognitionSensory
Processing Perception Response Selection
Response Execution
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 16
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operations Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 17
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Operator Interface Case StudyASM Consortium® HMI Evaluation
ObjectiveØ Develop a case study to illustrate the potential impact
of Human-Centered Operator Interface concepts¾ Hypothesis: the human-centered style of operator
interface improves operator performance for incident avoidance and in abnormal situations, in comparison to the traditional design
ApproachØ Compare operator performance in high fidelity
simulator environment with two HMI stylesErrington, J., Reising, D., Bullemer, P., DeMaere, T., Coppard, D., Doe, K., and Bloom, C. (2005). Establishing human performance improvements and economic benefit for a human-centered operator interface: An industrial evaluation. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, pp. 26-30.
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 18
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
GU U
U GG U
U
Traditional Console Simulator
GU U
U GG U
U
Traditional Console Simulator
The Side-by-Side Comparison
vs. ASM-style Console Simulator
GG
GG
G GPCPC
ASM-style Console SimulatorASM-style Console Simulator
GG
GG
G GPCPC
Human-Centered Console Simulator
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 19
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Operator Interface Case Study
Biases against our Hypothesis…
Ø As a comparison, these “traditional” displays represent a “better practice” than the industry norm for operating schematics ¾ This fact makes for a conservative comparison in this
study’s performance testing
Ø This unit’s training simulator console more closely matched that of the actual plant than that of the Human-Centered interface¾ This fact made the study an even more conservative
evaluation of the hypothesis
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 20
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Operator Interface ConceptKey Design Features
Ø Single, Integrated View of Multi-Level Hierarchy
Ø Simultaneous views of increasing detail¾ Level 1 – Console Overview ¾ Level 2 – Unit Summary ¾ Level 3 – Equipment detail ¾ Level 4 – Group & Point detail
Ø Effective Window Management and Layout
Ø Effective Navigation SchemeØ Visual Coding SchemeØ Integrated alarm managementØ Integrated Trending
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 21
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Case Study Experimental Design
Ø The case study involved 2 groups of operators ¾ Pre-test – Establish if there were any
differences in operations and plant experience between the 2 groups
¾ Scenario testing – Establish if there were any performance difference in incident detection, incident prevention between the 2 interfaces� Tested the operators on 4 matching scenarios
Ø A total of 21 operators: ¾ 10 for the Traditional interface design ¾ 11 for the Human-Centered interface design
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 22
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Case Study Scenarios
Ø Used 4 scenarios in the operator performance evaluation¾ Scenarios were matched so that there was a similar
development time and matching instrumentation� This allowed for better isolation of the effect between the
operator interfaces on operator performance for each scenario
Ø The 4 scenarios were¾ A main process steam turbine vacuum problem¾ A main process compressor suction pressure transmitter drift¾ A main process compressor discharge pressure safety valve
(PSV) passing to flare¾ A turbo expander bypass valve drift open
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 23
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Advanced
Case Study ResultsPre-Test Results
Ø No average differences between the two groups of operators for: ¾ Number of years experience
as an operator ¾ Number of years experience
as an operator at this company
¾ Number of years experience as a console operator
¾ Number of areas qualified in
Group Comparison Metrics
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 24
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Case Study ResultsScenario Evaluation Results
Ø Overall, the operators using the Human-centered interface were more proactive, orienting to the problem an average of 4 minutes faster
Ø Anecdotally, for the first scenario with the Traditional console, an alarm rang in which oriented them to the problem faster, but…¾ They didn’t solve the
problem faster! (see Next slide)
Operator performance measure: Time to Orient
Advanced
Total Time(min)
20
10
0
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 25
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
ASMTraditional
Interface Type
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
797
Scenario 8 Total Time(Secs)
Scenario 7 Total Time(Secs)
Scenario 4 Total Time(Secs)
Scenario 2 Total Time(Secs)
0
10
20
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4Scenario
Total Time (min)
Traditional Advanced
Case Study ResultsScenario Evaluation Results
Ø 41% Less time to deal with the event and as a group, were more consistent in doing so!¾ An average of 10.6 minutes
vs. 18.1 minutes
Ø 38% improvement in detecting event before alarm
Ø 26% higher success rate
Operator performance measure: Total Completion Time
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 26
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operations Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 27
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Effective Display Design PrinciplesØ Design Principles
1. Support the Operators Scope of Work
2. Take advantage of Human & Computer strengths
3. Provide Information, Not just Data / Put data in Context
4. Make Job-related Tasks Efficient
Ø Categories
Ø Display TypesØ Display Content
Ø Display StyleØ Display LayoutØ Use of ColorØ Use of Symbols &
Process ConnectionsØ Use of Text & Numbers
Ø NavigationØ Interaction with Displays
SA Stages1 2 3
;
;
;
nana
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
nana
;
;
;
nana
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 28
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Scope of Work vs. Screen UseØ Typical ‘thinking’ when talking about graphics… single
screen-single display thinking
Typical Console screen use
Supporting SA & Scope of Work
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 29
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Display Hierarchy—Displays, Mental Models, Navigation
Level 1Alarm Summary
Level 2Control Display
Level 2Control Display
Level 2Control Display
Level 3Detail Display
Level 3Detail Display
Level 3Detail Display
Level 4Support Display
Level 4Support Display
Level 1SA Trends
Level 1SA Overview
Ø The Display Hierarchy maps to console screen use to support Situation Awareness
¾ Support Proactive Monitoring with Level 1 displays that are always present
¾ Support Control, Troubleshooting, Proactive Panel rounds, with Level 2, 3 and 4 displays
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 30
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Impact of Colour Schemes
How many abnormal
conditions exist in this process unit?
PI201 18.71
PSI
TC201 280.03
DEGF
FC201 4608.23
BPD
LC204 25 %
LI214 85 %
FC214 1308.29
BPD
FC234 13.29
KBPD
PC106 15.73 PSIG
PC105 18.70 PSIG
TI213 89.03
DEGF
TI223 440.06
F
AI241 320.78 AMPS
D200
T203
T200
E209 E210
C205
P211
P212 P210
P209
TI202 261.53 DEGF TI203
200.09 DEGF
LI224 95 %
NAPHTHA
VRU
FLARE
SOUR WTR
SLOP
CSR
CWS FUEL GAS
FI226 400.312 MSCFD
PI115 10.77 PSIG
FI204 000.00
MSCFD
T200 FRAC OVRHD
T200 TEMPS 1- 266.92 DEGF 2- 254.99 DEGF 3- 255.44 DEGF 4- 266.00 DEGF 5- 271.89 DEGF 6- 280.03 DEGF 7- 281.53 . DEGF
50%
100%
0% 85%
15%
65% emergency priority
high priority
low priority
emergency priority
high priority
low priority
The answer requires:
• perception to scan all of the elements on the
display and discern which are alarms
versus normal shapes (levels)
• cognition to sum them
The answer requires:
• perception to look only for coloured
outlines
• cognition to sum them
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 31
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Colour PerceptionColour Vision Deficiencies
Green-Yellows & Yellow-Reds are confused
Ø Most common form is dichromatism– About 8 - 10% in males and up to 0.8% in females– Lack the red-green colour vision channel (blue-yellow intact)
Saturated Greens & Reds are confused
Normal
Dichromats
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 32
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Redundant Visual Coding of Alarms
(b) Coding of alarms with colour, text and shape –more effective technique
(a) Use of shape, orientation and colour –less effective technique
! !!
Ø Presentation of alarm information is critical to the operator’s understanding of the underlying process disturbances and impacts
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 33
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Potential Immediate HMI Improvements
Ø Integrated Trending¾ Dedicated overview trend screen¾ Automatic Detail trend
Ø Creation information hierarchy¾ Make important information stand-out
Ø Create display hierarchy¾ Include “at-a-glance” overview display
Ø On-screen navigation¾ Supports Situation Awareness mental model
Ø Educate Users & Display designers in human information processing
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 34
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operating Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 35
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Role for Alarms
Ø Good alarm systems signal the operator to intervene before:¾ Significant escalation from minor disturbances¾ Potentially dangerous situations escalate to
plant trip or plant incident
Ø Alarms are necessary for Operators when: ¾ Workload levels become too high to effectively
monitor all points and conditions on their own¾ Attention is focused elsewhere
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 36
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Common Problems with Alarms
Ø Standing AlarmsØ Nuisance / Chattering AlarmsØ Alarm FloodsØ Alarm System Design
¾ Multiple alarms for single event
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 37
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Multiple Alarms for Single Action“Belt and Suspenders”
Ø Potential Causes¾ Alarms identified from HazOp or Engineering Design ¾ Alarms added following HazOp or incident reviews
Ø Potential Effects¾ Delayed operator action
� “I’ll wait for the next alarm”¾ Alarm limits are set within
normal operating region
Ø Leading Remedies¾ Develop and apply Alarm Philosophy
� One alarm for one action¾ Alarm Rationalization
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 38
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Alarm Improvement PlanningØ Goal:
¾ Minimize the size and frequency of alarm floods (principal requirement)¾ Minimize the average alarm rate (secondary requirement)¾ Provide consistent information and guidance to the operator on the
potential consequence of an abnormal event and the time available to respond
¾ Have no negative impact to running plant
Ø Multi-step approach1. Benchmark Current Alarm Performance2. Apply Immediate Improvements3. Strategic Improvements
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 39
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Step 1: Benchmarking
Ø Main Activities:¾ Review alarm philosophy¾ Review DCS implementation¾ Establish current alarm performance (normal and peak alarm
rates)� Compare to industry metrics (average alarms, peak alarms, time in
upset, etc.)¾ Setup interim performance monitoring Reports
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 40
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Step 2: Immediate Improvements
Ø Main Activities:¾ Apply “Alarm Tuning” settings to immediately reduce alarm
rates:� On-Delay, Off-Delay, Alarm Deadbands, PV Filter
¾ Setup weekly “Worst Actor” review meeting at the console� Address top 10 alarms from previous week
¾ Use alarm benchmarking tools to track performance changes¾ Implement Low-stress alarm sounds (Patterson Protocol)
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 41
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Alarm Tuning
Ø ASM Consortium study1 showed that application of alarm tuning can significantly reduce alarm rates.
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved.
Plant B-1 Plant B-2 Plant D-1 Plant D-1
Ten min. peak reduction 62% 80% 25% 23%
Hourly peak reduction 34% 71% 16% 19%
Total original alarms 1320 4410 210 332
Total alarms after debounce 986 2185 180 275
1. Foslien, W (2006). ASM® Research Note on Alarm Flood Analysis. September 2006.
42
Human Centered Solutions®
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Alarm SoundsToday’s Typical Auditory DCS Alarms
Ø In multi-console control rooms, operators can have difficulty determining whose console is generating the alarm
Ø “Standard” alarms are abrupt, often loud¾ Can generate a startle-reaction and ¾ Can contribute to heightened operator stress levels
Ø Continuous, loud, high-pitched sounds can interrupt the operator’s ability¾ To communicate with other people and ¾ To maintain their concentration
Ø Example of a ‘out-of-the-box’ WAV file:
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 43
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Alarm SoundsAviation’s Approach
Ø The aviation industry has developed a protocol for addressing many of these challenges (the Patterson Protocol)
Ø Uses multiple acoustic properties¾ To alert people to the urgency of the situation¾ To attract attention without being aversive to the individuals
responding an abnormal or emergency situation ¾ To easily identify the console with the alarm
Ø Example Alarm Sounds via Patterson Protocol
¾ Priority: Low High Urgent
Patterson, R. D. 1982. Guidelines for auditory warning systems on civil aircraft. (Civil Aviation Authority paper 82017). London: civil Aviation Authority.
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 44
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Step 3: Strategic Improvements
Ø Main Activities:¾ Alarm Rationalization
� Preparation� Rationalization� Sign-off� Training� Implementation
¾ Implement dynamic alarming� Identified during rationalization and weekly worst actor reviews
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 45
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Alarm Improvement Impact
Alarm Rationalization
& Tuning
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 46
Target: less than 1 alarm / 10 min (144 /day) per console
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Potential Immediate Alarm Improvements
Ø Establish alarm performance benchmarkØ Apply “Alarm Tuning” settings
¾ On-Delay, Off-Delay, Alarm Deadbands, PV Filter
Ø Setup weekly “Worst Actor” review meeting at the console
Ø Use alarm benchmarking tools to track and report performance changes
Ø Implement Patterson’s alarm sounds
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 47
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operating Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 48
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Work EnvironmentØ The work environment enhances operations team situation
awareness by supporting:¾ operator alertness¾ efficient work practices¾ collaborative interactions (including with other disciplines)¾ abnormal situation prevention and response.
� Solution Elements: ¾ Collaboration between supervision,
console and field¾ Lighting, Acoustics & Climate Ergonomics
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 49
Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Starting from the Console Chair
Devices:• Video Monitors
• DCS Monitors
• Large Monitors
• Standard Keyboards
• Hardwired Alarms & Switches
• Radio, Phone & Intercom
• PC Workstation
• Desktop
• Task Lighting
• Team Meeting Table
Ø Users Supported¾ Primary Operator¾ Secondary Operator¾ Engineer or Technician
� Plus Eng. Support Room
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Human Centered Solutions®
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Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Control Suite DesignHCI / Console Design – Viewing Angles
Ø Vertical View
Ø Horizontal View
27 in.
95th
%
56.1
in.
5th %
40
.6 in
.
Eye Heights
27 in.
B
B
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Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Environmental Design – Lighting Ø Ambient Light levels should be 400-600 lux to support visual acuity
¾ Task lighting required when levels are below ~300-400 lux
Ø Challenge to Ambient Light Levels with Black or White Background Displays ¾ Luminance Contrast causes eye strain & fatigue ✔¾ Occurs when ambient light is high and
background illumination is low or vice versa : :
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 52
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Environmental Design – AcousticsØ Ambient noise levels should be ~50-55 dB
¾ The three largest sources of ambient noise are typically � HVAC vibrations propagating through ductwork� Control room equipment fans� Plant equipment noise
Ø ‘High activity’ noise levels should be < 60 dBØ Abatement strategies
¾ Sound-absorbing materials on surfaces ¾ Remoting CPUs outside of the control
room (also helps with Climate!)¾ Directional speakers for electronic ‘noise’ ¾ Effective arrangement of Consoles
Ø Console-specific alarm tones
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 53
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Environmental Design – Climate Ø As a guide, ‘comfortable’ means—
¾ Temperature should be between 18.0 C and 22.0 C¾ Relative humidity from 40 percent to 65 percent ¾ Airflow between 0.10 and 0.15 m/s
Ø Workplace environment controls should be adjustable at each console¾ Personal heaters, vented air, …
Ø Ensure HVAC diffusers are not located directly above operator sitting positions ¾ i.e., avoid uncomfortable drafts
Ø Control room & equipment rooms should be on separately controlled zones
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 54
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Potential Immediate Control Room Improvements
Ø Provide adequate number of workstations and screensØ Address control room environmental issues to support
situation awareness ¾ sound levels¾ light levels¾ vibration¾ other
Ø Provide sit-stand consoleØ Setup field operator work areaØ Manage/ minimize traffic flow around the console
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 55
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operating Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 56
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Texas City 2005 – Final Report1
Ø “During the startup, operations personnel pumped flammable liquid hydrocarbons into the tower for over three hours without any liquid being removed, which was contrary to startup procedure instructions.”
Ø “Other key safety preparations listed in the startup procedures were omitted or ineffectively carried out.”
Ø “Starting, but then stopping, the unit was unusual and not covered in the startup procedures, which only addressed one continuous startup.”
Ø “In the previous five years, most of the 19 startups had deviated from written procedures.”
Ø “Management had allowed operators to make procedural changes without performing proper Management of Change (MOC) analysis, thereby encouraging operators to make unplanned (and potentially unsafe) deviations during startup”
Ø 15 Killed and 180 Injured
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 57
1. Investigation Report – Refinery Explosion and Fire. U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Texas City, March, 2005
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Use and Maintenance of Procedures
Ø Key challenges with the use and maintenance of procedures:¾ High costs associated with the maintenance of procedures.¾ Ease of access to up-to-date procedures¾ Procedures tend to be used infrequently¾ Low compliance with policy in using and referencing procedures
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 58
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Procedure Clarity & Accuracy
Ø “In addition to being readily available, procedures must be clear. … If the user does not understand a procedure, or does not have confidence in its accuracy, the procedure will most likely not be used or it will be used incorrectly.”3
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 59
3. Center for Chemical Process Safety. “Guidelines for Writing Effective Operating and Maintenance Procedures”, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1996; ISBN 0-8169-0658-0
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
Potential Immediate Procedure Improvements
Ø Setup industry specific Philosophy & “Style Guide”¾ Including procedure classification to build-in compliance
Ø Train Procedure Writers, Reviewers & UsersØ Initial focus on Emergency / Startup / Shutdown
procedures
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 60
Human Centered Solutions®
Helping People PerformTM
Introduction Case Study HCI PracticesSA & Psych Wrap-Up
HCI Workshop Agenda13:3013:5014:30
15:00
15:30
16:40
Ø IntroductionØ Situation Awareness & Psychology Crash-courseØ HCI “Best in Class” Case Study
¾ Break
Ø HCI Effective Practices¾ Operator Interface¾ Alarm Management¾ Control Room & Console Design¾ Operating Procedures
Ø Wrap-up
©2017 Human Centered Solutions, LLP; All rights reserved. 61
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