e r t k r a b common names: pepper-bark tree (english ... and production... · background...
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2013
Pub
lishe
d by
D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try a
nd F
ishe
ries
D
irect
orat
e C
omm
unic
atio
n S
ervi
ces
P
rivat
e B
ag X
144
P
RE
TOR
IA
0001
agric
ultu
re,
fore
stry
& fi
sher
ies
Dep
artm
ent:
Agr
icul
ture
, For
estry
and
Fis
herie
sR
EPU
BLI
C O
F SO
UTH
AFR
ICA
Fur
ther
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
Dire
ctor
ate
Pla
nt P
rodu
ctio
nP
rivat
e B
ag X
250
PR
ET
OR
IA 0
001
Tel
. +
27 1
2 31
9 60
72F
ax
+27
12
319
6372
E-m
ail
Tha
bo.R
amas
hala
@da
ff.go
v.za
W
ebsi
te
ww
w.d
aff.g
ov.z
a
Util
isat
ion
Hum
an c
onsu
mpt
ion
Fre
sh o
r dr
ied
leav
es c
an b
e us
ed in
var
ious
dis
hes
or te
a to
add
an
agre
eabl
e ar
oma
and
pepp
ery
tast
e.
Med
icin
e
Th
e in
ne
r b
ark
is u
sed
as
a t
rea
tme
nt
for
ma
lari
a,
cold
s, c
hest
com
plai
nts,
cou
ghs,
dia
rrho
ea,
mus
cle
pain
s, s
tom
ach-
ache
and
gen
eral
bod
y pa
ins.
Dri
ed
and
grou
nd in
to a
snu
ff,
pepp
er-b
ark
tree
is u
sed
to
cle
ar
the
sin
use
s; a
nd
it is
ch
ew
ed
or
smo
ked
(th
e bu
rnin
g ba
rk is
inha
led)
as
a re
med
y fo
r ch
est
com
-pl
aint
s. T
he s
tem
and
roo
t bar
k ac
t as
an e
xpec
tora
nt;
the
lea
ves
are
use
d a
s p
art
of
an
infu
sio
n t
o t
rea
t rh
eu
ma
tism
. D
rie
d b
ark
is
com
mo
nly
ch
ew
ed
an
d th
e ju
ice
swal
low
ed a
s a
rem
edy
for
stom
ach-
ache
, co
nstip
atio
n, t
ooth
ache
, co
ugh,
fev
er,
mus
cle
pain
s,
wea
k jo
ints
and
gen
eral
bod
y pa
ins.
Fre
sh r
oots
are
bo
iled
and
mix
ed w
ith s
oup
for
the
prev
entio
n of
dia
r-rh
oe
a.
Le
af
de
coct
ion
ba
ths
are
use
d a
s a
cu
re f
or
seve
ral s
kin
dise
ases
. T
he b
ark,
roo
ts o
r le
aves
can
b
e b
oile
d in
wa
ter
an
d t
he
de
coct
ion
ta
ken
to
tre
at
mal
aria
.
Ref
eren
ces
VA
N W
YK B
-E, V
AN O
UD
TS
HO
OR
N B
, GE
RIC
KE N
. 199
7. M
edic
inal
pla
nts
of S
outh
Afr
ica.
Briz
a P
ublic
atio
ns, P
reto
ria, p
. 308
–309
.
VA
N W
YK B
-E,
& G
ER
ICK
E,
N.
2000
. P
eopl
e’s
plan
ts:
a gu
ide
to u
se-
ful p
lant
s of
sou
ther
n A
fric
a. B
riza
Pub
licat
ions
, Pre
toria
, p.1
50–
151.
VA
N W
YK B
-E,
WIN
K M
. 20
04.
Med
icin
al P
lant
s of
the
Wor
ld.
Briz
a P
ublic
atio
ns, P
reto
ria, p
. 345
.
XA
BA, P
& M
CV
AY. 2
010.
The
pep
per-
bark
tree
. SA
NB
I, K
irste
nbos
ch
Nat
iona
l Bot
anic
al G
arde
n. V
eld
& F
lora
. p.4
0–41
.
http
://w
ww
.pla
ntza
fric
a.co
m/p
lant
wxy
z/w
arbu
rg.h
tm
http
://w
ww
.wor
ldag
rofo
rest
ry.o
rg/t
reed
b2/A
FT
PD
FS
/War
burg
ia_
salu
taris
Sci
entifi
c n
ame:
War
burg
ia s
alut
aris
Com
mon
nam
es: P
eppe
r-ba
rk tr
ee (
Eng
lish)
, P
eper
bas b
oom
(A
frik
aans
), Is
ib-
haha
(is
iZul
u), M
ulan
ga, M
anak
a (T
shiv
enda
), S
hiba
ga (
Xits
onga
),
Mol
aka
(Sep
edi)
Pepp
er-b
ark t
ree
Bac
kgro
und
Pe
pp
er-
ba
rk t
ree
is
a t
rop
ica
l fo
rest
tre
e o
f th
e C
an
ella
cea
e f
am
ily o
f p
lan
ts.
Th
e s
pe
cie
s n
am
e sa
luta
ris
in L
ati
n m
ea
ns
“he
alt
hfu
l”.
Th
e E
ng
lish
com
mo
n n
am
e p
ep
pe
r-b
ark
is d
eri
ved
fro
m t
he
in-
ne
r b
ark
th
at
is p
hys
ica
lly p
ow
erf
ul.
It o
rig
ina
tes
in
east
ern
and
sout
hern
Afr
ica,
mai
nly
in S
outh
Afr
ica,
S
waz
iland
, M
alaw
i, M
ozam
biqu
e an
d Z
imba
bwe.
All
part
s of
the
tre
e ar
e hi
ghly
aro
mat
ic w
ith a
pep
pery
sm
ell
an
d t
ast
e.
Th
e p
ep
pe
r-b
ark
tre
e i
s g
row
ing
in e
verg
ree
n f
ore
st o
r w
oo
dla
nd
on
hill
an
d m
ou
n-
tain
slo
pe
s a
nd
in w
oo
de
d r
avi
ne
s in
no
rth
-ea
ste
rn
Kw
aZ
ulu
-Na
tal a
nd
ea
ste
rn a
nd
no
rth
ern
Lim
po
po
(Sou
tpan
sber
g m
ount
ains
) an
d M
pum
alan
ga in
Sou
th
Afr
ica.
Des
crip
tion
Pep
per-
bark
tree
is a
n ev
ergr
een
arom
atic
tree
, usu
-al
ly 5
to 1
0 m
in h
eigh
t, bu
t it c
an r
each
up
to 2
0 m
in
heig
ht w
ith a
den
se, e
rect
can
opy.
The
tree
is a
ver
y sl
ow-g
row
ing
one
and
take
s up
war
ds o
f 20
yea
rs t
o be
com
e m
atur
e.
Ste
m
Th
e m
ain
ste
m is
sh
ort
, a
nd
th
e b
ark
is s
hin
y a
nd
bro
wn
wit
h r
ou
gh
, lo
ng
itu
din
al
ma
rks,
be
com
ing
crac
ked
and
dark
er b
row
n w
ith a
ge.
Leav
es
The
long
and
nar
row
leav
es (
11 c
m lo
ng x
3 c
m w
ide)
ar
e de
ep g
reen
in c
olou
r ab
ove
and
pale
r be
low
.
Flo
wer
s
It ha
s a
smal
l whi
te to
gre
enis
h flo
wer
s of
up
to 7
mm
in
dia
met
er. F
low
erin
g tim
e is
from
Apr
il to
May
.
Bar
k
The
bar
k is
sm
ooth
and
gre
y on
you
ng b
ranc
hes
but
bro
wn
an
d s
ligh
tly r
ou
gh
with
pro
min
en
t ye
llow
ish
cork
y le
ntic
els
on
old
er
bra
nch
es
an
d s
tem
s; in
ne
r ba
rk is
red
dish
, with
a p
eppe
ry s
mel
l.
Fru
it
The
frui
t is
oval
ber
ries,
4 c
m in
dia
met
er, t
urni
ng d
ark
purp
le w
hen
ripe
durin
g sp
ring
to D
ecem
ber a
nd b
lack
w
hen
mat
ure.
Fru
iting
is fr
om O
ctob
er to
Jan
uary
.
Clim
atic
requ
irem
ents
It pr
efer
s a
mod
erat
e cl
imat
e. It
thriv
es u
nder
hot
hu-
mid
con
ditio
ns. T
his
tree
is s
ensi
tive
to fr
ost.
Soil
requ
irem
ents
P
eppe
r-ba
rk tr
ee g
row
in m
ost s
oil t
ypes
but
it p
refe
rs
a sa
ndy
wel
l-dra
ined
soi
l, w
ith g
ood
aera
tion.
The
soi
l sh
ou
ld b
e r
ich
in o
rga
nic
ma
tte
r in
th
e f
orm
of
we
ll-ro
tted
com
post
.
Prod
uctio
n pr
actic
esP
ropa
gatio
n
Pe
pp
er-
ba
rk t
ree
is
pro
pa
ga
ted
fro
m s
ee
d (
dir
ect
so
win
g a
nd
se
ed
ling
s),
veg
eta
tive
ly f
rom
cu
ttin
gs
(roo
t, s
tem
and
tis
sue)
and
wild
lings
. A
n ea
sier
and
su
cces
sful
met
hod
is t
o gr
ow it
fro
m r
oot
suck
ers
or
from
ste
m a
nd ti
p cu
tting
s. T
he b
est t
ime
to o
btai
n cu
t-tin
g is
from
late
spr
ing
to m
idsu
mm
er. A
n ap
ical
sho
ot
tip c
uttin
g of
15
cm s
houl
d be
cut
ear
ly in
the
mor
ning
an
d ke
pt in
a b
ucke
t of w
ater
unt
il re
ady
to s
tick
into
a
sand
y m
ediu
m.
Pla
ntin
g
Th
e b
est
tim
e f
or
culti
vatin
g p
ep
pe
r-b
ark
tre
e is
in
win
ter
mon
ths
(Jun
e-Ju
ly).
The
tre
es c
an b
e sp
aced
2
m a
part
in th
e ro
w w
ith 4
m b
etw
een
row
s at
a d
epth
of
1 m
. T
he c
uttin
gs s
houl
d be
100
mm
long
and
the
le
aves
mus
t be
rem
oved
, le
avin
g on
ly t
he t
op t
wo
to
thre
e. T
he b
otto
m p
art o
f the
cut
ting
shou
ld b
e di
pped
in
to a
ro
ot-
stim
ula
ting
ho
rmo
ne
po
wd
er,
pla
ced
in
river
san
d an
d ke
pt m
oist
.
Fer
tilis
atio
n
The
soi
l sho
uld
be r
ich
in o
rgan
ic m
atte
r in
the
form
of
wel
l-rot
ted
com
post
.
Pes
ts
Fru
it f
lies
an
d m
on
keys
are
dra
wn
to
th
e f
ruit
an
d ha
rves
ting
of t
he s
eed
is d
iffic
ult.
The
fru
it fly
larv
al
infe
stat
ions
of f
ruit
resu
lt in
dam
age
to th
e de
velo
ping
se
ed,
redu
cing
its
viab
ility
. C
ontr
ol is
ach
ieve
d w
ith
bait
spra
ys o
f pro
tein
hyd
roly
sate
mix
ed w
ith tr
ichl
or-
fon
or m
erca
ptot
hion
.
Har
vest
ing
mat
urity
It c
an
co
mm
en
ce o
nce
th
e t
ree
s re
ach
a h
eig
ht
of
1 m
. T
he
tre
es
can
be
ha
rve
ste
d w
he
n t
he
y a
re a
t le
ast 1
0 ye
ars
old.
See
ds r
ipen
bet
wee
n O
ctob
er a
nd
Dec
embe
r.
Har
vest
ing
met
hod
The
tre
es c
an b
e cu
t m
echa
nica
lly,
usin
g th
e w
ood.
T
he b
ark
is h
arve
sted
with
an
axe
or b
ush
knife
or
it ca
n be
pee
led
from
the
tree
into
sm
all p
iece
s, le
avin
g so
me
bark
on
the
woo
d.
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