dyi: piezoelectric contact mic
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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It is a privilege to have done my project in a company such as that of my fellow
classmate and project teammate, Tushar Mittal. I am grateful for his help and
support in completing this project.
I’d like to express my sincere gratitude to my project supervisor, Ms. Supriya
Sharma, assistant professor !!! department, M"IT# for her a$le guidance and
constant help throughout my project, without which the present work would not
have $een possi$le. I am also grateful towards %r &ajveeer Mittal '(%, !!!
department# for providing me the opportunity to work on this project.
I am also thankful to the faculty of the !!! department M"IT for the valua$le
advice, guidance, precious time and the support they have offered.
)ast $ut not the least I’d like to thank all of my fellow colleagues for giving me
their precious time, motivation and relevant information, without which I’d not
$e a$le to complete this project.
SI*+"T&! Students#
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CERTIFICATE
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This is to certify that the minor project report titled -TO DESIGN A BASIC
PREAMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BY USING A PIEZOELCTRIC BASED DISC
su$mitted in partial fulfilment of the re/uirement for the award of the degree of
0achelor (f Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to Guru
Gobind Sing Indra!rasta "ni#ersit$ is a record of original work carried
out $y Karti% "!!al &'()*+,'+(*-. and Tusar Mittal &'(/+,'+(*-. under
my supervision and guidance and to the $est of my knowledge no part of this
report has $een su$mitted to any other university or institute for award of any
degree1diploma1certificate.
Dr 0Ra1#eer Mittal Ms0 Su!ri$a Sar2a
'(%, !!! %ept. M"IT# "ssistant 2rofessor, M"IT#
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DECLARATION
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3e, Karthik Uppal and T!har Mittal , !nrollment num$ers4"#$%&'"%( and
"#)%&'"%( respectively , 0.Tech !!! 5IIth semester here$y declare that, the
project report titled, -T( %!SI*+ " 0"SI6 2&!"M2)I7I!& 6I&6IT 08
SI+* " 2I!9(!)6T&I6 0"S!% %IS6 is an original work done $y us
under the guidance of Ms. Supriya Sharma and has $een not su$mitted to any
other university or institute of the award of any degree or diploma or fellowship.
Date3
Enroll2ent Nu2ber3'()*+,'+(*- Karti% "!!al
'(/*+,'+(*- Tusar Mittal
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A4STRACT
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In the world of electrical music instruments there is a growing need to convert
all musical output in an electrically amplified form. " lot of instruments
acoustics# are limited to amplification using menial amplification microphones
which compromise a lot on /uality. The $asic idea is to develop a cheapalternative for electrical amplification $y using existing means of technology
and instruments. (ne such alternative is making use of pie:oelectric discs which
make use of the concepts of pie:oelectricity. 6oupled with appropriate circuitry
and appropriate electrical components, along with the correct knowledge a$out
them results in the construction of a pie:oelectrical $ased contact mic
preamplifier. The main purpose is to enlighten people a$out the $enefits of
using this construction as a cheaper and effective alternative to other
mainstream methods of electrical amplification.
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TA4LE OF
CONTENTS
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S0No0 TO5IC 5age No0
*0 INTROD"CTION */
4ac%ground *6
Ob1ecti#e O7 Re!ort *(
Sco!e -)
Outline -/
-0 Literature Re#ie8 -6
)0 Metod )6
+0 Results )(
/0 Ad#antages and Li2itations +*
60 Conclusions +)
90 Re7erences +/
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LIST OF
A44RE:IATIONS
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*. FET 4 7ield !ffect Transistor
-. INR 4 Indian +ational &upees
). Mic 4 Microphone
+. DC 4 %irect 6urrent
/. AC 4 "lternating 6urrent
6. MOSFET 4 Metal (xide Semiconductor 7ield !ffect Transistor
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LIST OF FIG"RES
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7igure ;4 2ie:oelectric %isc
7igure
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INTROD"CTION
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4ACKGRO"ND
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The need for an alternative method of acoustic sound amplification arose when
we were exploring the option of successfully converting the sound of an
acoustic Indian musical instrument called the Sarod. "lso, we were exploring
the avenues of electrifying an acoustic guitar so as to get an amplified sound
output from it. "fter researching in the market as well as various information
sources, we reali:ed that most of the methods used in the mainstream were
either very expensive or had very low efficiency. 7or example, one can use a
simple microphone to amplify any sound however it severely affects the /uality
of the output sound. The other option is of suing magnetic pickups. This method
is highly efficient and is the most commonly used construction in guitar
amplification. 'owever its $iggest limitation was its cost. !ven the cheapest of
the guitar pickups of sufficient efficiency cost no less than I+&
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7igure 4;#4 2ie:oelectric %isc
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O4;ECTI:E OF
RE5ORT
To develop a working model of a preamplifier that is $ased on pie:oelectric
$ased contact mic discs.
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SCO5E
The foremost application will $e to generate awareness a$out the existence of
such cheap and effective means of sound amplification as opposed to some
mainstream methods. &ight now, the immediate target would $e an audience of
$eginner musicians. 0eing music enthusiasts ourselves, we have a social circles
comprising of likeminded people, from $eginner musicians to professional
instrumentalists. Thus, a safe consensus was made from inputs o$tained
through interactions and personal experiences that for the purpose of learning
new musical instruments, electrically amplified instruments are much easier to
learn than their respective acoustic versions. This can result from a variety of
reasons.
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;. In the case of guitars, it often happens that the chords $eing played
on an acoustic guitar do not really sound the way they are supposed
to.
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O"TLINE
SC
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7igure <
The deformations of the crystal create some electrical signal which is applied to
the inputs of the circuit. It is made to have a high input impedence at the output
so that the maximum signal can $e transferred. This signal is then amplified to
with the 7!T with a coupling capacitor connected to provide a low impedence
path for the ripples generated. The signal is then transferred across the ;.>k
resistor which is fed to the amplifier.
It’s $asically a standard 7!T differential amplifier with a couple of tricks to
keep the component count and noise down and input impedence up. It takesadvantage of the fact that phantom power is fed to the $alanced ?)& inputs via
pair of closely matched resistors. These resistors are used directly as the drain
resistors in the differential amplifier rather than the more usual method of
connecting an additional pair of matched resistors to each line to create a @AB5
supply rail and then feeding the signal $ack through %6 $locking capacitors.
Since the mixing desk already $locks %6 at its inputs it’s not a pro$lem that the
signal is floating at @A>5 or so.
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The two capacitors are %6 $locking capacitors to stop the pie:o element
floating at C5, if the pie:o is insulated you can dispense with them $ut they’re
so small that they’re worth it for peace of mind D if the pie:o touches a
grounded o$ject it’ll create a huge $ang which may hurt your speakers or your
ears.
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LITERAT"RE
RE:IEW
RESISTOR
&esistors are electronic components which have a specific, never4
changing electrical resistance. The resistor’s resistance li2its te 7lo8 o7
electrons through a circuit. They are !assi#e components, meaning they only
consume power and can’t generate it#. &esistors are usually added to circuitswhere they complement acti#e components like op4amps, microcontrollers, and
other integrated circuits. 6ommonly resistors are used to limit current, divide
voltages, and pull4up I1( lines. The electrical resistance of a resistor is
measured in o2s. The sym$ol for an ohm is the greek capital4omegaE F
Schematic sym$olE "ll resistors have t8o ter2inals, one connection on each
end of the resistor. 3hen modelled on a schematic, a resistor will show up as
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https://learn.sparkfun.com/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law/resistancehttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/integrated-circuitshttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividershttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividershttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/pull-up-resistorshttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/integrated-circuitshttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividershttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividershttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/pull-up-resistorshttps://learn.sparkfun.com/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law/resistance
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‘
CA5ACITORS
6apacitors are conductors usually plates# that are separated $y a dielectric
material. The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power
source. (ne plate accumulates positive charge and the other plate accumulates
negative charge. The capacitance is the amount of electric charge that is stored
in the capacitor at voltage of ; 5olt. The capacitance is measured in units
of 7arad 7#.
The capacitor disconnects current in direct current %6# circuits and short
circuit in alternating current "6# circuits.
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http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/farad.htmhttp://www.rapidtables.com/electric/farad.htm
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Schematic sym$olE 3hen modelled on a schematic, a capacitor will show up as
5ERF4OARD
P*r+,-ard is a material for prototyping electronic circuits also called %(T
260#. It is a thin, rigid sheet with holes pre4drilled at standard intervals across a
grid, usually a s/uare grid of A mm =.; in# spacing. These holes are ringed
$y round or s/uare copper pads. Inexpensive perf$oard may have pads on only
one side of the $oard, while $etter /uality perf$oard can have pads on $oth sides
plate4through holes#. Since each pad is electrically isolated, the $uilder makes
all connections with either wire wrap or miniature point to point wiring
techni/ues. %iscrete components are soldered to the prototype $oard such
as resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits. The su$strate is typically made
of paper laminated with phenolic resin or a fi$erglass4reinforced epoxy laminate
7&4A#.0efore $uilding a circuit on perf$oard, the locations of the components
and connections are typically planned in detail on paper or with software tools.
M5F*'- MOSFET transistor dataseet
Type %esignatorE M27;=<
Type of M27;=< transistorE G7!T
Type of control channelE + 46hannel
Maximum power dissipation 2d#, 3E =.H>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototypinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_(electronics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wraphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_to_point_wiringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_resinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototypinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_(electronics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wraphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_to_point_wiringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_resinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation
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Maximum drain4source voltage ds, 5E
Maximum gate4source voltage gs, 5E J.>
Maximum drain current Id, "E =.=<
Maximum junction temperature Tj#, K6E ;>>
&ise Time of M27;=< transistor tr#, nSE
%rain4source 6apacitance 6d#, p7E
Maximum drain4source on4state resistance &ds#, (hmE
2ackageE T(4L<
5IE=OELECTRIC EFFECT
2ie:oelectric !ffect is the a$ility of certain materials to generate an electric
charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The word 2ie:oelectric is
derived from the *reek pie:ein, which means to s/uee:e or press, and pie:o,
which is *reek for -push. (ne of the uni/ue characteristics of the pie:oelectriceffect is that it is reversi$le, meaning that materials exhi$iting the direct
pie:oelectric effect the generation of electricity when stress is applied# also
exhi$it the converse pie:oelectric effect the generation of stress when an
electric field is applied#.
3hen pie:oelectric material is placed under mechanical stress, a shifting of the
positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place, which then
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results in an external electrical field. 3hen reversed, an outer electrical field
either stretches or compresses the pie:oelectric material.
The pie:oelectric effect is very useful within many applications that involve the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic
fre/uency generation. The pie:oelectric effect also has its use in more mundane
applications as well, such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters.
DIRECT AND IN:ERSE 5IE=OELECTRIC EFFECT
2ressure generates charges on the surface of pie:oelectric materials. This direct
pie:oelectric effect, also called generator or sensor effect, converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. 5ice versa, the inverse pie:oelectric effect causes
a change in length in this type of materials when an electrical voltage is applied.
This actuator effect converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The pie:oelectric effect occurs $oth in monocrystalline materials and in
polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. In single crystals, an asymmetry in the
structure of the unit cells of the crystal lattice, i.e. a polar axis that forms $elow
the 6urie temperature T6 , is a sufficient prere/uisite for the effect to occur.
5IE=OELECTRIC MATERIAL
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The commonly used pie:oelectric material is uart:Si(
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5REAM5LIFIER
The term microphone preamplifier can either refer to the electronic circuitry
within a microphone, or to a separate device or circuit that the microphone is
connected to. In either instance, the purpose of the microphone preamplifier is
the same.
" microphone preamplifier is a sound engineering device that prepares
a microphone signal to $e processed $y other e/uipment. Microphone signals
are often too weak to $e transmitted to units such as mixing
consoles and recording devices with ade/uate /uality. 2reamplifiers increase a
microphone signal to line level i.e. the level of signal strength re/uired $y such
devices# $y providing sta$le gain while preventing induced noise that would
otherwise distort the signal
LIMITATIONS
!ach pie:oelectric material has a particular operating limit for temperature,
voltage, and stress. The particular chemical composition of the material
determines the limits. (perating a material outside of these limitations may
cause partial or total depolari:ation of the material, and a diminishing or loss of
pie:oelectric properties.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_consolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_consolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain_(electronics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_consolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_consolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain_(electronics)
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Te2!erature Li2itations
"s the operating temperature increases, pie:oelectric performance of a material
decreases, until complete and permanent depolari:ation occurs at the materialOs
6urie temperature. The 6urie point is the a$solute maximum exposure
temperature for any pie:oelectric ceramic. !ach ceramic has its own 6urie
point. 3hen the ceramic element is heated a$ove the 6urie point, all
pie:oelectric properties are lost. In practice, the operating temperature must $e
su$stantially $elow the 6urie point.
The materialOs temperature limitation decreases with greater continuous
operation or exposure. "t elevated temperatures, the ageing process accelerates,
pie:oelectric performance decreases and the maximum safe stress level is
reduced.
:oltage Li2itations
" pie:oelectric ceramic can $e depolari:ed $y a strong electric field with
polarity opposite to the original poling voltage.
The limit on the field strength is dependent on the type of material, the duration
of the application, and the operating temperature. The typical operating limit is
$etween >==51mm and ; ===51mm for continuous application.
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It should $e noted that alternating fields can have the same affect during the half
cycle which is opposite to the poling direction.
Mecanical Stress Li2itations
'igh mechanical stress can depolari:e a pie:oelectric ceramic. The limit on the
applied stress is dependent on the type of ceramic material, and duration of the
applied stress. 7or dynamic stress impact ignition# the limit is less severeP
materials with higher energy output high g constant# can $e used.
7or impact applications, the material $ehaves /uasi statically non4linear# for
pulse durations of a few milliseconds or more. 3hen the pulse duration
approaches a microsecond, the pie:oelectric effect $ecomes linear, due to the
short application time compared to the relaxation time of the domains
F"T"RE
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-Indeed, gas lighters used in most homes are $ased on this. These future
pie:oelectric nanodevices will also generate an electrical current in response to
mechanical stimuli. Then, the energy will $e stored in $atteries or, even $etter, in
nanocapacitors for use when needed, he adds. The main issue the scientistOs team
needs to overcome is understanding exactly how flexoelectricity D the $asic
principle $ehind pie:oelectric materials D appears in nature.
7lexoelectricity, at the nanoscale, allows you to coax ordinary material to $ehave
like a pie:oelectric one. 2erhaps more importantly, this phenomenon exists in
materials that are already pie:oelectric.
MET
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># mpf ;=< transistor
Q# ;=, A.J uf 6apacitors
J# H.HM(hm, ;.>k(hm, >Q= ohm, and
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RES"LTS
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The working model of a preamplifier was made using pie:oelectric contact mic
disc. The working of the model was tested $y connecting it with an acoustic
guitar and o$serving its output through an amplifier. The cost incurred to make
this project was I+& H>=. This was found to $e a fraction of the cost that would
take to make may other mainstream method.
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AD:ANTAGES ANDLIMITATIONS
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AD:ANTAGES O:ER TRADITIONAL G"ITAR 5ICK"5S3
*. C This is the $iggest factor to advocate its use. " normal
pickup cost several thousands for example4 The cheapest %iMar:io guitar
pickup costs upwards of " 2ie:o 2remplifier tuned for a specific "mplifier
would give an inferior sound with another amplifier.
-. LACK OF 4ASS > These preamplifiers are effective filters for $ass sound
which makes their sounds a $it tinny or metallic. 'owever, it is not that
significantly trou$lesome.
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CONCL"SION
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The o$jective of the project was to develop a working model of a preamplifier
that was $ased on pie:oelectric contact mic disc. The idea was to enlighten the
general pu$lic a$out cheap and effective alternative methods that are not
availa$le in the market. The design of the entire project is /uite simple $ut its
novelty lies in its simplicity.
3hile guitar pickups are still predominant in the market, this is an upcoming
techni/ue. Many consider it $e just a hack to amplifying. 'owever, a growing
section of professionals advocate its use especially for $eginners. It is
considered an exciting new avenue in guitar amplification and many have set
eyes on it for future developments.
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REFERENCES
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WE4SITES
;. httpE11www.:achpoff.com1diy4resources1alex4rice4pie:o4preamplifier1
. httpE11www.musicofsound.co.n:1$log1the4first4rule4of4contact4mic4clu$
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http://www.zachpoff.com/diy-resources/alex-rice-piezo-preamplifier/http://www.leafcutterjohn.com/http://www.youtube.com/collinslabhttp://www.zachpoff.com/diy-resources/alex-rice-piezo-preamplifier/http://www.leafcutterjohn.com/http://www.youtube.com/collinslab
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